融合位置权重的基于注意力交叉注意力的长短期记忆方面情感分析模型

针对传统的基于注意力机制的神经网络模型不能对方面特征和情感信息进行有效关注，以及不同距离或不同方向的上下文词对方面词的情感极性判断有不同的贡献等问题，提出一种融合位置权重的基于注意力交叉注意力的长短期记忆方面情感分析模型（LWAOA-LSTM）。首先，为词向量加入位置权重信息；然后，使用长短期记忆（LSTM）网络同时对方面和句子进行建模以生成方面表示和句子表示，同时通过注意力交叉注意力模块共同学习方面和句子的表示以获得方面到文本和文本到方面的交互关注，并自动关注句子中的重要部分；最后，在景点、餐饮、住宿不同主题数据集上进行实验，验证了该模型对方面情感分析的准确性。实验结果表明，所提模型在景点、餐饮、住宿主题数据集上的准确率分别达到78.3%、80.6%和82.1%，取得了比传统LSTM网络模型更好的效果。     

基于卷积注意力机制的情感分类方法

为提取文本的局部最优情感极性、捕捉文本情感极性转移的语义信息,提出一种基于卷积注意力机制的神经网络模型(CNN_attention_LSTM)。使用卷积操作提取文本注意力信号,将其加权融合到Word-Embedding文本分布式表示矩阵中,突出文本关注重点的情感词与转折词,使用长短记忆网络LSTM来捕捉文本前后情感语义关系,采用softmax线性函数实现情感分类。在4个数据集上进行的实验结果表明,在具有情感转折词的文本中,该模型能够更精准捕捉文本情感倾向,提高分类精度。     

基于多通道特征和自注意力的情感分类方法

针对情感分析任务中没有充分利用现有的语言知识和情感资源,以及在序列模型中存在的问题：模型会将输入文本序列解码为某一个特定的长度向量,如果向量的长度设定过短,会造成输入文本信息丢失.提出了一种基于多通道特征和自注意力的双向LSTM情感分类方法（MFSA-BiLSTM）,该模型对情感分析任务中现有的语言知识和情感资源进行建模,形成不同的特征通道,并使用自注意力重点关注加强这些情感信息.MFSA-BiLSTM可以充分挖掘句子中的情感目标词和情感极性词之间的关系,且不依赖人工整理的情感词典.另外,在MFSA-BiLSTM模型的基础上,针对文档级文本分类任务提出了MFSA-BiLSTM-D模型.该模型先训练得到文档的所有的句子表达,再得到整个文档表示.最后,对5个基线数据集进行了实验验证.结果表明：在大多数情况下,MFSA-BiLSTM和MFSA-BiLSTM-D这两个模型在分类精度上优于其他先进的文本分类方法.     

基于CNN和LSTM的多通道注意力机制文本分类模型

针对传统的卷积神经网络（Convolutional Neural Network,CNN）和长短时记忆网络（Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM）在提取特征时无法体现每个词语在文本中重要程度的问题,提出一种基于CNN和LSTM的多通道注意力机制文本分类模型。使用CNN和LSTM提取文本局部信息和上下文特征;用多通道注意力机制（Attention）提取CNN和LSTM输出信息的注意力分值;将多通道注意力机制的输出信息进行融合,实现了有效提取文本特征的基础上将注意力集中在重要的词语上。在三个公开数据集上的实验结果表明,提出的模型相较于CNN、LSTM及其改进模型效果更好,可以有效提高文本分类的效果。     

基于社交媒体文本信息的金融时序预测

针对传统股票趋势预测模型中忽略社交媒体文本信息对股价变化的影响和时间序列的平稳性处理、长期依赖等问题,提出一种融合社交媒体文本信息和LSTM的股票趋势预测模型(BiTCN-LSTM).该模型分为情感分析和金融时序预测两部分.情感分析层将社交媒体文本信息输入到双向时间卷积网络进行特征提取和情感分析,得到积极或者消极的情感分类表示;金融时序预测层使用LSTM神经网络,将差分运算后的股票历史数据和文本情感特征向量加权融合作为网络输入,完成金融时序预测任务.通过上海证券综合指数数据集的实验验证,与传统金融时序预测模型相比,该模型的RMSE指标降低3.44-43.62.     

基于文本筛选和改进BERT的长文本方面级情感分析

方面级情感分析旨在分类出文本在不同方面的情感倾向。在长文本的方面级情感分析中,由于长文本存在的冗余和噪声问题,导致现有的方面级情感分析算法对于长文本中方面相关信息的特征提取不够充分,分类不精准;而在方面分层为粗粒度和细粒度方面的数据集上,现有的解决方案没有利用粗粒度方面中的信息。针对以上问题,提出基于文本筛选和改进BERT的算法TFN+BERT-Pair-ATT。该算法首先利用长短时记忆网络（LSTM）和注意力机制相结合的文本筛选网络（TFN）从长文本中直接筛选出与粗粒度方面相关的部分语句;然后将部分语句按次序进行组合,并与细粒度方面相结合输入至在BERT上增加注意力层的BERT-Pair-ATT中进行特征提取;最后使用Softmax进行情感分类。通过与基于卷积神经网络（CNN）的GCAE（Gated Convolutional Network with Aspect Embedding）、基于LSTM的交互式注意力模型（IAN）等经典模型相比,该算法在验证集上的相关评价指标分别提高了3.66%和4.59%,与原始BERT模型相比提高了0.58%。实验结果表明,基于文本筛选和改进BERT的算法在长文本方面级情感分析任务中具有较大的价值。     

基于文本筛选和改进BERT的长文本方面级情感分析

方面级情感分析旨在分类出文本在不同方面的情感倾向。在长文本的方面级情感分析中，由于长文本存在的冗余和噪声问题，导致现有的方面级情感分析算法对于长文本中方面相关信息的特征提取不够充分，分类不精准；而在方面分层为粗粒度和细粒度方面的数据集上，现有的解决方案没有利用粗粒度方面中的信息。针对以上问题，提出基于文本筛选和改进BERT的算法TFN+BERT-Pair-ATT。该算法首先利用长短时记忆网络（LSTM）和注意力机制相结合的文本筛选网络（TFN）从长文本中直接筛选出与粗粒度方面相关的部分语句；然后将部分语句按次序进行组合，并与细粒度方面相结合输入至在BERT上增加注意力层的BERT-Pair-ATT中进行特征提取；最后使用Softmax进行情感分类。通过与基于卷积神经网络（CNN）的GCAE（Gated Convolutional Network with Aspect Embedding）、基于LSTM的交互式注意力模型（IAN）等经典模型相比，该算法在验证集上的相关评价指标分别提高了3.66%和4.59%，与原始BERT模型相比提高了0.58%。实验结果表明，基于文本筛选和改进BERT的算法在长文本方面级情感分析任务中具有较大的价值。     

基于LSTM-Attention与CNN混合模型的文本分类方法

针对传统长短时记忆网络（Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM）和卷积神经网络（Convolution Neural Network,CNN）在提取特征时无法体现每个词语在文本中重要程度的问题,提出一种基于LSTM-Attention与CNN混合模型的文本分类方法。使用CNN提取文本局部信息,进而整合出全文语义;用LSTM提取文本上下文特征,在LSTM之后加入注意力机制（Attention）提取输出信息的注意力分值;将LSTM-Attention的输出与CNN的输出进行融合,实现了有效提取文本特征的基础上将注意力集中在重要的词语上。在三个公开数据集上的实验结果表明,提出的模型相较于LSTM、CNN及其改进模型效果更好,可以有效提高文本分类的效果。     

基于情感评分的分层文本表示情感分类方法

文本中的词并非都具有相似的情感倾向和强度,较好地编码上下文并从中提取关键信息对于情感分类任务而言非常重要。为此,提出一种基于情感评分的分层注意力网络框架,以对文本情感进行有效分类。利用双向循环神经网络编码器分别对词向量和句向量进行编码,并通过注意力机制加权求和以获得文档的最终表示。设计辅助网络对文本的词、句进行情感评分,利用该评分调整注意力权重分布。在探究文本的情感信息对分类性能的影响后,通过辅助网络进一步促使模型关注情感色彩强烈的信息。在4个常用情感分类数据集上的实验结果表明,该框架能够关注文本中的情感表达并获得较高的分类准确率。     

基于特征融合的文本情感分类

虽然卷积神经网络（CNN）可以提取局部特征,长短期记忆网络（LSTM）可以提取全局特征,它们都表现出了较 好的分类效果,但CNN在获取文本的上下文全局信息方面有些不足,而LSTM容易忽略词语之间隐含的特征信息。因此,提 出了用CNN_BiLSTM_Attention 并行模型进行文本情感分类。首先,使用CNN提取局部特征,同时BiLSTM提取带有上下文 语义信息的全局特征,之后将两者提取的特征拼接在一起,进行特征融合。这样使得模型既能捕获局部短语级特征,又能捕获 上下文结构信息,并对特征词的重要程度,利用注意力机制分配不同权重,进而提高模型的分类效果。通过与单一模型CNN、 LSTM等深度神经网络模型的对比,本文所提的CNN_BiLSTM_Attention并行模型在综合评价指标F1 score 和准确率上都有 提升,实验结果表明,本文所提模型在文本情感分类任务中取得了较好的结果,比其他神经网络模型有更好的实用价值。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).