曝气生物滤池处理石油采出水的动力学特性研究

The biological aerated filter （BAF） was used to treat the oil-field produced water. The removal efficiency for oil, COD, BOD and suspended solids （SS） was 76.3%-80.3%, 31.6%-57.9%, 8.6.3%-96.3% and76.4%--82.7%, respectively when the hydraulic loading rates varied from 016m·h^-1 to 1.4m·h^-1. The greatest partof removal, for example more than 80% of COD removal, occurred on the top 100cm of the media in BAF. The kinetic .performance of BAF indicated that the relationship of BOD removal efficiency with the hydraulic loadingrates, in biological aerated filters could be described by c1/c1=l-exp（-2.44/L^0.59）. This equation could be used topredict the B OD.removal efficiency at different hydraulic loading rates.     

用自热式高温好氧消化工艺预处理肺炎杆菌生物降解动力学研究(英文)

Biodegradation parameters and kinetic characteristics for pre-treating waste strains of Klebsiella pneu-moniae were studied in laboratory scale with an insulated reactor by an innovative technique,autothermal thermo-philic aerobic digestion(ATAD) . Based on an Arrhenius-type equation,an empirical model was developed to corre-late the removal of total suspended solid(TSS) with the initial TSS concentration,influent reaction temperature,aeration rate and stirring rate. The reaction temperatures of the ATAD system could be raised from the ambient temperatures of 25 °C to a maximum temperature of 65 °C. The exponentials for the initial TSS concentration,aeration rate and stirring rate were 1.579,-0.8175 and-0.6549,respectively,and the apparent activation energy was 6.8774 kJ·mol-1. The correlation coefficient for the pre-exponential factor was 0.9223. The TSS removal effi-ciency predicted by the model was validated with an actual test,showing a maximum relative deviation of 10.79%. The new model has a good practicability.     

缺氧条件下活性污泥反硝化和释磷对单一碳源的竞争(英文)

In order to investigate the competition for carbon source between denitrification and phosphorus release processes,simultaneous phosphorus release and denitrification in sludge operated in anoxic,aerobic mode are investigated by varying the ratio of influent COD to nitrogenous compound concentration under anoxic condition using a lab-scale sequencing batch reactor(SBR).The results show that the nitrate reduction rate is nearly independent of the ratio of influent COD to nitrate under anoxic condition.More NOx--N in the influent leads to less 3 4PO --P release during the feeding period.However, 3 4PO--P release proceeds at a low rate simultaneously with denitrification even when the influent NOx--N concentration is as large as 20 mg·L-1and its rate is increased obviously when NOx--N is denitrified to a concentration lower than 0.5 mg·L-1.The variation of pH during anoxic period gives some information about the biochemical reactions of denitrification and3 4PO--P release.When more nitrate is present in the influent,more acetate uptake in feeding period is used for direct microorganism growth.     

锰氧化物负载沸石固定床离子交换柱去除铀(VI)的研究

The adsorption of uranium (VI) on the manganese oxide coated zeolite (MOCZ) from aqueous solution was investigated in a fixed-bed column. The experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of bed height, flow rate, particle size, initial concentration of uranium (VI), initial pH, presence of salt and competitive ions. The U-uptake by MOCZ increased with initial uranium (VI) concentration and bed height, but decreased as the flow rate and particle size increased. In the presence of salt and competitive ions, the breakthrough time was shorter. The ad-sorption capacity reached a maximum at pH of 6.3. The Thomas model was applied to the experimental data to de-termine the characteristic parameters of the column for process design using linear regression. The breakthrough curves calculated from the model were in good agreement with the experimental data. The BDST model was used to study the influence of bed height on the adsorption of uranium (VI). Desorption of uranium (VI) in the MOCZ column was investigated. The column could be used for at least four adsorption-desorption cycles using 0.1 mol•L－1 NaHCO3 solution as the elution. After desorption and regeneration with deionized water, MOCZ could be reused to adsorb uranium (VI) at a comparable capacity. Compared to raw zeolite, MOCZ showed better capacity for uranium (VI) removal.     

寒冷天气下新型复合式生物生态系统与曝气生物滤池组合工艺处理生活污水的协同作用(英文)

A lab-scale integrated treatment system including the novel sequence bio-ecological process (SBEP) and biological aerated filter (BAF) for a sewage mixture (chemistry laboratory wastewater and domestic sewage) was presented in this paper. The main objective of the study was to test the contribution of artificial aeration, recir-culation ratio and mass concentration of steel slag on pollutant removal in winter when the plants are dormant. It had been shown that SBEP and BAF play different roles in removing contaminants from wastewater. During the airflow experiment, the removal efficiency of COD and TP in SBEP was higher than that in BAF, whereas BAF can compensate for the deficiency of SBEP where no significant improvement on ammonium nitrogen removal is ob-served. Yet, the removal efficiencies of COD, TP and -N in SBEP could be improved apparently when differ-ent recirculation ratio or various mass concentration of steel were applied. Especially, when the airflow of 0.06 L·h 1, the recirculation ratio rate of 80% and the mass concentration of steel of 2.2-2.4 g·L 1 were applied, the highest efficiency of 94.6%, 77.9% and 80.7% for COD, TP and -N were achieved, respectively. The inte-grated treatment system of SBEP and BAF was proved to be an effective wastewater treatment technique and a bet-ter alternative to treat domestic sewage.     

Advanced removal of organic and nitrogen from ammonium-rich landfill leachate using an anaerobic-aerobic system☆

A novel system coupling an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was introduced to achieve advanced removal of organic and nitrogen from ammonium-rich landfill leachate. UASB could remove 88.1%of the influent COD at a volumetric loading rate of 6.8 kg COD·m?3·d?1. Nitritation–denitritation was responsible for removing 99.8%of NH4+-N and 25%of total nitrogen in the SBR under alternating aerobic/anoxic modes. Simultaneous denitritation and methanogenesis in the UASB enhanced COD and TN removal, and replenished alkalinity consumed in nitritation. For the activated sludge of SBR, ammonia oxidizing bacteria were preponderant in nitrifying population, indicated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) anal-ysis. The Monod equation is appropriate to describe the kinetic behavior of heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria, with its kinetic parameters determined from batch experiments.     

Modeling the rate of corrosion of carbon steel using activated diethanolamine solutions for CO_2 absorption

A mechanistic model is developed to investigate the influence of an activator on the corrosion rate of carbon steel in the absorption processes of carbon dioxide(CO_2). Piperazine(PZ) is used as the activator in diethanolamine(DEA) aqueous solutions. The developed model for corrosion takes into consideration the effect of fluid flow,transfer of charge and diffusion of oxidizing agents and operating parameters like temperature, activator concentration, CO_2 loading and pH. The study consists of two major models: Vapor–liquid Equilibrium(VLE) model and electrochemical corrosion model. The electrolyte-NRTL equilibrium model was used for determination of concentration of chemical species in the bulk solution. The results of speciation were subsequently used for producing polarization curves and predicting the rate of corrosion occurring at the surface of metal. An increase in concentration of activator, increases the rate of corrosion of carbon steel in mixtures of activated DEA.     

钛硅分子筛催化环已酮氨肟化反应动力学

An intrinsic kinetics of cyclohexanone ammoximation in the liquid phase over titanium silicate molecular sieves is investigated in an isothermal slurry reactor at different initial reactant concentrations, catalyst loading,and reaction temperature. The rate equations are developed by analyzing data of kinetic measurements. More than 10 side reactions were found. H202 decomposition reaction Inust be considered and other side reactions can be neglected in the kinetic modeling. The predicted values of reaction rates based on the kinetic models are almost consistent with experimental ones. The models have guidance to the selection of reactor types and they are useful to the design and operation of reactor used.     

Oilfield produced water treatment in internal-loop airlift reactor using electrocoagulation/flotation technique

Oilfield produced water is large quantities of salty water trapped in underground formations and subsisted under high temperatures and pressures that are brought to the surface along with oil during production. Produced water(PW) contains a lot of pollutants such as hydrocarbons and metals, this water must be treated before disposal. Therefore, different techniques are being used to treat produced water. Electrocoagulation is an efficient treatment technique involving the dissolution of anodes and formation of electro-coagulants, while the simultaneous generation of H_2 bubbles at the cathode leads to the pollutant removal by flotation. Electrocoagulation(EC)method is one of the most promising and widely used processes to treat oilfield produced water. In the present work, a conventional internal-loop(draught tube) airlift reactor was utilized as electrocoagulation/flotation cell for PW treatment by inserting two aluminum electrodes in the riser section of the airlift reactor. The EC airlift reactor was operated in a batch mode for the liquid phase. Different experimental parameters were studied on the oil and turbidity removal efficiencies such as current density, initial pH, electrocoagulation time, and air injection.The experimental results showed that mixing of the oil droplets in the PW was accomplished using only the liquid recirculation resulted by H_2 microbubbles generated by EC process which enhanced the oil removal. The experimental results further showed that the EC time required achieving ≥ 90% oil removal efficiency decreases from 46 to 15 min when operating current density increases from 6.8 to 45.5 mA·cm~(-2). This reactor type was found to be highly efficient and less energy consuming compared to conventional existing electrochemical cells which used mechanical agitation.     

矿物均相酸催化剂催化甲醇和乙酸酯化反应动力学(英文)

In this work, esterification of acetic acid and methanol to synthesize methyl acetate in a batch stirred reactor is studied in the temperature range of 305.15–333.15 K. Sulfuric acid is used as the homogeneous catalyst with concentrations ranging from 0.0633 mol·L?1 to 0.3268 mol·L?1. The feed molar ratio of acetic acid to methanol is varied from 1:1 to 1:4. The influences of temperature, catalyst concentration and reactant concentration on the reaction rate are investigated. A second order kinetic rate equation is used to correlate the experimental data. The forward and backward reaction rate constants and activation energies are determined from the Arrhenius plot. The developed kinetic model is compared with the models in literature. The developed kinetic equation is useful for the simulation of reactive distillation column for the synthesis of methyl acetate.     

高浓度制药废水毒性与SPAC反应器运行性能

采用发光细菌法测试了高浓度硫酸盐制药废水中典型污染物（硫酸盐）、转化产物（硫化物）、供试制药废水原水、稀释6倍厌氧处理出水和稀释3倍厌氧处理出水的毒性,硫酸盐、硫化物的半抑制浓度分别为12077.8、78.1 mg·L^-1;供试制药废水原水、稀释6倍厌氧生物处理出水和稀释3倍厌氧生物处理出水的半抑制浓度分别为64.5、44.7和78.9倍。试验了SPAC厌氧反应器处理高浓度硫酸盐制药废水的运行性能,高浓度低流量运行时,反应器最大容积COD、硫酸盐（以SO₄^2-计,下同）去除速率分别为5.76、1.83 kg·m^-3·d^-1,COD和硫酸盐去除率分别为54.1%和71.8%;低浓度高流量运行时,反应器的最大容积COD、硫酸盐去除速率分别为7.52、1.90 kg·m^-3·d^-1,COD和硫酸盐去除率分别为72.8%和80.0%。低浓度高流量运行更易使反应器取得高效。试验了SPAC厌氧反应器对高浓度硫酸盐制药废水毒性抑制的适应性能,运试初期宜将废水稀释5.13倍以上,运试后期可将原水稀释3.32倍。     

内导流式EGSB反应器处理废水效能研究

通过对照试验,探讨了自行研制的内导流式EGSB(Expanded granular sludge bed)反应器的废水处理效果.研究结果表明,在中温条件下(35±1)℃,当COD容积负荷在18.2 kg·m-3·d-1时,COD去除率可达80.4%以上;进水COD浓度在22 089～22 106 mg·L-1,水力负荷为3.5 m·h-1,进水COD容积负荷达到22.1 kg·m-3·d-1时,COD去除率可达到74.8%以上.通过在相同运行条件下的对比研究可知,由于导流板的作用,内导流式EGSB反应器比普通EGSB反应器有更高的污泥床膨胀率和更好的COD去除效果.     

厌氧折流板反应器-生物接触氧化池联合工艺处理新兴农村生活污水试验

采用厌氧折流板(ABR)-生物接触氧化(BCO)工艺处理新兴农村生活污水,试验研究了COD去除率、pH、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、碱度等随水力停留时间(HRT)的变化情况以及BCO中氮的转化。试验停留时间经过20、16、12、8、4、3、2 h的连续改变,最终确定最佳停留时间是4 h。试验进水COD平均为1 530 mg.L-1,经过ABR处理之后,出水COD降为119 mg.L-1,经过BCO工艺处理后,COD降为9 mg.L-1。ABR工艺COD的平均去除率为92%,总COD去除率为98%。同时,进水NH4+-N经过ABR-BCO工艺处理以后,平均质量浓度由93 mg.L-1降为0.52 mg.L-1,NH4+-N去除率为99%,总氮去除率在40%左右。     

“活性污泥-生物膜”杂合ABR制氢系统的启动与运行

对ABR系统进行改良,建立新型的“活性污泥-生物膜”杂合厌氧折流板生物制氢反应器（SMHABR）,研究其乙醇型发酵的形成及其产氢及COD处理能力。反应器分为5个格室,有效容积43.2 L,实验共进行180 d。系统以红糖废水为原料,在HRT为12 h,温度为（35±1）℃,通过分阶段提高进水COD的方式,可使ABR系统在35 d内培育驯化形成乙醇型发酵菌群体系。进水COD在约3500 mg·L^-1时产氢量最大,总产氢量可达到44.75 L·d^-1。进水COD浓度达到约7100 mg·L^-1时COD去除率最大,平均总去除率可达到49.33%。COD去除率最大值并未与产氢量最大值同时出现,说明产氢最适进水浓度与COD去除最适进水浓度并非相同。     

连续流状态下好氧颗粒污泥培养及其脱氮除磷性能研究

在上流式污泥床好氧颗粒污泥反应器中,以厌氧颗粒污泥为接种泥．采用人工配制的模拟废水为进水的条件下,成功培养出具有同步脱氮除磷的好氧颗粒污泥。颗粒污泥粒径在0．5~2mm,颗粒污泥沉淀速度在29～58m／h。MLSS为3077---4103mg／L。当COD的进水容积负荷为4．8kg／（m3·d）时,去除率高达96％以上。氨氮进水在160mg／L时,去除率达97％以上,出水氨氮在5mg／L以下。对总磷的去除率在22％-37％。主要是因为亚硝态氮浓度、COD／TN比和TN／TP比等对聚磷菌除磷有影响。     

交替好氧/缺氧短程生物脱氮工艺抗冲击负荷能力

采用序批式间歇活性污泥反应器(SBR)研究了进水有机物和氨氮负荷对交替好氧/缺氧短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺的影响。研究结果认为:进水中不同COD和氨氮质量浓度均没有对交替好氧/缺氧短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺中的实时控制参数和处理效果产生影响,系统运行稳定,仅是由于进水COD和氨氮质量浓度的大幅度变化将会导致各自的好氧曝气所需时间有所差异;进水氨氮质量浓度越高,所需硝化时间越长。但经过实时控制以后,无论进水氨氮质量浓度如何变化,硝化和反硝化作用都是很完全的;反应器最终出水中基本检测不到氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度。因此,可以得出交替好氧/缺氧短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺抗冲击负荷能力强,当采用实时控制策略控制脱氮过程时,系统运行稳定。     

复合生物反应器处理化学合成类制药废水研究

采用复合式生物膜反应器对化学合成类制药废水进行处理研究,试验内容包括反应系统的启动、运行及不同影响因素下的运行试验。结果表明,反应系统从启动到正式运行,COD去除率达到50%以上。在正式运行过程中,曝气量为0.36～0.52m3/h,溶解氧的质量浓度为5mg/L时,当进水COD的质量浓度为200～500mg/L时,最佳水力停留时间为6h,出水COD质量浓度可降低到180mg/L以下;当进水COD质量浓度为500～1700mg/L时,最佳水力停留时间为8h,COD去除率达到46%～72%。复合式生物膜反应器处理低浓度化学合成类制药废水时,出水水质可达到《化学合成类制药工业水污染物排放标准》(GB21904—2008)的排放要求。     

复合反应器中高浓度有机废水对硝化作用的影响

选用悬浮球形填料作为复合生物反应器的填料,研究有机物去除和硝化作用。研究显示,将进水COD质量浓度从400 mg/L逐渐增加到2 000 mg/L,进水NH3-N质量浓度维持在30 mg/L~45 mg/L运行20天,随着COD质量浓度的逐渐增高,NH3-N的去除率从82%左右降低到-25.9%,硝化反应能力呈逐渐减小的总体趋势。     

UASB处理牛奶废水的试验研究

利用厌氧反应器在中温条件下处理牛奶废水。当进水浓度在3000mg／L,水力停留时间在9h时,容积负荷达到9．6kgCOD／（ms．d）以上,COD去除率稳定在85％以上。通过本试验取得的效果．为利用厌氧技术处理牛奶废水提供了设计依据。     

UASB处理蛋白废水的实验研究

利用厌氧反应器在中温条件下处理大豆蛋白分离废水。当进水浓度在7000~8000mg/L时,容积负荷达到7kgCOD/（m·3d）以上,COD去除率稳定在80%以上。通过本实验取得的成果,为利用厌氧技术处理高浓度蛋白分离废水提供了设计依据。