基于位错密度理论的Q550D钢动态软化及加工硬化行为

针对Q550D超低碳贝氏体钢,通过热压缩实验建立了应变硬化曲线。并通过分析临界应变与峰值应变的关系、稳态流变应力和动态回复应力与峰值应力的关系,建立了位错密度模型。将位错密度模型和元胞自动机法相结合,对Q550D钢热变形行为进行了数值分析。结果表明,在相同的形变量下,应变速率较大时,位错密度高,动态再结晶形核率大,晶粒尺寸小。并且,模拟结果与实验结果吻合,说明计算模型具有较高的精度。     

一种Cr-Mo-Ni系贝氏体钢的动态再结晶行为

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟实验机进行热压缩实验,研究一种Cr-Mo-Ni系贝氏体钢在变形温度为850~1150℃和应变速率为0.01~10 s-1条件下的动态再结晶行为。结果表明,试验钢中添加合金元素Cr、Mo、Ni,由于固溶原子拖曳及析出物的钉扎作用,显著抑制动态再结晶;动态再结晶开始时间与变形温度的关系曲线(RTT曲线)分析表明,变形温度降低及变形速率加快均延长动态再结晶开始时间tc,温度补偿应变速率因子(Z因子)变大,愈难发生动态再结晶软化;通过线性回归计算了动态再结晶激活能Q,建立了形变Z因子模型,并回归了峰值应力、峰值应变、临界应变与Z因子的关系式,最后利用Avrami方程和应力-应变曲线建立了Cr-Mo-Ni系贝氏体钢的动态再结晶动力学模型。     

6061铝合金热变形动态再结晶行为研究

利用Gleeble-3500试验机对6061铝合金进行单道次等温恒应变速率压缩试验,研究合金在应变速率为0.001～1s~(-1),温度为350～500℃热变形条件下的动态再结晶行为。统计试验所得流变应力曲线峰值应力数据,确定合金热变形激活能Q为307.528kJ·mol~(-1),建立合金在不同热变形条件下的流变应力方程,动态再结晶峰值和临界应变模型;依据流变应力曲线特征,计算合金在不同变形条件下的动态再结晶体积分数,据此建立动态再结晶动力学模型。分析流变应力曲线可知铸态6061铝合金在350～500℃下变形,应变速率较低时(0.01s~(-1)),合金组织更容易发生动态再结晶,应力软化现象更明显。     

高铝高强钢动态再结晶行为研究

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对高铝高强钢在变形速率为0. 01～10 s-1、变形温度为925～1225℃的热变形条件下进行压缩试验,以真应力-应变曲线为基础数据研究其高温再结晶行为。通过对晶粒尺寸的统计来探究热变形条件对热变形后晶粒尺寸的影响。通过处理加工硬化率-应力曲线,标定数据中能揭示动态再结晶演变过程的3个特征点,即临界应变、峰值应变及最大软化速率应变。引入表征晶体动力学的双曲正弦模型,通过线性回归求解得到动态再结晶激活能Q,建立流变应力本构方程,并引入Z参数作为预测发生再结晶程度的依据。结果表明:高铝高强钢热加工过程是加工硬化和再结晶软化共同作用的。在发生再结晶条件范围内,Z值越小,发生动态再结晶的程度越大。     

基于微观机理的电磁铸造35CrMo钢的高温流变本构方程

采用Gleeble-3810热模拟试验机,在变形温度为850~1150℃,应变速率为0.01~10 s-1条件下对电磁铸造35CrMo钢进行等温恒应变速率压缩试验,研究了应变温度、应变速率对35CrMo钢的高温流变应力行为的影响。以应力-位错关系和动态再结晶动力学为基础,分别构建了35CrMo钢临界应变前后的本构方程。结果表明:35CrMo钢的流变应力与应变速率呈正相关,与应变温度则呈负相关;高温低应变速率下的流变应力曲线呈现明显的动态再结晶现象,显微组织分析显示,降低应变温度和提高应变速率能有效细化变形组织晶粒。而Deform-3D有限元模拟表明,构建的本构方程能够准确预测电磁铸造35CrMo钢的高温流变应力。     

Q345钢的热加工性研究

采用Q345钢,在Gleeble-3800上进行等温热压实验,实验应变速率0. 01～10 s-1、变形温度850-1 100℃条件下。依据得出的热压缩真应力-应变曲线,基于Arrhenius双曲正弦方程,建立Q345钢的本构方程,并构建相应的动态材料模型(DMM)的热加工图。结果显示:热变形中,随着应变速率的增加,流变应力增加,然而,随温度的增加而流变减小。温度为975～1 100℃、应变速率为1～10 s-1,耗散值较大,表明易发生动态再结晶,具备良好的热加工性能。     

退火态42CrMo钢的热变形行为

为了研究退火态42CrMo钢的热变形行为，利用Gleeble3800热模拟试验机进行了单道次热压缩实验，获得了变形温度930～1230℃、应变速率0.001～1 s^-1条件下的高温流变应力曲线。分别应用Arrhenius方程和Yada模型构建了42CrMo钢的高温本构模型和动态再结晶动力学模型，并基于动态材料模型应用不同变形条件下的峰值应力构建了其热加工图。结果表明，在大部分变形条件下，高温流变应力曲线呈典型动态再结晶特征，由于动态再结晶的作用，流变应力随变形温度的升高或应变速率的降低而减小。基于峰值应力构建的42CrMo钢高温本构模型和动态再结晶模型可以用于预测不同变形条件下的流变应力和微观组织演变。此外，根据42CrMo钢的热加工图，最佳热加工工艺参数范围为1100～1230℃、0.01～1 s^-1。     

高铁螺纹道钉钢TD16的高温塑性变形行为

采用Gleeble-3500型热模拟试验机对高铁螺纹道钉钢TD16进行热压缩变形实验,探索该材料在不同温度和应变速率条件下的热塑性变形行为。研究温度与应变速率对真应力-真应变曲线的影响规律,结合显微组织分析,阐明真应力-真应变曲线发生变化的原因。结果表明,在低应变速率下,流变应力峰值较明显,具有明显的动态再结晶特征。在较高应变速率下,峰值应力不明显,流变应力曲线属于动态回复型,未发生动态再结晶。通过回归分析,建立高铁螺纹道钉钢TD16在实验条件范围内的峰值流变应力本构关系的数学模型。所建立的流变应力本构方程与实验值吻合较好,最大相对误差为7.03%,可以用该本构方程来预测高铁螺纹道钉钢TD16的高温流变行为。     

Q690低碳微合金钢热变形行为及动态再结晶临界应变

利用Gleeble-3800数字控制热/力模拟试验机对Q690低碳微合金钢进行高温单道次热压缩实验,研究了不同变形温度(850～1150℃)、应变速率(0.01 ～30 s-1)条件下的热变形行为.采用峰值应力和饱和应力共同描述流变应力,确定了实验钢热变形激活能Q=356.05 kJ/mol,数值模拟回归出了实验钢的热变形本构方程.根据应变硬化率和应力的关系,确定了动态再结晶的临界应变值及其与Zener-Hollomon因子的关系式.     

新型T91稀土钢的高温塑性变形及动态再结晶行为

为研究新型T91稀土钢的热力学性能,采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机测定变形温度θ为1100~1250℃、ε觶为0.5~5 s-1时的应力-应变曲线,并采用Zener-Hollomon参数法构建该钢不同条件下高温塑性变形的本构方程。结果表明:在高变形温度及低应变速率时,测定的T91稀土钢应力-应变曲线呈双峰特征,有动态再结晶现象产生。随变形温度升高及应变速率的降低,动态再结晶现象越易发生;应变速率越小,流变应力下降越明显。T91钢的热变形激活能为509.04k J·mol-1。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。