粉末高温合金原始颗粒边界与MC型碳化物溶解度的关系

原始颗粒边界(PPB)是在粉末加热固结过程中MC型碳化物在颗粒边界析出造成的,利用扫描电镜(SEM)和电子探针X射线显微分析仪(EPMA)研究了 MC型碳化物在镍基高温合金中的溶解度与粉末高温合金中原始颗粒边界(PPB)的关系.结果表明:强碳化物形成元素(Ti、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta)对应的MC型碳化物在镍与镍基高温合金中的溶解度顺序为:TiC＞NbC＞TaC＞ZrC＞HfC,同时温度越高MC型碳化物的溶解度越大;在镍基高温合金中溶解度较大的TiC容易在粉末高温合金的PPB上析出,而溶解度较小的TaC则避免了这种现象.未添加Ta元素的FGH4098合金中原始颗粒边界(PPB)上的MC型碳化物主要为TiC;添加Ta元素的FGH4098合金,制粉过程中会在粉末颗粒内部析出更多的含Ta的MC'型碳化物,在随后的热等静压过程中,这种MC'碳化物转变成为更高稳定性的MC型碳化物(Ta,Ti,Nb)C.(Ta,Ti,Nb)C存在富Ti的核心,Ti和C元素被"固定"在了碳化物中,阻碍了 MC型碳化物在PPB上析出.     

铪对FGH4097合金系热力学平衡析出相和原始颗粒边界的影响

为消除粉末冶金高温合金FGH4097中存在的原始颗粒边界(PPB),采用Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件对FGH4097合金系进行热力学计算,并进行相应的组织观察与能谱分析,重点研究了铪(Hf)在FGH4097合金中的分布规律以及Hf对析出相的影响,特别是分析了Hf对合金中PPB的影响规律。结果表明,FGH4097合金中Hf主要存在于MC、MB2和γ’相中,Hf能促进MC相和γ’相的析出,有效地抑制M6C和M23C6型碳化物的形成。Hf质量分数为0.30%时消除了FGH4097合金中的PPB。     

Hf和Zr含量对FGH96合金平衡相及PPB的影响

采用材料热力学计算软件Thermo-calc,计算了FGH96合金中的平衡相,并结合显微组织观察、能谱和相分析,探讨Hf、Zr含量对γ’相和碳化物的影响,及对消除PPB的作用。结果表明:Hf和Zr不会导致产生新相,主要影响MC和γ’相的析出行为与成分。Hf和Zr能显著改变MC型碳化物的组分,增加其热力学稳定性和数量,促进MC型碳化物在合金中的均匀分布,抑制MC向M23C6转变;Hf还可以参与形成γ’相,增加其数量。Hf、Zr有助于消除FGH96合金中的原始颗粒边界(PPB)。     

镍基粉末高温合金原始颗粒边界形成及组织演化特征

采用等离子旋转电极(PREP)法制备高温合金粉末,通过热等静压(HIP)和热挤压(HE)进行固结成型,对制备的粉末及HIP、HE态合金内部和表面显微组织进行表征,探索镍基高温合金原始颗粒边界(PPB)的组成、形成机制及组织演化特征。结果表明:合金在粉末态已发生元素偏析,粉末表层有细小的富Al氧化物颗粒,且颗粒表面有Zr、C、O元素的富集层;合金PPB主要为连续的大尺寸??相、MC型碳化物、Al2O3和富Zr的氧化物颗粒;PPB形成机制是在温度场的作用下,碳化物、??相和氧化物易于在结合面析出,合金经热挤压后,原始颗粒边界上大的??相完全消失,连续的PPB被破碎,形成含MC碳化物和少量氧化物的沿挤压方向竖状排列的小颗粒,此时,合金已完成动态再结晶。     

不同Ta含量FGH4098合金中的MC型碳化物

利用扫描电镜(SEM)和场发射电子探针显微分析仪(EPMA)等研究热处理后不同Ta含量的FGH4098合金中MC型碳化物的形貌、含量、尺寸和组成。结果表明:对于热处理态FGH4098合金,加入Ta元素可以抑制MC型碳化物沿原始粉末颗粒边界(PPB)析出;随Ta含量的增加,FGH4098合金中MC型碳化物的含量有所增加,等效粒径也略有增加,但变化不大;加入合金中的Ta元素会替代MC型碳化物中的Ti,改变了MC型碳化物组成,且随着合金Ta含量的增加,MC型碳化物组成中Ta元素的所占比例显著增加。     

碳含量对热等静压态FGH96合金碳化物的影响

对不同碳含量的FGH96成型合金中碳化物进行了研究,并对合金原始粉末表面成分偏析进行了测定,以深入探讨碳含量对合金中碳化物的影响。结果表明:FGH96合金中碳含量的增加,提高了原始粉末表面碳含量和富Ti层厚度;HIP(热等静压)态FGH96中碳化物主要为富Ti和Nb的MC,随着碳含量升高,合金中分布在原始粉末颗粒边界(previous particle boundary,PPB)上和PPB以外区域的碳化物含量均逐渐升高,而非PPB碳化物含量上升的幅度相对较大;合金中碳含量越高,PPB碳化物中强碳化物形成元素的含量越低,非PPB碳化物的成分不受合金碳含量的影响;碳的加入促进了PPB碳化物的粗化,并扩展了其尺寸分布的范围;合金中碳含量越高,PPB碳化物的平均自由程越小,合金在室温下的断面收缩率越低。     

Hf在FGH4097粉末高温合金中的相间分配行为

采用3DAP、FEG-SEM、TEM以及物理化学相分析方法研究5种Hf含量的FGH4097粉末高温合金中Hf在γ′相、MC型碳化物和γ相中的分配,以及Hf对γ′和MC析出相组成的影响。结果表明:随着合金中Hf含量的增加,进入各相的Hf量增多,Hf进入γ′相的比例基本不变,进入MC型碳化物的比例增大,进入γ相的比例减小,即Hf在γ′相和MC型碳化物的分配比逐渐减小,Hf在γ′相和γ相中的分配比逐渐增大;Hf主要分配在γ′相中,其次分配在MC型碳化物中,Hf在MC型碳化物中的质量浓度大约是Hf在γ′相中的20倍。     

粉末高温合金中亚稳碳化物稳定化处理SCIEI

在热等静压之前对Rene95合金粉末采用高温预热处理。试验结果表明,预热处理既可使粉末颗粒微观组织更加均匀化,又可使亚稳碳化物MC′发生分解和转变,重新析出二次MC+?和生成M_(23)C_6碳化物。明显改变碳化物的稳定性和分布状态,有效地抑制PPB的形成。     

预处理过程中FGH96合金粉末中的碳化物演变

采用扫描电镜、透射电镜等手段研究了预处理前后FGH96合金粉末颗粒中的碳化物演变。结果表明:粉末在快速凝固过程中会析出不同形貌的MC’型亚稳态碳化物,MC’碳化物中含有较多的弱碳化物形成元素,不同形貌的MC’型碳化物的化学组成与点阵常数具有一定的差异。在粉末预处理过程中,粉末颗粒内部形成的亚稳态MC’型碳化物逐渐转变为稳定MC型碳化物,同时可形成M23C6和M6C碳化物;转变后的MC型碳化物形态以规则块状为主,成分上以强碳化物形成元素Ti,Nb,Zr为主。     

FGH96合金粉末的俄歇分析及预热处理

针对等离子旋转电极工艺制备的FGH96合金粉末,采用俄歇电子能谱对合金粉末的颗粒表面进行成分分析,并利用透射电镜对预热处理后粉末中的碳化物演变进行研究。结果表明:FGH96合金粉末的颗粒表面明显存在O、C和Ti元素的偏聚,原始合金粉末的颗粒表面由O和C原子吸附层和富含Ti元素的碳氧化物层组成;经过预热处理,颗粒中形成于快速凝固过程中的MC′亚稳碳化物转变成稳定的MC碳化物,并析出M23C6碳化物,明显改善了颗粒内碳化物的稳定性和分布状态。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.