基于自动铺放技术的高精度变刚度复合材料层合板屈曲性能

基于自动铺放技术制备的曲线变刚度复合材料层合板,通过定制面内刚度,可有效提高结构的抗屈曲性能。在铺放过程中,铺放轨迹的路径规划是实现变刚度设计的关键技术之一。鉴于此,本文分别以纤维角度线性变化曲线、等曲率曲线及二次Bezier曲线构成的纤维轨迹为研究对象,对其压缩屈曲性能进行参数化分析。并利用有限元模型研究了铺丝头上丝带宽度对层合板型面精度和抗屈曲力学性能的影响。结果表明:在压缩工况下,二次Bezier曲线路径的抗屈曲性能最佳,等曲率曲线路径受曲率约束的影响最小。铺丝头丝束宽度一定,丝带宽度与重叠区域面积和抗屈曲性能呈负相关。使用最大的丝带宽度可最大程度地减小重叠区域面积,提高结构的型面精度,同时保证结构屈曲性能提高37.3%。      

复合材料残余应力和固化变形数值模拟及本构模型评价

为了评价不同固化本构模型,建立了预测复合材料构件残余应力/应变和固化变形的三维数值模型。该模型由热化学分析模块和热力分析模块构成,考虑了热化学耦合、材料性能的各向异性、化学收缩及黏弹性等因素。基于线弹性、黏弹性和Path-dependent三种典型的本构模型,预测了构件的残余应力/应变及固化变形。通过与试验结果对比,验证了所建数值模型的有效性,并重点研究了不同本构模型的适用性。结果表明,黏弹性本构模型最佳,对构件的残余应力/应变及固化变形的预测结果均较好; Path-dependent本构模型次之,对构件的残余应变和固化变形的预测结果较好,但对构件的残余应力的预测结果稍差;线弹性本构模型最差,除了对构件的残余应变和较薄构件的固化变形的预测结果较好外,其他预测结果都较差。     

基于黏弹性本构模型的热固性树脂基复合材料固化变形数值仿真模型

针对热固性树脂基复合材料热压罐成型工艺过程,采用广义Maxwell(麦克斯韦)黏弹性本构模型建立了残余应力和固化变形的三维模型。模型考虑了复合材料固化过程中的热-化学效应、材料的热胀冷缩效应、基体树脂黏弹性效应以及材料的各向异性。通过与文献中实验结果的比较,证明了所建立的模型具有较高的可靠性。对复合材料C型制件的固化过程进行了数值模拟和实验对比,比对结果表明该数值模型具有较高的准确性。     

固化度与固化收缩对非对称复合材料层合板固化变形的影响

采用三维有限元方法研究复合材料非对称层合板在热载荷和固化收缩载荷下的固化变形情况, 建立了材料力学特性、 固化体积收缩量和温度与固化度之间的函数关系, 考察了层合板变形曲率与温度和固化度之间的关系。数值计算结果表明: 非对称层合板变形曲率与固化终止时固化度有密切关系; 固化变形主要发生在降温阶段; 固化收缩对层合板变形曲率影响很小, 主要发生在第二个保温平台的前半段。      

复合材料层合板的固化残余应力和变形分析

本文采用非线性有限元方法研究了复合材料层合板在固化后期降温过程的残余应力和变形问题。考虑了材料的热物理与力学性质随温度的变化以及变化率和应力间耦合的影响。给出了一些有意义的结果。     

基于自动铺放技术的热塑性复合材料原位固化成型研究进展:热传导行为及层间性能

纤维增强复合材料具有轻质、高强、性能可设计等特性,在减重、抗疲劳、耐腐蚀、维修性等方面明显优于传统金属材料,在航空航天、交通运输、国防等领域的应用越来越广泛,其中热塑性复合材料具有高韧性、高冲击性、无限储存周期、可回收利用等众多优点。复合材料自动铺放技术成型效率高、自动化程度高,特别适用于大尺寸和复杂构件的制造。同时,热塑性复合材料原位固化技术不断发展和进步,生产效率显著提高,生产成本降低,构件质量得以提升。因此,基于自动铺放技术的热塑性复合材料原位固化成型将会是未来大飞机主承力部件的重要成型方法。然而,热塑性复合材料铺放成型过程经历高温制造,伴随着热力学耦合等相关问题。对于原位固化方法,热源的选择颇为关键,将直接影响铺放成型的效果和效率。在铺放成型过程中,热塑性聚合物分子链受热发生流动,宏观上则是热塑性树脂发生从固态到熔融态再到固态的物理变化。整个成型过程持续时间较短,但又涉及一系列的物理变化,是一个非常复杂的过程,目前已成为国际上高性能热塑性复合材料的研究热点之一。热塑性复合材料纤维铺放成型常用的热源主要包括热空气、激光、超声波、电子束等。其中针对热空气的研究较早,建立了铺层内的热传导理论模型,就铺层基层中温度场展开了许多工作并取得了相应的成果。对激光加热成型获得的铺放构件的诸多研究表明,激光作为热源相比于热空气可以大幅提升层间性能。此外,学者们还提出了不同的理论模型来预测最终的熔合强度,但测试结果显示铺放构件的力学性能不及热压罐固化的构件,进一步的理论和实践探索仍然很有必要。本文主要聚焦基于预浸料自动铺放技术的热塑性复合材料原位固化成型工艺,从工艺过程中的热传导行为、铺层的性能指标两方面介绍或探讨了铺放工艺过程、热传递模型、原位固化热源、铺层间紧密接触度、熔合度及熔合强度等的研究现状。     

缝纫层合板的本构关系研究(II)——缝纫层合板刚度分析与试验

在缝纫单层板有效弹性常数分析模型的基础上,建立了缝纫层合板的本构关系,分析了缝纫参数对缝纫层合板拉伸、弯曲、剪切和扭转刚度的影响,并对拉压刚度进行了试验研究,结果表明,分析结果与试验结果吻合得较好。     

变厚度复合材料U型零件固化变形仿真预测与结构影响因素

为了准确预测变厚度CCF800H/AC531碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料U型零件的固化变形,并分析弯边以及变厚区参数对变形的影响。首先,利用自洽方法确定了单层复合材料力学性能,采用细观有限元方法预测了层合板的整体性能以避免仿真建模时复杂的铺层设置。而后结合固化硬化瞬时线弹性模型建立了零件的固化变形预测方法并进行了验证。变厚区对相邻区域的变形的影响规律由变厚区结构参数确定,与铺层方式和材料种类无关。运用Box-Behnken响应面方法,拟合了两个二次模型以分析弯边参数和变厚度结构参数对固化变形的影响规律。变厚区对较薄区域的影响较大,变形最大减小幅度达15%,而对较厚区域的影响可以忽略。采用方差分析比较了不同因素的影响,变厚区的宽度变化对变形的影响较小。当截面距变厚区的距离大于150 mm时,变厚区对较薄区域的影响接近为0。     

热固性树脂基复合材料固化变形解析预测研究进展

在外部成型条件和内部材料各向异性的影响下,脱模后复合材料构件不可避免的产生固化变形,解析预测方法可以快速的预估复合材料的固化变形并能解释其潜在的变形机制,因而被广泛研究。本文介绍了热固性复合材料固化变形的产生因素和来源,并重点了详述了平板和曲型复合材料构件固化变形解析预测方法的最新进展,并分析其优缺点,为复合材料固化变形预测提供方向和参考。最后简要讨论了当前复合材料固化变形解析预测的主要发展方向。     

基于模具-制件相互作用的复合材料制件固化变形数值模型

针对复合材料制件在成型过程中的固化变形这一关键技术问题,通过在模具与复合材料制件之间引入剪切层的方法,建立了预测复合材料制件固化变形的解析计算模型和有限元仿真模型。剪切层的剪切模量用来衡量固化过程中模具与复合材料制件之间的相互作用,其数值大小通过与实验数据进行比对而得到。基于建立的固化变形模型,与文献中已有的实验结果进行了比较。结果表明:所建立的模型具有较高的可靠性。同时针对L型复合材料制件建立了三维有限元仿真模型,模型中除考虑材料各向异性和化学收缩效应以外,还将成型过程中模具与复合材料制件间的相互作用考虑在内。模拟结果表明:引入模具作用后L型零件的固化变形预测结果更加准确。      

Delamination growth in composite laminates of variable stiffness

The production of new composite laminates with variable stiffness within the surface of plies was enabled by tow‐placement machines. Because of the variation of stiffness, these materials are called variable stiffness composite laminates (VSCL). Recently, many attempts were made to investigate their structural behaviour. In this contribution, a first‐order shear deformation theory is selected to model the multilayered composite laminates. The adopted theory is enhanced by the extended finite element method (XFEM) to describe discontinuities at element level of any interface of interest. To predict the location of the delamination onset, a traction–separation law is developed that is consistent with the XFEM topology. An exponential softening behaviour is implemented within the interface to model the delamination growth in a mixed‐mode direction. In order to solve the non‐linear equations of the delamination propagation, an arc‐length method is applied. The effect of the curvilinear fibre orientation on the location of the delamination onset is investigated. Subsequently, the structural response of the laminates is computed. According to the simplicity of the new approach using the XFEM; and based on the computational cost for calculating the stiffness of VSCL, the method is able to determine structural response of VSCL with less computational effort. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Process-induced deformation of composite T-stiffener structures

Composite T-stiffener structures are widely used structural elements in weight sensitive structural, aerospace and marine applications for the purpose of weight reduction. A study on the process-induced deformation of composite T-stiffener structures is presented in this paper. The deformation was calculated numerically by Finite Element Analysis (FEA), and the resulting displacements show that the deformation can be represented by a single angular displacement: the spring-in of the skin. A parametric study was conducted by Design of Experiments (DOE) and FEA to investigate the influence of design parameters on the spring-in of the skin. It is shown that the spring-in of the skin increases with the radius and the bonding length, and decreases with the fiber volume fraction.     

Natural modes of vibration of variable stiffness composite laminates with curvilinear fibers

In this paper, natural frequencies and vibrational mode shapes of variable stiffness composite laminate (VSCL) plates with curvilinear fibers are studied. In each ply of this rectangular VSCL, the fiber-orientation angle changes linearly with respect to the horizontal coordinate. To define the modes of vibration of the laminates, a new p-version finite element, which follows third-order shear deformation theory (TSDT), is employed. The convergence properties of this new element are investigated. Taking manufacturing restrictions regarding the fiber curvatures into account, maps of natural frequencies as functions of tow-orientation angles are determined in demonstrative examples. It is verified that the use of curvilinear fibers instead of the traditional straight fibers introduces a greater degree of flexibility, which can be used to adjust frequencies and mode shapes.     

复合材料纤维铺放自动编程技术研究

纤维铺放是近年来发展最快、最有效的复合材料构件成形技术之一。结合所研制的纤维铺放设备,研究复合材料纤维铺放自动编程技术。在已知芯模曲面和纤维铺放路径的基础上,运用机器人学原理建立了纤维铺放机构各杆件坐标系,设计了空间机构运动学逆问题的简化求解算法,针对纤维铺放路径上的每个控制点,得到纤维铺放机构各运动关节位置和姿态。根据传动机构的组成,计算出各驱动步进电机的转角,从而生成纤维铺放机运动控制指令代码。基于CATIA开发平台CAA,开发了复合材料纤维铺放仿真软件模块。     

Adjoint-based optimal variable stiffness mesh deformation strategy based on bi-elliptic equations

There are many recent advances in mesh deformation methods for computational fluid dynamics simulation in deforming geometries. We present a method of constructing dynamic mesh around deforming objects by solving the bi-elliptic equation, an extension of the biharmonic equation. We show that introducing a stiffness coefficient field a(x) in the bi-elliptic equation can enable mesh deformation for very large boundary movements. An indicator of the mesh quality is constructed as an objective function of a numerical optimization procedure to find the best stiffness coefficient field a(x). The optimization is efficiently solved using steepest descent along adjoint-based, integrated Sobolev gradients. A multiscenario optimization procedure is performed to calculate the optimal stiffness coefficient field a^蜧(x) for a priori unpredictable boundary movements. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of stiffness loss in cross-ply composite laminates

The behaviour of laminated composite plates beyond first-ply failure has been the subject of much research work. It is well known that generally, the load-bearing capability of laminated composite plates can remain significant despite the presence of some damage in the plies. Traditionally, the ply-discount method has been used among analysts and designers, although the approach is generally regarded as too conservative. It is therefore desirable to develop models for the prediction of the mechanical properties of damaged composite laminates at various applied loads, and to be able to correlate the changes in properties with the amount of damage and cracking within each constituent ply. Generally, if the models are to be useful as predictive tools, they must be capable of not only sufficiently describing the damage state but also the nature of the damage evolution with loading. This ‘evolution law’ is often obtained through fracture analysis, although it should be noted that the diffused nature of cracks and the multiplicity of failure modes in composites in general greatly complicates the analysis. The problem of transverse matrix cracking in cross-ply laminates under uniaxial tension is considerably simpler because it is essentially dominated by mode I fracture. Thus it is necessarily the first step for any model aiming to predict stiffness losses in composite laminates. In this paper, a constitutive model of the damage state for composite laminates, first proposed by Allen et al., is used with a damage evolution criterion based on strain energy to predict the stiffness loss due to matrix cracking in cross-ply laminated composite plates. Although the constitutive model does not require the determination of many constants, the state of damage is described by a vector of internal state variables (ISV), which contains information on the crack geometry and fracture modes. A series of parametric finite element analyses was performed to determine the effects of relative ply thicknesses, crack density and crack opening profile on the vector of ISVs. A computer algorithm was written for the analysis of cross-ply laminates based on the damage evolution criterion proposed in this work. The results of the analysis compare favourably with experimental measurements of progressive stiffness loss in damaged cross-ply graphite-epoxy laminates obtained from other researchers.     

变刚度复合材料开孔板拉伸行为数值模拟及试验验证

纤维曲线铺放是提高复合材料构件力学性能的有效方法之一。本文针对复合材料开孔板铺放轨迹进行了研究,利用B样条曲线插值拟合获取了开孔板最大主应力铺放轨迹,并通过离散网格法建立了变刚度开孔板模型,通过引入Tsai-Wu损伤失效判据以及常刚度退化准则,进行了拉伸失效数值模拟及损伤失效分析,并分别铺放了两组常刚度和变刚度开孔板试验样件,进行了拉伸对比试验。结果表明：数值模拟与实验数据吻合较好,变刚度开孔板相比常刚度开孔板,拉伸强度提升了26.92%,且两者损伤失效演化过程显著不同。     

基于密度分布曲线法的复合材料变刚度铺层优化

基于梯度的优化方法对复合材料层合板进行了变刚度铺层优化设计。在优化过程中需确定铺层中各单元的密度以及角度。为了使优化结果具有可制造性,优化结果需满足制造工艺约束并且铺层角度需从预定角度中选取。为了避免在优化问题中引入过多的约束并减少设计变量的数目,提出密度分布曲线法(DDCM)对层合板中各单元的密度进行参数化。根据各单元的密度以及角度设计变量并基于Bi-value Coding Parameterization(BCP)方法中的插值公式确定各单元的弹性矩阵。优化过程中以结构柔顺度作为优化目标,结构体积作为约束,优化算法采用凸规划对偶算法。对碳纤维复合材料的算例结果表明:采用DDCM可得到较理想的优化结果,并且收敛速率较快。     

Dynamic characteristics of thermoplastic composite laminates

Dynamic characteristics of carbon fibre/polyetheretherketone (cf/peek) composites have been investigated by the impact test and the sinusoidal free vibration test. Using a cantilevered beam with rectangular cross-section, the natural frequencies and damping properties were measured. Also, dynamic tests for the cantilevered beam with a torsional bar have been performed to identify the shear modulus and damping in torsional motion. Results for the specific damping capacity given by the impact test are very close to those given by the sinusoidal vibration test. The elastic moduli from the impact test are slightly smaller than those from the tension test. The dynamic characteristics of angle-ply, cross-ply and quasi-isotropic laminates have been computed by the finite element method. For the purpose of verification, experimental tests were carried out by the impact test for these laminates. The experimental values are very close to the numerical values. In addition to cf/peek composites, experiments have been performed for cf/epoxy composites. The damping of cf/epoxy is much larger than that of cf/peek.