Z-pin增强CMC层间Ⅰ+Ⅱ混合型断裂韧性

提出手工预缝纫方法将3K丝束的T300碳纤维引入预成型体,采用CVI工艺在预成型体和缝线处同时渗透SiC基体,制备了Z-pin增强平纹编织C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料。通过三点弯曲试验测定了Ⅰ+Ⅱ混合型应变能释放率,分析了材料的裂纹扩展行为和Z-pin增强机理。结果表明:随着裂纹扩展长度的增大,Ⅰ+Ⅱ型裂纹扩展阻力不断增大,相同裂纹扩展长度,增加Z-pin植入密度可以提高粘结强度,增大止裂作用。Z-pin增强平纹编织C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料裂纹扩展的耗能途径主要是层间界面剥离、Z-pin弹性剪切和拉伸变形。     

单相fcc金属晶内裂纹萌生与扩展的TEM原位分析

用ＴＥＭ拉伸方法,对具有ｆｃｃ结构的３０４Ｌ钢,进行了晶内裂纹萌生与裂纹志愿的原位观察,结果表明：晶内开裂时首先形成无位错区,裂纹在无位错区 形成,裂尖护 裂尖前晶面变形行为由原位观察和原位选区衍射的结果进行分析,裂纹沿（１００）晶面扩展时,裂尖前（１００）同发生倾转,（１１１）晶面局部弹性弯曲,裂尖钝化;（１００）倾声讨在以致开裂,钝化裂尖扩展,（１１１）局部弯曲有所恢复。     

基于数字图像的裂纹测量系统在X80管线钢全尺寸弯曲试验中的验证

该文提出一种测量结构变形过程中裂纹扩展长度的方法。搭建一种卷积神经网络来抵抗图像中噪声干扰并识别裂纹特征，通过卷积神经网络预测得到裂纹带的初始区域；基于该区域，又提出一种改进的裂纹尖端识别算法来计算裂纹尖端的精确位置坐标；根据位置坐标得到裂纹长度信息。通过增加摄像机的数量，可以同时检测不同位置和方向的裂纹。利用该文提出的方法可以得到裂纹扩展长度与加载信息(如疲劳周期)之间的关系。通过开展中心孔试样疲劳试验和X80管线钢全尺寸弯曲试验，验证了该方法的有效性和准确性。     

含裂纹悬臂梁的动态弯曲断裂行为研究

本文采用动态焦散线方法对含裂纹悬臂梁承受横向冲击的弯曲断裂行为进行了动态断裂力学实验研究，分析了无量ａ／ｈ（ａ：初始裂纹长度；ｈ：梁高度）对于裂纹动态扩展行为（裂纹起始状态、裂纹尖端的应力强度因子、裂纹扩展速度、裂纹扩展轨迹）的影响，并借助动态光弹性应力分析，对应力波与扩展裂纹的相互作用、以及应力波传播规律进行探讨。     

光面爆破的岩石裂纹扩展规律研究

光面爆破是一种控制爆破技术,为了实现更为精确的控制爆破效果,需要对光面爆破的岩石裂纹扩展规律进行研究。在光面爆破的初始裂纹产生阶段,利用数值模拟的方法,对光面爆破的弹性力学简化模型进行分析,得到了初始裂纹的起裂点位置以及初始裂纹长度。在爆轰气体驱动下,初始裂纹二次扩展。从裂纹扩展的能量角度,分析了裂纹扩展速度与裂纹长度的定量关系。基于断裂力学对裂纹二次扩展条件和二次扩展范围进行理论分析,定量描述了裂纹二次扩展长度与孔壁压力的关系。最后,在对光面爆破致裂机理认知的基础上,提出光面爆破中装药不耦合系数、炮孔间距、光面层厚度等参数的计算方法。     

光面爆破的岩石裂纹扩展规律研究

光面爆破是一种控制爆破技术,为了实现更为精确的控制爆破效果,需要对光面爆破的岩石裂纹扩展规律进行研究。在光面爆破的初始裂纹产生阶段,利用数值模拟的方法,对光面爆破的弹性力学简化模型进行分析,得到了初始裂纹的起裂点位置以及初始裂纹长度。在爆轰气体驱动下,初始裂纹二次扩展。从裂纹扩展的能量角度,分析了裂纹扩展速度与裂纹长度的定量关系。基于断裂力学对裂纹二次扩展条件和二次扩展范围进行理论分析,定量描述了裂纹二次扩展长度与孔壁压力的关系。最后,在对光面爆破致裂机理认知的基础上,提出光面爆破中装药不耦合系数、炮孔间距、光面层厚度等参数的计算方法。     

氮化硼纳米管增强氮化硅陶瓷裂纹扩展的有限元分析

在氮化硅(Si3N4)陶瓷中添加氮化硼纳米管(BNNT)增强体制备了BNNT/Si3N4复合材料,利用三点弯曲强度及单边切口梁(SENB)法测定了BNNT/Si3N4复合材料的弯曲强度和断裂韧性。通过SEM观察了BNNT/Si3N4复合材料的微观形貌。利用ABAQUS有限元模拟了BNNT/Si3N4复合材料中裂纹偏转、钉扎、分叉、桥联尖端的应力分布情况。结果表明:BNNT/Si3N4复合材料的弯曲强度和断裂韧性明显高于Si3N4陶瓷,说明BNNT对Si3N4陶瓷的裂纹扩展有阻碍作用。Si3N4陶瓷与BNNT的界面结合良好,而良好的结合界面有利于提高界面的摩擦力。BNNT/Si3N4复合材料裂纹扩展情况的有限元模拟表明,BNNT可以吸收Si3N4陶瓷裂纹尖端的应力,有效阻止了Si3N4陶瓷基体中产生大的应力集中,而且当裂纹扩展到BNNT附近时,裂纹尖端会形成强的应力屏蔽区,增加了裂纹扩展的阻力。裂纹钉扎、桥联对增加裂纹扩展阻力的作用高于裂纹偏转和分叉。     

热喷涂零件界面裂纹扩展行为影响因素研究

热喷涂技术在提高构件寿命等方面得到了广泛应用,但界面裂纹的存在对零件寿命的影响尤其明显。本工作利用有限元法研究了残余应力、涂层厚度以及初始裂纹长度等因素对界面裂纹扩展的影响。研究结果表明:残余压应力的增加会导致临界载荷的降低,促使裂纹尖端应力相角增大,更易萌生界面裂纹;而残余拉应力的增加会导致临界载荷的升高,促使裂纹尖端应力相角降低,更易萌生垂直于界面的裂纹。此外,厚涂层易产生平行于界面的裂纹,以剪切失效为主导;薄涂层易产生垂直于界面的裂纹,以拉伸失效为主导。初始裂纹长度越长越易出现涂层与基体的剥离,导致涂层的失效。通过三点弯曲实验对不同初始长度的裂纹进行验证,实验结果与有限元模拟结果相近,验证了有限元模拟的正确性,为精确控制热喷涂零件界面的裂纹扩展提供了科学依据和理论基础。     

氮化硼纳米管增强氮化硅复合材料的裂纹扩展阻力行为

用氮化硼纳米管(BNNT)增强氮化硅(Si₃N₄)陶瓷制备了BNNT/Si₃N₄复合材料, 利用三点弯曲强度及单边切口梁(SENB)法测定了BNNT/Si₃N₄复合材料的弯曲强度和断裂韧性。通过SEM观察了BNNT/Si₃N₄复合材料微观形貌。基于BNNT增强Si₃N₄陶瓷复合材料的裂纹扩展阻力计算公式, 构建了BNNT对Si₃N₄陶瓷裂纹屏蔽区的裂纹扩展阻力的数学模型。用该模型的计算结果与Si₃N₄陶瓷的裂纹扩展阻力进行了对比。结果表明: BNNT/Si₃N₄复合材料的弯曲强度和断裂韧性明显高于Si₃N₄陶瓷, 说明BNNT对Si₃N₄陶瓷的裂纹扩展有阻力作用, 摩擦拔出是Si₃N₄陶瓷抗裂纹扩展能力提高的主要原因; BNNT对Si₃N₄陶瓷有明显的升值阻力曲线行为。通过有限元模拟裂纹尖端应力分布, 发现BNNT使Si₃N₄陶瓷裂纹尖端的最大应力转移到纳米管上, 而且BNNT降低了Si₃N₄陶瓷裂纹尖端的应力, 对Si₃N₄陶瓷尖端的裂纹有屏蔽作用, 从而提高了Si₃N₄陶瓷的裂纹扩展阻力。     

利用原位观察技术测定TC4钛合金的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值

针对目前金属材料疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值测定中存在的测定周期长、试样尺寸较大以及单位周次裂纹扩展长度测量误差较大等问题,采用扫描电镜原位观察技术测定了TC4钛合金的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值,即通过扫描电镜对裂纹扩展长度的实时精确测定实现快速获得材料的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值。结果表明：利用该方法测得的TC4钛合金的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值与已报道的数据基本一致,并且具有快速简便等优点,表明该方法可以用来测定金属材料的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值。     

BT20钛合金激光焊接接头的断裂韧性研究

对BT20钛合金及其激光焊接接头的断裂韧性进行了研究.同时分析了合金及激光焊接接头的硬度分布及显微组织.断裂实验表明,除了一个焊接接头紧凑拉伸(CT)试样是脆性启裂外,其它CT试样均在裂纹延性启裂并缓慢扩展后,发生脆性失稳断裂.母材的断裂韧性明显高于焊接接头,轧制方向对母材断裂韧性的影响不明显.焊接热影响区的断裂韧性介于母材和焊缝金属之间.本研究采用的焊后热处理没有改善焊接接头的断裂韧性,还有进一步恶化的趋势.添加活性剂对焊缝金属的断裂韧性没有明显作用,但对延性裂纹扩展长度有所改善.     

Mode I and mode II initiation fracture toughness and resistance curve of medium density fiberboard measured by double cantilever beam and three-point bend end-notched flexure tests

Using specimens of medium density fiberboard, double cantilever beam and three-point bend end-notched flexure tests were conducted to obtain the mode I and mode II initiation fracture toughness and resistance curve for in-plane and through-the-thickness systems. The mode I initiation fracture toughness was smaller than that of mode II for the in-plane crack systems, but this tendency was inverse for the through-the-thickness systems. The fracture toughness increased during the crack propagation because of the significant fiber bridgings induced between the crack surfaces, but the increase of the mode I propagation fracture toughness was moderated after the crack reached a certain length. In contrast, the mode II propagation fracture toughness continuously increased during the crack propagation.     

混凝土断裂过程区长度计算方法研究

该文基于粘聚裂缝概念,以起裂韧度作为裂缝起裂和扩展的准则,提出了混凝土断裂过程区长度的计算方法。以Ⅰ型裂缝为例,计算了不同初始缝长和起裂韧度情况下的断裂过程区长度值,结合以往大体积混凝土的试验数据对其进行了验证。进而分析了断裂过程区长度的影响因素,结果表明:断裂过程区长度随初始缝长的增大而逐渐增大,随起裂韧度的增大而逐渐减小。     

A new mode I fracture test for composites with translaminar reinforcements

A new test method is presented for Mode I delamination fracture toughness testing of laminated composites containing a high density of stitches or translaminar reinforcements. The test set up, which is similar to the standard Double Cantilever Beam test, induces an axial tension in the specimen in addition to the transverse forces responsible for propagation of delamination. The tensile stresses reduce the compressive stresses in the vicinity of the crack tip caused by the large bending moments required for crack propagation. The nonlinear differential equations of equilibrium of the new specimen are solved using an iterative procedure to obtain the strain energy release rate as a function of load and crack length. Experiments were conducted using carbon/epoxy specimens containing 6.2 stitches per square centimeter (40 stitches per square inch). Results include Mode I fracture toughness, crack tip bending moment, transverse deflection and slope as a function of crack length. It is found that the apparent fracture toughness of the specimens tested remains constant as the stitches break and crack propagates, and is about sixty times that of unstitched specimens.     

Fracture mechanism of AZ31 magnesium alloy processed by equal channel angular pressing comparing three point bending test and tensile test

A commercial magnesium alloy, AZ31 in hot-rolled condition, has been processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) to get microstructure modified. Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted along the rolling/extrusion direction for as-received AZ31 alloy and ECAPed AZ31 alloy. Then, three point bending fracture tests were conducted for specimens with a pre-crack perpendicular to the extruded direction. Digital image correlation (DIC) technique was adopted to determine the deformation field around the crack tip. The fracture surfaces of the failed specimens after tensile tests and fracture tests were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). To explore the deformation mechanism, the microstructure and texture of different regions on the deformed specimens were examined through electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results show ECAP process improves both the tensile elongation and fracture toughness of AZ31 alloy. Different from the slip dominated deformation mechanism in the tensile test, deformation twinning presents in the deformation zone adjacent to the crack tip in the three point bending fracture tests. The fracture surface is characterized by co-occurrence of dimple and cleavage features.     

Fracture toughness of the interface between Ni–Cr/ceramic,alumina/ceramic and zirconia/ceramic systems

Few studies have focused on the interface fracture performance of bi‐layered structures, which have an important role in dental restorations, using ceramic materials. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the fracture mechanics performance of the Ni–Cr/ceramic, alumina/ceramic and zirconia/ceramic interfaces by investigating the propagation of an interfacial crack under a wide range of mode mixities. The effect of the mechanical properties of the base materials and the interface, on the crack initiation and crack path, will also be studied. The finite element method (FEM) was used to calibrate the production of the experimental specimens, allowing to obtain the minimum dimensions and amounts of material needed to correctly characterize the fracture event. The specimens were tested until failure using a three‐point bending test machine. The interface fracture parameters were obtained using the FEM. For all specimens, the cracks propagated into the ceramic. The results suggest that, in Ni–Cr/ceramic, alumina/ceramic and zirconia/ceramic bi‐layered structures, the ceramic is weaker than the interface, which can be used to explain the clinical phenomenon that the ceramic chipping rate is larger than interface delamination rate. Consequently, a ceramic material with a larger fracture toughness is needed to decrease the failure rate of ceramic restorations.     

Validity requirements of circumferentially notched tensile specimens for the determination of the interfacial fracture toughness of coatings

A simple method was developed for evaluating the interfacial fracture toughness of coatings on substrates using circumferentially notched tensile (CNT) specimens. Mild steel cylindrical substrates of 0°, 15°, 30°, 45° and 60° notch angles with electroplated nickel were tensile tested. A well defined pre-crack was introduced at the interface for the quantitative evaluation of adhesion. In situ acoustic signals and scanning electron microscope were used to analyze the crack initiation and propagation. Finite element analyses were used to evaluate the critical interface energy release rate. The size of the plastic zone was determined for different notch angles to validate application of the linear elastic approach in determining the interfacial fracture toughness. The validity requirements have been proposed for this specimen, considering the yield strength of the coating and substrate, pre-crack position, notch angle and plastic zone size. The obtained interfacial fracture toughness values using CNT specimens was found to be very close to the values obtained by others using standard specimens.     

PBO纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料层间Ⅰ型断裂韧性的DIC技术测量

Ⅰ型双悬臂梁(DCB)试验通常用于单向复合材料的层间抗拉性能研究,目标是测量Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性,其可作为复合材料分层扩展及失效机制研究的重要输入参数。在DCB试验中必须经常暂停试验以实现多次测量裂纹长度,这不仅会对裂纹传播产生潜在影响,造成测量误差且多次反复试验的时效性较差。数字图像相关(DIC)测试技术应用于裂纹扩展长度测量具有实时跟踪、精确定位的优点,可有效提高Ⅰ型断裂韧性试验的测量效率,但应用于非连续变形行为仍存在局限性,且易受到图像噪声的干扰,产生测量误差。本文发展了一种基于DIC测试技术的实时获取裂纹长度的检测方法,通过图像匹配算法获取试件的非连续变形位移场,并提出一种根据全局横向位移离散程度的辨别方法,实现了裂纹尖端的实时捕捉。再通过DCB试验,与传统测量方式对比,裂纹长度的测量误差平均不超过2.76%,验证了该方法的准确性和高效性,同时也克服了聚对苯撑苯并双噁唑(PBO)/环氧树脂复合材料侧表面毛糙、散斑质量较差及纤维桥接对测量结果的干扰,最终获取了有效的Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性初始值及稳态扩展值。     

大初始缝高比混凝土试件双K断裂参数的试验研究

双K 断裂准则能够定量描述混凝土裂缝的起裂、稳定扩展和失稳断裂。该文采用混凝土三点弯曲梁试件,通过在试验中测得的起裂荷载P_ini、最大荷载P_max及临界裂缝口张开位移CMOD_C计算了初始缝高比为0.3~0.9共7组试件的起裂断裂韧度K_ICini 和失稳断裂韧度K_ICun 。结果表明,当初始缝高比为0.3~0.7时,混凝土裂缝扩展经历起裂、稳定扩展和失稳破坏3 个阶段,双K 参数均是与初始缝高比无关的材料参数;当初始缝高比大于或等于0.8 时,混凝土裂缝起裂后便进入失稳扩展阶段,起裂荷载即为最大荷载,且计算得到的K_ICini 仍与初始缝高比无关。因此,在确定K_ICini 时,仅需测得初始缝高比大于或等于0.8试件的P_max,将P_max作为P_ini直接计算得到K_ICini。同以往的试验方法相比,其结果更为准确且试验方法简单。