TC17钛合金构件激光直接成形固态相变行为及显微组织

采用激光熔化沉积技术直接成形TC17钛合金构件,利用OM、SEM以及XRD分析其显微组织特征,并重点研究了其在激光短时循环加热冷却作用下的固态相变行为及显微组织演化特点。结果表明,激光熔化沉积TC17钛合金具有定向外延生长的"指节"状晶粒和少量等轴晶交替排列的凝固组织,其显微组织是由不规则片状初生α相和细小网篮状β转变组织组成的超细特殊双态组织。最后约12个沉积层内由于热循环历史不同,使得不同沉积层固态相变显微组织不同:顶部4个沉积层内显微组织为相变点以上快速冷却形成的细针状马氏体,第N-4~N-6层由细针状马氏体和马氏体分解形成的少量不规则片状初生α相组成,第N-7~N-11层内逐渐形成特殊双态组织。     

热处理对激光选区熔化TC4钛合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

研究了激光选区熔化(SLM) TC4钛合金沉积态和退火态显微组织的特征及其对力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:合金组织沿激光选区熔化成形高度方向呈现外延生长,形成柱状晶,晶内存在大量的针状马氏体α''相。退火后,晶内的针状α''相转变为α+β板条组织。随着退火温度的升高,组织中α相含量逐渐降低,α片层逐渐粗化,β相含量逐渐升高;室温拉伸强度逐渐降低,塑性逐渐升高,显微硬度逐渐降低。经过800℃×2 h/FC退火热处理后,激光选区熔化成形TC4钛合金具有最佳的强度与塑性匹配。     

热处理对激光沉积Ti60A高温钛合金组织及性能的影响

采用激光熔化沉积方式成形了近α高温钛合金Ti60A厚壁板材,分析了凝固组织形成机理。结果表明,激光沉积Ti60A合金的凝固组织由沿沉积方向定向生长的柱状晶组成,晶内是均匀分布的细小网篮组织。在α+β两相区上部和α单相区进行双重退火热处理,系统研究了双重退火温度对显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,合金经过双重退火热处理后,获得了具有"蟹爪"状初生α相和细片层状β转变组织的"特殊双态组织",同时降低第一次退火温度能够消除连续晶界α相。因片层间β相具有良好的协调变形能力,双重退火处理可以提高合金塑性。     

退火温度对激光熔化沉积TA15钛合金组织和性能的影响

采用激光熔化沉积工艺制备TA15钛合金棒材和板材.利用OM、SEM和TEM等方法研究退火温度对棒材组织和板材性能的影响.结果表明:激光熔化沉积TA15钛合金β晶粒具有十分优异的高温稳定性,在β相区长期退火,其β晶粒尺寸几乎无变化.激光熔化沉积成形态为典型的层片状β转变组织.在两相区上部退火,形成特殊的"双态"组织,初生α呈规则长条块状,其体积分数随退火温度的升高而降低.在β相区退火获得细层片状组织.在α β两相区退火,随温度的升高,强度有下降趋势,塑性显著下降.     

退火温度对TC25钛合金板材组织和性能的影响

采用三火次热轧工艺制备出厚度为6.0mm的TC25钛合金板材,研究了退火温度对TC25钛合金板材显微组织、室温力学性能和高温力学性能的影响。结果表明：在760～840℃范围内,随着退火温度的升高,TC25钛合金板材热加工形成的等轴组织中初生α相长大;当退火温度升高至880℃时,显微组织由等轴组织向双态组织转变;温度进一步升高至920℃时,呈现双态组织;当退火温度达到960℃时,双态组织中的初生α相含量明显减少,次生α相含量显著增多。双态组织的TC25钛合金板材相比等轴组织的TC25钛合金板材具有更好的室温力学性能和高温力学性能。TC25钛合金板材在920～960℃退火时可获得双态组织,且具有良好的室温和高温拉伸性能。     

固溶时效对激光熔化沉积TC17钛合金显微组织的影响

研究了激光熔化沉积TC17钛合金原态及固溶时效后的显微组织,分析了一重固溶+时效和两重固溶+时效热处理对初生α相含量、长宽比的影响。结果表明,激光熔化沉积态TC17钛合金凝固组织为粗大的柱状β晶,显微组织为细密的片层α+β两相网篮组织。当固溶温度从800℃升高到835℃时,初生α相体积分数由53%减少到34%,宽0.4～0.5μm,长宽比约从9∶1减小到5∶1;时效后初生α相片层显著粗化,宽0.7～0.8μm,次生α相极其细密,均匀分布于初生α片层之间,含量随固溶温度升高逐渐增多。当进行两重固溶处理时,第一步固溶温度决定初生α相含量,而对初生α相的宽度及长宽比几乎没有影响,第二步固溶时间主要影响初生α相的长宽比,而对初生α相的含量及宽度几乎没有影响。     

激光沉积Ti60A高温钛合金显微组织及固态相变

采用激光熔化逐层沉积隔行扫描方式成形了近α高温钛合金Ti60A厚壁板材,获得了具有定向生长特征的柱状晶组织,晶粒直径大小不均匀,晶内为细长α片层。在α+β两相区上部进行固溶时效及双重退火热处理,研究了激光沉积Ti60A合金的固态相变行为。结果表明,合金经固溶处理得到了规则的杆块状初生α相和针状六方马氏体α’;经过时效处理后,α’分解成连续且极细小的α/β片层组织。合金经过双重退火热处理后,获得了具有"蟹爪"状初生α相和细长片层状β转变组织的"特殊双态组织"。     

热处理工艺对激光熔化沉积TC4钛合金组织性能的影响

研究了高能量输入条件下激光熔化沉积(LMD) TC4钛合金在沉积态、去应力退火、热等静压、热等静压+固溶时效、固溶时效5种状态下的显微组织和室温拉伸性能。结果表明:直接沉积态的TC4合金组织粗大且不均匀,原始β晶内由大量针状马氏体α'相和转变的板条α相组成,综合力学性能低,其纵向抗拉强度仅839 MPa; 650～800℃的去应力退火后,激光熔化沉积成形TC4钛合金的组织中α板条宽度随退火温度的上升先增加后减少,拉伸性能呈现先升高后降低的趋势;热等静压后合金组织为网篮组织;固溶时效后合金组织主要由无序的短棒状α相组成,拉伸性能明显上升,其抗拉强度达到1022 MPa,屈服强度达到909 MPa,伸长率超过9%。     

退火工艺对激光立体成形TC21钛合金组织和性能的影响

利用BLT-C1000型激光立体成形设备制备了TC21钛合金块体,并对其分别进行了单级和双级退火处理,研究了单级和双级退火工艺对合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,激光立体成形TC21钛合金的沉积态组织主要为网篮状组织。单级退火温度影响初生α相板条尺寸,低于550 ℃退火时,初生α相板条长度和宽度变化较小,高于650 ℃退火时初生α相板条长度明显增加,宽度略微降低。屈服强度和抗拉强度随退火温度升高而降低,断后伸长率和断面收缩率随退火温度升高而增大。双级退火时随第一级退火温度升高,初生α相含量降低,随着第二级退火温度的升高,次生α相尺寸增加。综合考虑,双级退火时宜选择870~900 ℃的第一级退火温度和560 ℃的第二级退火温度。     

热处理对激光沉积TC4组织和性能的影响

通过对激光沉积TC4钛合金沉积态和热处理态的显微组织、静载力学性能及显微硬度进行对比研究,探索改善激光沉积TC4钛合金组织,进而提高综合力学性能的途径。研究结果表明,沉积态试样在970 ℃热处理后初始连续的晶界α相已经彻底破碎;随着固溶时间的延长,球状α相进一步长大且增多,α板条充分生长且显著增大;在970℃固溶2h后再进行时效热处理后,组织是一种由等轴α,网篮α和转变β相构成的三重混合组织,使得组织参数达到最优化。与沉积态和退火态相比,固溶时效处理后的试样,由于组织中的等轴组织起着变形协调的作用,网篮组织可以降低位错的塞积作用进而提高塑性,使得塑性有很大的提高且强度又降低不多,综合力学性能得到显著的提高。激光沉积制造TC4钛合金的沉积态、退火态、固溶时效态和固溶态（固溶温度相同）的显微硬度依次升高,但是当固溶温度进一步提高至相变点以上进行热处理时,由于再结晶后的晶内组织发生了重排,试样的显微硬度将会明显下降。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.