粒径及声场对SiO2超细颗粒流化行为的影响

采用内径为56 mm的玻璃管流化床,考察了平均粒径分别为5~10 nm(1#), 0.5 mm(2#)及10 mm(3#)的SiO2超细颗粒在无声场及声场存在下的流化行为. 无声场时,1#和2#颗粒可在较高的气速下形成稳定聚团,单位质量颗粒团间作用力与原生颗粒相比显著下降,因而可实现稳定的聚团流化,3#颗粒因颗粒间粘性力较大,无法实现稳定流化. 40~60 Hz的声场对3种超细颗粒的流化行为均可起到一定的改善作用,在此频率范围外,声场的作用不明显. 提高声压级,可以使1#和2#颗粒团发生一定程度的破碎,聚团尺寸减小,最小流化速度降低. 在实验范围内,添加声场无法使3#颗粒实现稳定流化.     

超细颗粒在声场流化床中的流化特性

在内径为130mm的声场流化床中,以原生纳米级SiO2超细颗粒为物料,在声压水平为0～140dB、声波频率为0～500Hz范围内系统地考察了声波对超细颗粒流化特性的影响。结果表明：当声波频率为100～150Hz、声压大于130dB时,声波可以有效地消除节涌、抑制沟流、降低临界流化速度,显著地改善纳米SiO2颗粒的流化质量。在频率一定的情况下,声压越高,超细颗粒的临界流化速度越低,流化质量越好。当频率低于100Hz或高于150Hz时,随着频率的进一步降低或增加,超细颗粒的临界流化速度都增大,甚至又出现节涌和沟流。声波的效果减弱甚至消失。     

声场流化床A类颗粒浓度分布研究

在内径140 mm,高1 600 mm的鼓泡流化床中,以流化催化裂化(FCC)颗粒为流化介质,采用光导纤维探针测定不同轴/径向位置的颗粒浓度分布.考察了操作气速和外加声场对密相区颗粒浓度的影响.结果表明,鼓泡床密相区颗粒浓度沿轴向逐渐减小,沿径向呈抛物线分布.声场的引入可以降低颗粒起始流化速度:声压级越大,起始流化速度越小:固定声压频率在150 Hz时颗粒起始流化速度最小.1随着声压强度的增大,床层中心区和上部密相区颗粒浓度增大.固定声压级,频率在100～400 Hz颗粒浓度较大,频率低于100 Hz或高于400 Hz时,声波的作用效果减弱.     

声场高温流化床流化特性

在内径50 mm、高1000 mm的声场高温鼓泡流化床中,研究Geldart A, B两类颗粒的流化特性,考察了床层温度、声波频率及声压级对流化床最小流化速度的影响. 结果表明,引入声场后,颗粒的最小流化速度随温度升高而下降;固定温度及频率,最小流化速度随声压级增大而减小;固定声压级与温度,颗粒最小流化速度随声波频率增大先减小后增大,存在一个最佳频率范围. 对床内压力波动信号进行分析,得出声场影响高温流化床流化质量的判据：当声压大于110 dB、频率在100~200 Hz范围内时压力波动偏差与最小流化速度值最小.     

声场流化床流动特性研究进展

声场流化床是将声场引入普通流化床,采用颗粒为床层介质的流固相处理系统。声波可以有效降低颗粒聚团尺寸,显著改善超细颗粒的流化质量。本文介绍了声场流化床的基本原理以及近年来在基础研究和应用方面取得的进展及成果,综述了声场流化床在流体力学特性、颗粒特性、声场参数、流态化模型、颗粒团聚以及流化质量机理等方面的研究,并对声场流化床目前存在的问题及发展趋势提出了一些建议。     

声场流化床中超细颗粒聚团受力与尺寸

在内径40 mm的流化床中,采用平均粒径为7.4 mm的超细铁矿颗粒进行声场流态化实验. 结果显示,聚团尺寸随声压级增大逐渐减小,在固定声压级的条件下存在最优声波频率,本实验为130 Hz. 由铁矿颗粒声场流态化中聚团受力分析提出聚团受力平衡模型,当促进聚团破碎的力和促进聚团形成的力相等时,计算出一定频率不同声压级下的聚团尺寸,在频率130 Hz、声压120.5 db下,根据模型计算得到的聚团直径为384 mm,而通过最小流化速度计算值为367 mm,二者较接近.     

可吸入颗粒物声场团聚实验研究

在中等强度驻波声场中,对燃煤可吸入颗粒物进行团聚清除实验研究。系统研究声场频率、声压级、可吸入颗粒质量浓度及颗粒在声场中的停留时间对团聚清除效率的影响。实验结果表明:颗粒在声场中团聚的最佳声波频率为1 416 Hz;声压级越高越有利于颗粒的团聚,声压为128 dB时颗粒质量清除效率高达27.8%;可吸入颗粒质量浓度增大,颗粒清除效率降低;颗粒在声场停留时间为9—11 s时,团聚清除效率达到最大值。颗粒粒径影响声波团聚过程,粒径1.1μm与4.7—10μm颗粒的清除效率高于1.1—4.7μm颗粒的清除效率。     

声场高温流化床流化特性的实验研究

本文系统分析了温度、声波频率、声压级对GeldartB类颗粒初始流化速度和反应器内压力波动的影响规律。实验结果显示:当反应器内加入声场,颗粒的初始流化速度随着温度的升高急剧下降,随声压级的增大而减小,随声波频率的增大先减小后增大,并存在一个最佳频率范围。当温度超过400℃后,声压级对颗粒最小流化速度的影响增大。压力波动标准方差随气速的增大而增大;当声压级大于110 dB和声波频率处于100～200 Hz时压力波动标准偏差和颗粒初始流化速度达到最小值。     

声场强化微小流化床流动特性研究

在内径4.3mm微小流化床中,考察了声场对FCC及石英砂颗粒流化质量的影响。重点讨论了声压级与频率对微小流化床最小流化速度的影响。结果表明,声场能改善微小流化床流化质量。尤其对于51μm石英砂颗粒,声场可以使其消除沟流,实现稳定流化。声压越大,声场对微小流化床流化质量改善越明显。最小流化速度随声压增高呈单调下降趋势。相同声场条件下,声波对微小流化床最小流化速度数值降低幅度大于大尺度流化床。声场对微小流化床最小流化速度的影响存在最佳频率。但不同颗粒的最佳频率不同。内径4.3mm流化床,51,67,83μm石英砂颗粒与83μmFCC颗粒对应的最佳频率分别为90,90,140和140Hz。在一定的声压与频率下,声场可以降低最小流化速度约9%～21%。对于微小流化床,床径越小,则床层空隙率越大,越有利于实现外场强化,最小流化速度的降低幅度也逐渐增大。     

声场导向管喷流床流动特性的数值模拟

在内径120 mm、高1 000 mm的导向管喷流床中,以空气为气相,原生粒径290 nm的TiO_2超细颗粒为固相,借助CFD软件ANSYS Fluent 15.0,将声场模型与欧拉双流体模型相结合,将声场对导向管喷流床中超细粉聚团的流动特性进行数值模拟,研究了声场对气泡和固含率云图、固相时均浓度分布、固(气)相时均速度分布以及流化气旁路分率的影响。结果表明:声场的震荡作用促进环隙区颗粒在气流中均匀分散,减小气泡尺寸,从而使固含率分布变得更均匀;而导向管内由于射流速度较高,声场对固相浓度分布影响很小,但在壁面附近,由于射流速度下降,声场的震荡作用使固相浓度下降;声场增大了环隙和喷泉区的湍动强度,轴向时均速度在径向上分布得更加均匀;声场能够有效抑制流化气的旁路,显著减小流化气旁路分率。     

Wavelet Analysis of Particle Concentration Signals in an Acoustic Bubbling Fluidized Bed

The time series of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) particle concentrations were measured by an optical fiber probe under conditions of different sound pressure levels and sound frequencies in an acoustic bubbling fluidized bed (? 140 mm × 1600 mm). The results show that the minimum fluidization velocity had a minimum value when the sound wave frequency was 150 Hz. Under the same sound frequency, the fluidization velocity decreased as the sound pressure level increased. The particle concentration signals in an acoustic fluidized bed were also analyzed by means of wavelet analysis. On the basis of discrete wavelet transform, an original signal was resolved into five detailed scale signals. By using wavelet energy analysis, it was found that the peak frequency of the scale 3 or 4 detail wavelet signals represents the bubbling frequency and the peak amplitude for the bubble size. The results indicate that the bubbling frequency and bubble size decreased with increasing sound pressure level at a given frequency. In addition they decreased with increasing sound frequency ranging from 50–150 Hz, but further increased with increasing sound frequency ranging from 150–500 Hz.     

纳米TiO_2颗粒在声场导向管喷动流化床中的流化特性

在内径120 mm的半圆柱型声场导向管喷动流化床中,以平均粒径290 nm的TiO_2颗粒为原料,高速空气射流为喷动气,考察了操作条件、声参数(频率和声压)对纳米颗粒在声场导向管喷流床中的流态化特性的影响。结果表明:声波可以有效抑制沟流,改善环隙流化质量,防止射流旁路,从而促使粉体稳定循环,加快循环速率;同时声波可以显著地降低纳米TiO_2颗粒的最小喷动速度,声波频率一定时,最小喷动速度随声压的增加而减小;声压一定时,最小喷动速度在声波频率为80 Hz时达到最小值,低于或者高于80 Hz,最小喷动速度都会增大。     

声场对细粒的床层膨胀的影响(英文)

Fine particles are difficult to fluidize due to strong interparticle attraction.An attempt has been made to study the bed expansion of silica gel(dp=25μm) powder in presence of an acoustic field.A 135 mm diameter fluidized bed activated by an acoustic field with sound intensity up to 145 dB and frequency from 90 Hz to 170 Hz was studied.The effects of sound pressure level,sound frequency and particle loading on the bed expansion were investigated.Experimental results showed that,bed expansion was good in presence of acoustic field of particular frequency.In addition,it was observed that in presence of acoustic field the bed collapses slowly.     

Fluidization of nano-powders: Effect of sound vibration and pre-mixing with group A particles

The use of sound vibration as well as mixing of particles is investigated in this paper for improving the fluidizability of nano-powders. Amorphous anhydrous silicon dioxide, Aerosil 200, widely used in paint and pharmaceutical industries, was fluidized with air at superficial gas velocities as high as 25 cm/s. In the first part of the study, the bed was subjected to sound at 125 dB at a frequency 200 Hz. In the second part, a carefully selected additive material of the Geldart group A classification, presently sand, was added to the bed in relatively small proportions of 3, 6 and 11 wt.%. For the in situ monitoring of the fluidization dynamics, pressure fluctuations were acquired at a sampling frequency of 200 Hz using a fast-response sensitive-pressure transducer along the test section of the column located 11 cm and 23 cm above the distributor. The data thus obtained were analyzed in both time and frequency domains, and used for the reconstruction of system attractors and the determination of its principal eigenvalues. The combination of quantitative tools and digital images of the bed showed that both sound vibration and particle mixing improved the fluidization. The sound-assisted fluidization resulted in the de-agglomeration of the nano-powder, resulting in an expansion of the bed that was reflected in smaller values of the average pressure-drop. The fluidization was characterized by a strong periodic behavior. The addition of small proportions of group A powder, on the other hand, initially increased the average pressure-drop due to the concomitant rise in the bulk density, and led to a bubbling-like behavior reflected in more turbulent and less periodic fluidization. While the widely used sound-assisted fluidization exhibited a limited range of bed operation owing to the high elutriation rates of the bed material, not much limitation was observed for the case of particle mixing. This study showed that the use of appropriate small proportions of inert group A particles may be advantageous in improving the fluidization of nano-powders compared to the use of the energy intensive sound vibration.     

纳米TiO2颗粒在声场流化床中的流化特性

以原生纳米级TiO2颗粒为物料，在内径为130mm的声场流化床中，考察声压、频率对纳米颗粒的流化特性的影响。结果表明，适当的低频强声波的引入能很好的抑制沟流，消除节涌，大大降低了流化床中纳米颗粒聚团的尺寸，使之在低气速下实现稳定流化，从而显著改善纳米颗粒的流化质量。     

Effects of acoustic vibration on nano and sub-micron powders fluidization

Fluidization of nano and sub-micron powders with and without acoustic vibration was investigated. The effects of sound pressure level and frequency were studied. Loudspeakers located under the distributor plate were used as the sound source to disintegrate larger agglomerates concentrated at the bottom of the bed. Nanoparticles showed fluid-like behavior similar to Geldart's A group and application of sound vibration improved their fluidization quality. Submicron particles were hard to fluidize and their fluidization quality was partially improved by sound excitation. Bed compaction, caused by rearranging of the agglomerates, was observed for submicron particles at low gas velocities while the bed was fixed. Nanoparticles did not experience any bed compaction. Sound vibration led to a decrease in minimum fluidization velocity and an increase in bed pressure drop and bed expansion for both types of particles. The fluidization quality of both particles increased at low frequencies, while the reverse was observed at higher frequencies. Fluidization of these particles was improved by increasing sound pressure level. There was a critical sound pressure level of 110 dB, below which the effect of sound vibration was insignificant. A novel technique was employed to find the apparent minimum fluidization velocity from pressure drop signals.     

Flow characteristics in an acoustic bubbling fluidized bed at high temperature

The pressure fluctuation of the quartz sand and SiO₂ particles was investigated using pressure transducer in high temperature fluidized bed with sound assistance. The effects of bed temperature, sound wave frequency, and sound pressure level (SPL) on the pressure fluctuation were examined. It indicates that the minimum fluidization velocity decreases with an increase in sound pressure level at the same sound frequency. At the same SPL and bed temperature, there always exists an optimal frequency range achieving good fluidization quality. As the sound frequency increases, the minimum fluidization velocity decreases firstly and then increases. Based on the statistical analysis of pressure signals, the effect of sound frequency on the fluidization quality at high-temperature fluidized bed was presented. On basis of discrete wavelet transform, an original signal was resolved into five-detailed scale signal. Furthermore, the peak frequency for Scale 3 detail signal represents the bubbling frequency.     

Fluidization of fine particles in a sound field and identification of group C/A particles using acoustic waves

Effects of sound field on the fluidization of fine particles have been comprehensively examined by using fine powders (4.8-65 μm average in size) including Al₂O₃, TiO₂, glass beads and FCC catalyst. It is found that the fluidization quality of fine particles can be enhanced with the assistance of a sound field, resulting in higher pressure drops and a lower u_mf. The effect of sound on the fluidization of fine particles is strongly dependent on the particle properties (Geldart type and particle size) as well as the parameters of the sound field such as sound pressure level (or intensity) and frequency. Given a fixed sound frequency, the effect becomes more significant at a higher sound pressure level. For the present sound-aided fluidized bed system, there is a resonant frequency at about 100-110 Hz, at which the effectiveness of the sound wave in improving fluidization of fine particles is most remarkable. In addition, based on the different attenuation features of sonic waves in the gas-solid suspension of group C and A particles, a novel acoustic method is explored to distinguish group C from group A particles.