钙钛矿型(La0.2Li0.2Ba0.2Sr0.2Ca0.2)TiO3高熵氧化物陶瓷的制备及性能研究

高熵陶瓷是近年来在高熵合金基础上逐渐发展起来的一种新的陶瓷材料体系,它的出现为开发具有优异性能的非金属材料提供了新的理念和路线.本研究采用固相烧结法制备A位等摩尔比的钙钛矿型高熵氧化物陶瓷(La0.2Li0.2Ba0.2Sr0.2Ca0.2)TiO3,并探索了烧结温度对高熵陶瓷的物相结构及电学性能的影响.结果表明,陶瓷...     

高熵陶瓷材料研究进展

高熵陶瓷材料通常是指由5种或以上陶瓷组元形成的多主元固溶体,由于其新奇的"高熵效应"以及优异的性能,近年来已经成为陶瓷领域的研究热点之一。随着高熵陶瓷的研究体系从最初的岩盐型氧化物(MgNiCoCuZn) O扩展到萤石型氧化物、钙钛矿型氧化物、尖晶石型氧化物以及硼化物、碳化物和硅化物等,其特殊的力学、电学、磁学等性能也不断被发掘。基于此,综述了各种高熵陶瓷材料的发展情况,介绍了其结构、制备方法以及性能上的特点,并对高熵陶瓷的发展方向和前景进行了分析和展望。     

陶瓷颗粒增强Cr0.5MoNbWTi难熔高熵合金复合材料的制备及其力学性能

难熔高熵合金因其优异的力学性能、高温稳定性和抗氧化性能等,作为高温结构材料具有广阔的应用前景.为了进一步提升材料的力学性能,本研究利用原位反应烧结制备了陶瓷颗粒增强难熔高熵合金复合材料,并探讨了陶瓷增强相的生成机理及其对复合材料力学性能的影响.通过机械合金化制备了含有碳氮氧非金属元素的Cr0.5MoNbWTi过饱和体心...     

(Sm0.2Gd0.2Dy0.2Y0.2Yb0.2)3TaO7高熵陶瓷的制备及热物理性能

寻求具有良好热物理性能的新型陶瓷材料是热障涂层领域的研究热点之一.本研究采用固相反应法制备了(Sm0.2Gd0.2Dy0.2Y0.2Yb0.2)3TaO7高熵陶瓷材料,对其晶体结构、显微组织、元素分布、结构稳定性和热物理性能进行了研究.结果表明:制备的高熵陶瓷具有单一的缺陷萤石结构,元素分布均匀,晶粒尺寸在0.2～3μ...     

合金元素对激光熔覆高熵合金涂层硬度影响的研究进展

激光熔覆技术采用高能量密度的激光作为工艺的能量来源,能够对工件表面进行改性和修复,显著地改善了基体的表面力学性能,从而有效地延长了产品的生命周期。激光熔覆是制备高熵合金的典型工艺之一,采用该技术并且添加合适的合金元素可以制备具备卓越性能的高熵合金涂层。为清晰地阐明加入元素后增强激光熔覆高熵合金涂层硬度的作用机制,首先综述了目前国内外在激光熔覆过程中加入常见元素所制备的高熵合金涂层硬度性能的研究现状,其中高熵合金有特殊的“4种效应”,对金属间化合物有促进作用,其内部微观结构一般为FCC、BCC或者HCP等固溶相,通常通过固溶强化、沉淀强化和分散强化来强化,并且激光熔覆法会使高熵合金涂层快速冷却,从而显著改善合金的力学性能。其次,分析了金属与非金属两大类元素对激光熔覆制备高熵合金涂层硬度强化的机理,总结了金属元素与非金属元素的添加对高熵合金涂层硬度的影响规律。最后,针对激光熔覆制备高熵合金涂层硬度性能的改进,总结出了有效的方法,并对其未来发展进行了展望。研究结果揭示了激光熔覆高熵合金涂层硬度强化的理论基础,为该领域的进一步发展提供了理论依据。     

TiB_2基陶瓷-42CrMo合金钢层状复合材料界面结构与力学性能

采用自蔓延高温合成离心熔铸工艺可以快速制备出TiB_2基陶瓷-42CrMo合金钢层状复合材料,并在层间界面上形成TiB_2基陶瓷/Fe-Ni合金相三维网络跨尺度连续梯度复合结构,使层状复合材料分为陶瓷基体、中间过渡区与合金钢基底3层结构。通过材料力学性能测试并结合FESEM、HRTEM观察,得出正是由于层间界面上原位生成TiB_2基陶瓷/Fe-Ni合金的三维网络跨尺度连续梯度复合结构,使复合材料不仅具有高的弯曲强度与断裂韧性,而且又使之在三点弯曲测试时呈现出明显的"假塑性"力学行为特征。同时,陶瓷基体附近界面上TiB_2基陶瓷/Fe-Ni基合金复合结构裂纹互锁效应与中间过渡区上TiB_2微纳米/纳米晶沉淀强化机制的协同作用又使TiB_2基陶瓷-42CrMo合金钢层状复合材料具有高的层间界面剪切强度。     

真空烧结制备(La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Gd0.2Er0.2)2Zr2O7高熵透明陶瓷

高熵陶瓷是近年来陶瓷材料研究的热点,制备性能优异的高熵陶瓷是陶瓷材料的发展趋势.本研究采用燃烧法结合真空烧结制备出高熵透明陶瓷.测试结果显示燃烧法制备高熵(La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Gd0.2Er0.2)2Zr2O7粉体的平均晶粒尺寸为8 nm,高熵粉体为无序的缺陷萤石结构.在真空炉中不同温度烧结的高熵陶瓷具有有序...     

陶瓷材料的原子复合与固溶强化

陶瓷材料的制备技术正在朝着更加精细和更加微观可控的方向发展，继纳米复合后，原子和分子尺度的复合技术将受到关注，陶瓷材料的固溶强化将成为２１世纪提高材料性能的主要方法之一，收集了陶瓷材料的固溶强化的部分实例，归纳了陶瓷材料原子复合的基本方法，旨在提醒陶瓷学界更加重视固溶技术的作用。     

几种AlCrNbTiVSi高熵合金的微观组织研究

利用真空非自耗电弧炉熔炼了AlCrNbTiV等物质的量高熵合金铸锭、AlCrNb2Ti2V0.5非等物质的量高熵合金和AlCrNb5TiVSi六元合金。分别对这3种合金进行了OM、XRD、SEM和EDS分析;研究了合金中的物相组成、微观组织和成分分布规律。实验结果表明,AlCrNbTiV高熵合金和AlCrNb2Ti2V0.5高熵合金都只形成了BCC结构高熵固溶相,且未产生金属间化合物相。而AlCrNb5TiVSi合金尽管配位熵很高,但由于Si的电负性,生成了离散分布的Nb5Si3金属间化合物。对AlCrNbTiV高熵合金和AlCrNb2Ti2V0.5高熵合金在单个晶粒中的成分分布进行分析,发现在高熵效应作用下,合金各元素含量波动较小,平均偏差均小于2%(原子分数),但两种合金元素含量存在微弱的变化趋势,如Nb在晶粒中心的含量比晶粒边缘略高,而另一些元素如Cr则恰好相反,表明在凝固和形核过程中仍然不可忽略元素熔点和原子半径效应。     

高熵合金强韧化方法及力学性能的研究进展

自高熵合金被首次报道以来,其优异的力学性能引起了国内外学者的广泛关注.高熵合金的高强度、高硬度、高耐磨性、耐腐蚀性以及其在极端温度下的服役能力,都表明高熵合金在未来工业应用中具有巨大潜力.随着对高熵合金的深入研究,从元素比例的改变到元素种类的改变再到新组元的添加,每一次高熵合金力学性能的优化与发展均伴随着结构的改变.尽管如此,高熵合金的力学性能依旧有很大的提升空间.因此,如何合理设计高熵合金的微观结构、提升其力学性能是当前研究的热点问题.在高熵合金中,已存在的强韧化方法有细晶强化、固溶强韧化、共晶组织强韧化、孪生诱导塑性(Twinning induced plasticity,TWIP)效应强韧化、相变诱导塑性(Transformation induced plasticity,TRIP)效应强韧化和第二相强韧化等.其中,细晶强化与第二相强化在绝大多数高熵合金中都存在且很容易通过热机械处理来实现.因此,如何在强化机理、组织特征、力学性能三者之间建立联系,是当前亟待解决的问题.本文归纳了高熵合金强韧化方法的研究进展,从高熵合金的优秀力学性能入手,分别介绍了固溶强化、短程有序(Short-range ordering,SRO)强化、γ'相强化、晶粒异构强韧化等结构设计理念,并且讨论了各种结构对高熵合金变形机制和力学性能的影响,分析了当前高熵合金的发展前景,以期为后续关于组织特征与力学性能建立有效联系提供参考.     

无序的新境界:高熵陶瓷

<正>人类社会的进步与发展对材料性能提出了越来越高的要求,这是激励人们探索新的材料设计理论并开发新材料体系的原动力。近年来,性能优异的新材料不断涌现,并相继成为研究热点,由高熵合金发展而来的高熵陶瓷就是典型代表之一。2004年,中国台湾清华大学叶均蔚和英国牛津大学Cantor两个课题组几乎同时提出了高熵合金(High-entropyalloys)的概念。     

A novel HfNbTaTiV high-entropy alloy of superior mechanical properties designed on the principle of maximum lattice distortion

This paper reports a synergistic design of high-performance BCC high-entropy alloy based on the com-bined consideration of the principles of intrinsic ductility of elements,maximum atomic size difference for solid solution strengthening and the valence electron concentration criterion for ductility.The single-phase BCC HfNbTaTiV alloy thus designed exhibited a high compressive yield strength of 1350 MPa and a high compressive ductility of ＞45 ％ at the room temperature.This represents a 50 ％ increase in yield strength relative to a HfNbTaTiZr alloy.This is attributed to the maximized solid solution strengthening effect caused by lattice distortion,which is estimated to be 1094 MPa.The alloy was also able to retain 53 ％ of its yield strength and 77 ％ of its ductility at 700 ℃.These properties are superior to those of most refractory BCC high-entropy alloys reported in the literature.     

Structural evolution during mechanical milling and subsequent annealing of Cu–Ni–Al–Co–Cr–Fe–Ti alloys

This study reports the structural evolution of high-entropy alloys from elemental materials to amorphous phases during mechanical alloying, and further, to equilibrium phases during subsequent thermal annealing. Four alloys from quaternary Cu_0.5NiAlCo to septenary Cu_0.5NiAlCoCrFeTi were analyzed. Microstructure examinations reveal that during mechanical alloying, Cu and Ni first formed a solid solution, and then other elements gradually dissolved into the solid solution which was finally transformed into amorphous structures after prolonged milling. During thermal annealing, recovery of the amorphous powders begins at 100 °C, crystallization occurs at 250–280 °C, and precipitation and grain growth of equilibrium phases occur at higher temperatures. The glass transition temperature usually observed in bulk amorphous alloys was not observed in the present amorphous phases. These structural evolution reveal three physical significances for high-entropy alloys: (1) the annealed state of amorphous powders produces simple equilibrium solid solution phases instead of complex phases, confirming the high-entropy effect; (2) amorphization caused by mechanical milling still meets the minimum criterion for amorphization based on topological instability proposed by Egami; and (3) the nonexistence of a glass transition temperature suggests that Inoue's rules for bulk amorphous alloys are still crucial for the existence of glass transition for a high-entropy amorphous alloy.     

粉末相组成对(C,N)-(Co,Ni)金属陶瓷组织及性能的影响

采用自制的多元复式碳(氮)化物陶瓷粉末制备少Mo的(Ti,W,Ta,Mo)(C,N)-(Co,Ni)金属陶瓷。研究了粉末相组成对金属陶瓷组织及性能的影响。结果表明,多元复式碳(氮)化物固溶体的晶格常数与元素的固溶度有很好的对应关系。金属陶瓷中含Ta,W等重金属元素的多元复式碳化物的加入,有利于重金属元素向粘结相中均匀扩散,相对减缓了低元相Ti(C,N)的分解,使材料的性能得到较大的提高,组织主要表现为单层环形相结构特征,富Ti硬质相减少,富(Ta,W)硬质相增多,且晶粒细小,无团聚现象。     

过渡金属非氧化物高熵陶瓷的研究进展

高熵陶瓷是一种新兴的近等摩尔多组元单相固溶体陶瓷材料, 特别是过渡金属碳化物、过渡金属硼化物等过渡金属非氧化物高熵陶瓷体系, 其具有超高硬度、低热导和抗腐蚀等优异的理化性能, 在航空航天、核能和高速切削加工等极端环境有着广阔的应用前景。目前, 高熵陶瓷材料研究尚处于起步阶段, 主要集中在成分设计、制备方法、单相形成能力和力学性能评价等方面, 设计依据和理论方面的研究还相对较少。本文从高熵效应和高熵合金出发, 综述了过渡金属非氧化物高熵陶瓷的制备、表征和理论研究进展, 同时介绍了部分相关的高熵陶瓷涂层研究现状, 总结并展望了非氧化物高熵陶瓷的未来前景和发展方向。     

Effect of compositional modifications on the piezoelectric properties of spray dried lead zirconate titanate ceramics

Lead zirconate titanate powders of different compositions varying from 50 to 55 atomic percent zirconium in the solid solution have been prepared by spray-drying technique. The compositions were varied by changing the zirconium-to-titanium ratio in the solid solution and also with the addition of strontium. The amorphous character of the as-prepared powders and the formation of single phase lead zirconate titanate during calcination were also confirmed by x-ray diffraction technique. These powders were then converted to piezoelectric ceramics by compaction and sintering followed by electroding and poling. Effect of the variation of zirconium to titanium ratio and strontium additions on the piezoelectric properties of the finished ceramics have been explained on the basis of improved sintering, uniform grain size, formation of morphotropic phase boundary and subsequent shift to rhombohedral structure.     

Y_(1-x)Sr_xMnO_3陶瓷的制备及相关系

采用固相化学反应方法制备了Y(1-x)SrxMnO3体系的系列样品。利用X射线衍射分析(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了Y(1-x)SrxMnO3体系样品的形貌、相关系和固溶区范围。结果表明,多次研磨和烧结是制备样品的必要条件。采用Rietveld结构精修的方法研究了不同掺杂量对晶体结构的影响。研究表明,晶胞参数a(b)、c和V与掺杂量基本呈现规律性变化,空间群为P63cm单相的固溶区范围大约为x=0～0.04。     

Nano-scale compositional oscillation and phase intergrowth in Cu2S0.5Se0.5 and their role in thermal transport

Solid solution alloying is a promising strategy to establish high performance thermoelectrics.By alloying different elements,phase structures and phase compositions may vary accompanied by appearance of variety of interesting microstructures including mass fluctuation,lattice strain,nano-scale defects and spinodal decomposition,all of which may greatly influence the electrical and specifically the thermal transport of the material.In the present study,atomic structures of Cu2S0.5Se0.5 solid solution have been examined by using atom-resolved electron microscopy in order to investigate the structure-correlated physical insights for the abnormal thermal transport in this solid solution.Then the exceptional inter-growth nanostructures were observed.The solid solution consists of two high symmetrical phases,i.e.the hexagonal and cubic phase,which alternately intergrow to form highly oriented ultra-thin lamel-lae of nano or even,unit cell scales.The compositional oscillation in Se/S atomic ratio during alloying is responsible for the phase stability and intergrowth nanostructures.The unique binary phase intergrowth nanostructures make great contribution to the ultra-low lattice thermal conductivity comparable to glass and extremely short phonon mean free path of only 1.04 (A),peculiar continuous hexagonal-to-cubic struc-tural transformation without a critical transition temperature and its corresponding abnormal changes of thermal characters with temperatures.The present study further evokes the unlimited possibilities and potentials for tailoring nanostructures by alloying for improved thermoelectric performance.     

Crystallite structure,microstructure, dielectric,and piezoelectric properties of (Pb1.06−xBax)(Nb0.94Ti0.06)2O6 piezoelectric ceramics prepared using calcined powders with different phases

In an attempt to obtain dense lead metaniobate-based ceramics with improved dielectric and piezoelectric properties, the (Pb_1.06−xBa_x)(Nb_0.94Ti_0.06)₂O₆ (x = 0, 0.04, 0.08, 0.12) piezoelectric ceramics were prepared separately from the two kinds of calcined powders, i.e., the powders with the rhombohedral phase and orthorhombic phase. For obtaining the calcined powders with the different phases, two different calcination temperatures of 900 °C and 1250 °C were chosen. The calcined powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, laser particle size analyzer and differential scanning calorimetry. Effects of the phase structures of the calcined powders on crystallite structure, microstructure, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of the ceramics were studied in detail. The lattice parameters and grain size of the ceramics are related to the phase structures of the calcined powders. The doping of Ba²⁺ has an influence on the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of the ceramics. The ceramics with x = 0.08 fabricated from the calcined powders with the orthorhombic phase demonstrate the optimum dielectric and piezoelectric properties.     

机械合金化-放电等离子烧结Al2Cu颗粒增强Al基复合材料的制备

以Al粉和Cu粉为原料,采用机械合金化(MA)和放电等离子烧结(SPS)工艺,原位合成了致密的Al₂Cu/Al块体复合材料,着重研究了MA过程中粉末的形貌、尺寸和物相结构的变化以及SPS后复合材料的微观组织和力学性能。结果表明: 在MA过程中,随着MA时间延长,部分Cu原子逐渐固溶于Al原子晶格中,形成均匀过饱和的固溶体Al(Cu);在SPS过程中,Cu从过饱和固溶体中析出并与Al反应形成Al₂Cu颗粒,且弥散分布于Al基体中,形成Al₂Cu/Al复合材料;Al₂Cu/Al复合材料的致密度高达98.7%,室温下的压缩断裂强度为611.3 MPa,延伸率为9.6%,具有良好的力学性能。