超低摩擦WS_2/W-DLC固体润滑薄膜的制备与性能

利用离子束辅助沉积技术和低温离子渗硫技术制备了二硫化钨/钨掺杂类金刚石(WS2/W-DLC)复合薄膜。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、拉曼光谱仪(Raman)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、纳米硬度仪(Nano-indenter)和多功能摩擦磨损试验机(UMT)考察了薄膜的微观结构与摩擦学性能。结果表明:制备的薄膜在大气环境下表现出优异的力学性能和超低摩擦的性能,该复合薄膜中,硬质强化相纳米碳化物WC1-x和软质润滑相过渡族金属硫化物WS2、Fe S均匀镶嵌于类金刚石基体内形成复合结构,复合结构是薄膜表现出优异性能的主要原因。     

Mo离子注入和离子渗硫对TiN涂层微观结构和表面性能的影响

为进一步改善氮化钛涂层的摩擦学性能,分别采用高剂量Mo离子注入和低温离子渗硫技术对Ti N涂层表面进行处理。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、光学形貌仪、扫描俄歇系统(SAM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和纳米压痕仪等分析Ti N涂层处理前后的表面形貌、元素分布、微观结构和纳米硬度。利用球盘摩擦磨损试验机在干摩擦条件下考察涂层的摩擦学性能,并利用光学形貌仪和SEM进行磨损表面分析。结果表明,大剂量Mo离子注入后,Ti N涂层表面Mo离子深度接近200 nm,涂层硬度明显降低,涂层磨损剧烈程度得到显著改善,磨损率和摩擦因数分别降低约35%和40%;低温离子渗硫复合处理后,Ti N涂层表面溅射明显,Mo的深度降低约50%,摩擦学性能难以进一步明显改善。     

CNx层厚度对DLC/CNx多层膜结构和力学性能的影响

为了降低DLC膜的内应力,提高其力学性能,采用磁控溅射法在Si(100)基体上交替沉积了不同CN_x层厚度的DLC/CN_x纳米多层膜。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、纳米压痕仪、涂层附着力划痕仪和球盘式摩擦磨损试验机等分析了多层膜的微观组织、成键结构、力学和摩擦学性能。结果表明:所有DLC/CN_x多层膜均为非晶结构,结构致密,内应力低(约-475~-170 MPa),强化效应显著。随着CN_x层厚度的增大,CN_x膜内sp3键含量降低,DLC/CN_x多层膜的硬度和结合力逐渐降低,磨损率则逐渐上升。多层膜在真空和大气中的摩擦状态平稳,摩擦因数分别为0.16和0.2,CN_x层厚度的影响很小。CN_x层厚度为0.5 nm的多层膜的硬度可达36.9 GPa,结合力为27 N,在两种测试环境中均具有优异的摩擦学性能。     

CoCrMo合金表面掺金属类金刚石薄膜的摩擦学性能

采用非平衡磁控溅射结合阳极型气体离子源技术在CoCrMo合金表面制备掺钨类金刚石薄膜(WDLC)和掺钛类金刚石薄膜(Ti-DLC)。利用努氏显微硬度计、结合力划痕仪、摩擦磨损试验机、表面形貌仪和洛氏硬度计表征膜层的力学性能,并用扫描电镜分析磨损形貌,探讨薄膜磨损机理。结果表明:所制备的2种薄膜均具有典型的DLC薄膜特征,W-DLC薄膜的硬度、结合力和摩擦磨损性能均优于Ti-DLC薄膜,更适合于CoCrMo合金的表面强化处理;CoCrMo合金的磨损机制主要为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损,而Ti-DLC/CoCrMo和W-DLC/CoCrMo的磨损机制以滑动磨损为主伴随极少量的磨粒磨损;经DLC薄膜处理,摩擦因数从CoCrMo合金的0.578降低到0.2以下,磨损率也降低了2个数量级,大幅度地提高了CoCrMo合金的摩擦磨损性能。     

灰铸铁离子渗氮渗硫复合处理改性层的摩擦学性能

对灰铸铁进行离子渗氮渗硫复合处理，采用SEM、EDAX和XRD研究了渗层的组织结构，采用往复式滑动磨损试验机及SRV型高温摩擦磨损试验机分别在无润滑和油润滑条件下，对原始材料、离子渗氮表面、离子渗氮渗硫复合处理表面进行了摩擦学性能研究，并探讨了磨损机理。结果表明，由于离子渗氮和离子渗硫复合处理后的灰铸铁兼顾了亚表面的硬度和表层的减摩和润滑作用，改善了摩擦学性能，使其表面的耐磨性明显优于原始材料和离子渗氮者。     

低温离子渗硫层的干摩擦学性能对比研究

采用低温离子渗硫工艺，分别在W6Mo5Cr4V2,5CrNiMo,2Cr13及45钢表面制备FeS固体润滑层。研究干摩擦条件下的摩擦员性能和渗硫层截面与磨痕形貌，结果表明，4种钢渗硫后减磨耐磨性能都明显提高，其中渗硫W6Mo5Cr4V2钢的摩擦学性能最好，渗硫5CrNiMo钢、渗硫45钢及渗硫2Cr13钢的摩擦学性能依次降低，基体硬度及组织结构不同是渗硫层摩擦学性能产生差异的主要原因。     

钛合金辉光离子渗硫与摩擦学特性研究

对Ti-6Al-4V合金表面进行辉光离子渗硫处理后的显微组织、摩擦学特性进行了研究.结果表明:合金经离子渗硫处理后,渗层主要由TiS2、TiS、TiS3、Ti2S等硫化物组成;对处理前后试样的摩擦学性能研究显示,渗硫后试样在干摩擦纯滑动的情况下表现出良好的减摩性能,并对减摩机理进行了探讨.     

超高分子量聚乙烯表面沉积类金刚石膜的摩擦磨损性能

利用射频等离子体增强化学气相沉积(RF-PECVD)技术在超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)表面制备类金刚石(DLC)膜,用激光拉曼(Raman)光谱仪和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了DLC膜的形貌及结构特征,纳米硬度法测定DLC膜的纳米硬度。并在UMT-Ⅱ型摩擦磨损试验机上评价了DLC膜在牛血清溶液润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明,UHMWPE表面制备的DLC膜具有典型类金刚石薄膜的Raman光谱特征,属含氢a-C:H膜。表面沉积DLC膜可有效提高UHMWPE的表面硬度,改善表面润湿性能。25%牛血清润滑条件下,DLC膜UHMWPE的摩擦因数有所升高,但磨损率则有明显下降。UHMWPE磨损表面存在严重的犁削磨损和塑性变形,DLC膜磨损表面主要以剥层磨损为主。     

选择性键合金属-类金刚石复合薄膜的性能研究

目的研究具有选择性键合作用的掺杂金属元素(Cu、Al、Ti)对类金刚石(DLC)薄膜的结构和摩擦学性能的影响。方法以高纯石墨及其与金属复合靶作为靶材,采用离子源镀膜技术分别在n-型(100)单晶硅片和抛光304不锈钢片基体上制备金属-DLC复合膜。采用514.6 nm氩离子激发源的Raman光谱仪,对金属-DLC复合薄膜进行拉曼光谱分析。采用努氏硬度计和表面轮廓仪测量计算薄膜的硬度和残余应力。采用原子力显微镜(AFM)观察DLC薄膜的表面形貌和结构。使用球-盘滑动磨损试验机对DLC复合薄膜进行摩擦学性能分析。结果类金刚石薄膜中掺入不同金属元素掺杂后,摩擦系数保持相对稳定,但磨损率存在较大差异。无掺杂DLC膜中的sp~3键含量最高,薄膜硬度高,残余应力大,在摩擦过程中易脱落。Ti-DLC金属复合膜的表面质量最好,结构致密,残余应力释放的同时保持较高的硬度,测得其磨损率最低,为0.13×10~(-15) m~3/nm。结论通过在DLC膜中掺杂不同键合能力的金属元素能够调控DLC薄膜的微观结构,改善薄膜的力学性能(硬度、残余应力),提高薄膜的抗磨损性能。薄膜的摩擦学性能与薄膜的微观结构与金属掺杂元素的存在形态有关。     

Zr掺杂类金刚石薄膜摩擦性能及耐腐蚀性能的影响

目的改善不锈钢摩擦性能及耐腐蚀性能。方法通过线性阳极层离子源辅助非平衡磁控溅射法,制备了不同Zr含量的类金刚石(DLC)薄膜,采用扫描电子显微镜、拉曼光谱仪、纳米硬度仪、高温销盘磨损仪、电化学工作站,对薄膜的化学成分、显微结构、纳米硬度、薄膜摩擦性能及耐腐蚀性能进行测试研究。结果随着Zr靶功率的增大,Zr含量线性增加。Zr含量从4.9%增加至16.3%时,I_D/I_G增大,薄膜硬度从12.1 GPa逐渐下降至8.4 GPa;Zr含量增大至21.2%时,I_D/I_G减小,薄膜硬度增大至11.4 GPa。涂镀类金刚石薄膜的不锈钢基体比无涂层的不锈钢基体有更低的摩擦系数,更好的耐磨损性能。Zr掺杂DLC薄膜的最小摩擦系数为0.07。Zr含量从4.9%增加至16.3%,DLC薄膜的耐腐蚀性能减弱;Zr含量继续增加,DLC薄膜的耐腐蚀性能增强。当Zr含量不大于11.9%时,沉积Zr掺杂DLC膜的不锈钢基体的耐腐蚀性能比不锈钢基体的更强。结论 Zr含量不大于11.9%时,Zr掺杂类金刚石薄膜既可以有效地改善不锈钢基体的摩擦磨损性能,又可以大幅提高耐腐蚀性能。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.