基于点云数据驱动的中厚板机器人焊接路径规划

为实现中厚板多层多道自动化焊接的需求,提出一种基于点云数据驱动的机器人焊接路径自适应规划算法。以V形焊缝为例,首先通过线结构光扫描焊缝表面采集点云数据,对点云数据进行滤波预处理,在精简数据量的同时也去除噪声点,据此采用点云分割和边缘提取算法成功提取焊缝特征点。最终通过焊接实验验证算法的准确性和可行性,结果表明,提出的算法处理得到的焊缝特征点坐标与人工示教得到的实际坐标偏差小于0.17 mm,能够满足实际应用需求。     

基于单目线性结构光膜式壁焊缝跟踪系统研究

针对锅炉行业中膜式壁焊接作业劳动强度大、生产效率低,设计了一种基于单目线性结构光的膜式壁焊缝跟踪系统。首先,设计了一种基于单目线性结构光的膜式壁焊缝检测传感器,建立了空间坐标系和相机成像坐标系下焊炬轨迹空间位姿和偏差数学模型;其次,焊接过程中,基于图像处理检测出的焊缝特征点建立了焊缝轨迹和焊缝纠偏数学模型;最后,结合图像处理检测出的焊缝特征点和焊缝跟踪控制算法,在龙门式焊接机器人平台上完成了上坡角和下坡角为30°的膜式壁焊缝焊接。实验证明,膜式壁焊缝图像处理算法能够快速准确地检测焊缝特征点,结合焊炬纠偏控制算法能够完成焊缝跟踪,跟踪精度为0.20 mm,满足实际要求。     

基于主动视觉的焊缝成形尺寸测量和缺陷识别研究

为了实现焊缝成形质量的在线检测,建立了一个基于主动视觉的焊后焊缝成形质量检测系统,同时对整个系统最重要的部分-图像处理进行了深入探讨。在图像处理过程中,首先进行图像预处理;在特征提取部分,用质心法提取结构光中心线;然后用RANSAC算法来拟合焊接母材;用面积法来提取结构光中心线上的特征点。最后得到焊缝成形的几何参数,还可以利用视觉检测系统得到的三维信息进行焊缝三维形貌重建。试验结果表明,该焊缝成形质量检测系统的图像处理方法可靠性高、鲁棒性强、运算速度快。     

基于双线结构光传感器的埋弧焊缝跟踪系统研究

针对船舶制造中长板对接焊缝的埋弧焊生产效率低、劳动强度大,且使用单线结构光传感器易受小车行走轨道安放的影响而产生导前误差,研制了一种基于双线结构光传感器的埋弧焊缝跟踪系统。基于结构光成像原理,建立了双线结构光传感器的数学模型,从中得到了焊缝轨迹空间位姿和焊缝偏差。设计了双线结构光传感器,并结合埋弧焊的焊接特点,设计了针对V形坡口焊缝的图像处理算法。介绍了焊缝跟踪系统的组成和工作原理,并对传感器和焊缝跟踪系统进行了试验验证。结果表明,传感器数学模型正确且检测精度较高,能够实现对焊缝轨迹空间位姿的检测,焊缝跟踪系统运行稳定,能够满足实际焊接要求。     

基于结构光的角焊缝空间位置检测系统

自主研发了一种基于结构光图像的角焊缝空间位置检测系统。通过调节相机和标定板的相对位置进行多次拍摄,采用L-M算法开展标定数据最优化拟合,标定相机内参和外参。在结构光图像上,逐列提取灰度主峰,并基于迭代端点拟合法进行平滑处理,利用渐进霍夫变换方法确定结构光图像的角点。基于标定获得了空间转换关系,计算角焊缝空间位置坐标并反馈给焊接机器人。测试结果显示,该方法较好地完成了三面体结构工件角焊缝的机器人位置调整,机器人焊接系统的实测最大位置偏差小于±0.15 mm。     

一类窄焊缝的结构光图像特征提取方法

提出一种新颖的窄焊缝的特征提取与图像处理方法,有效地克服了环境的各种干扰,可靠地提取出了焊缝的特征点.首先设计了一套基于线结构光的显微视觉系统,可靠地检测出了结构光焊缝图像;接着提出一种基于阈值变换的行像素点统计算法和自适应形态学收缩算法可靠地分割出结构光条纹图像;然后采用过度参数直线拟合和B样条曲线拟合算法准确地得到了结构光条纹的中心线.最后,提出一种基于距离搜索的算法,得到了焊缝的特征点.结果表明,窄焊缝结构光图像特征提取方法可行.     

基于线结构光的曲线焊缝焊接技术

在实际焊接过程中,曲线焊接是工业生产中的一项重要内容,其焊接方法目前以示教焊接以及建立数学模型为主,这些方法的过程过于机械和繁杂。文中提出一种新的基于线结构光的曲线焊缝焊接技术。在实验中,首先对采集的图像进行降噪等图像处理,通过焊缝的特征点提取算法,得到焊缝的特征点坐标,最后,利用B样条曲线插值算法,将各特征点坐标进行曲线拟合。在此基础上使用一种新的算法能够实时的根据工件侧面的角度自动调节焊枪的角度,极大地提高了焊接工艺。经实验表明其实际误差约为0.1mm,具有良好的检测精度,能够满足实际焊接的精度和需求。     

微小随机变化焊缝的视觉特征提取

针对焊接过程中薄钢板搭接微小焊缝随机变化的特点,提出一种基于图像能量分布的视觉特征检测和提取方法,采用伪彩色图像增强算法得到能量分布,有效地抑制了焊接过程中飞溅、烟雾等能量弱的瞬时噪声. 接着提出一种差分搜索算法实现了结构光条纹骨架的准确提取,并获得了图像特征点. 然后,利用随机抽样一致算法对图像特征历史数据进行概率分析,进而精确地拟合出焊缝特征的局部模型,实现了焊缝特征点的准确预测. 结果表明,提出的方法是有效的,焊缝视觉特征提取的效果令人满意.     

膜式壁焊缝图像处理及其识别方法

提出一种基于新的单目视觉线性结构光的膜式壁焊缝识别方法,克服了焊接过程中的飞溅、烟雾等干扰,快速地提取了膜式壁角焊缝特征点。首先,根据激光条纹图像与背景的显著性差异,采用灰度级频率法提取了激光条纹图像;其次,基于骨架抽取提取了激光条纹中心线,并对中心线坐标应用Takagi Sugeno模糊算法进行滤波;最后,应用动态ROI搜寻法快速找到含有焊缝特征点的区域,结合快速排序算法找到焊缝特征点坐标。经实验证明,该算法能够快速准确地提取焊缝特征点,结合控制算法,能够准确跟踪焊缝。     

基于结构光视觉传感器的弧焊机器人视觉检测方法及试验结果分析

针对自动焊接机器人焊缝精确检测的问题,研究了基于结构光视觉传感器的视觉检测方法,对结构光视觉传感器实时采集图像进行理论分析,经过焊缝图像预处理、图像边缘检测和轮廓提取等处理过程,运用最小二乘法对焊缝边缘拟合,通过求平均值的方法提取结构光条纹的中心直线,找到数字图像中焊缝的位置,最后利用机器人手眼标定焊缝的位置,并进行焊缝跟踪。结合试验,验证了该视觉检测方法检测精度较好,能够满足实际的工作要求。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。