The frictional behavior of mild steel under horizontal vibration

The present paper investigates experimentally the effect of external horizontal vibration on friction property of mild steel. To do so, a pin-on-disc apparatus having facility of vibrating the test samples in horizontal direction was designed and fabricated. Horizontal vibration is created along the sliding direction of vibration and perpendicular to the direction of vibration. The experimental setup has the facility to vary the amplitudes and frequencies of vibration while velocity of vibration is kept constant. During the experiment, the frequency and amplitude of vibration were varied from 0 to 500 Hz and 0 to 200 μm, respectively. Results show that the friction coefficient increases with the increase in amplitude and frequency of vibration for mild steel. The horizontal vibration can be of two types: one along the direction of sliding (longitudinal direction) and the other along the perpendicular direction of sliding (transverse direction). For both the cases, test sample slides horizontally. It is found that the magnitude of friction coefficient for longitudinal vibration is less than that for under transverse vibration. These results are analyzed by dimensional analysis to correlate the friction coefficient with sliding velocity, frequency and amplitude of vibration. The experimental results are also compared with those available in literature and simple physical explanations are provided.     

干气密封滑动密封端面高频微幅摩擦振动研究

为揭示干气密封端面间摩擦振动规律,通过对密封端面在干摩擦状态下的微观形貌与受力进行分析,基于分形理论构建包含分形参数的密封端面法向位移激励,以及干气密封在干摩擦状态下的两自由度摩擦振动系统模型,并对摩擦振动系统模型的影响因素进行数值分析.研究结果表明:法向振动位移和速度随着分形维数与转速的增大先增大后减小;密封环面分形...     

Reduction of the sliding friction of metals by the application of longitudinal or transverse ultrasonic vibration

The influence on sliding friction of ultrasonic vibration both parallel and perpendicular to the sliding direction has been studied for samples of aluminium alloy, copper, brass and stainless steel sliding against tool steel. Experiments were performed at a mean sliding speed of 50 mm s⁻¹, and at mean contact pressures up to 0.7 MPa, with vibration amplitudes up to 10 μm at 20 kHz. Significant reduction in sliding friction was observed (up to >80%) and good agreement was found between the measured values and the predictions of two simple models for the effects of longitudinal and transverse vibrations. Longitudinal vibration produces greater reduction in friction than transverse vibration at the same amplitude and frequency. At high vibration amplitudes, the reduction in friction was less than that predicted by the models, because significant metallic transfer occurred from the softer metals to the tool steel counter surface.     

The effect of longitudinal tangential vibrations on friction and driving forces in sliding motion

The main purpose of the work has been to qualitatively and quantitatively analyse the influence of longitudinal tangential vibrations on friction and driving forces in a sliding motion. Computational models were developed and implemented in a combined Matlab-Simulink environment. Both the dynamic Dahl's and the Dupont's and classical Coulomb's friction models were used. The influence of vibration velocity amplitude on the friction force in the presence of tangential longitudinal vibrations and on reduction of the driving force in sliding motion was analysed. It revealed that the commonly accepted view that the reduction of the average friction force is a consequence of cyclic changes in the sign of the friction force vector, only when the amplitude of vibration velocity is greater than the sliding motion velocity, is erroneous. The phenomenon was also observed without any changes in the sign of friction force vector. The results of simulations were compared with experimental data obtained with the use of a test rig specifically designed for the work. The Dahl's friction model led to the best correlation.     

The effect of amplitude of vibration on the coefficient of friction for different materials

This work examines how friction coefficients are affected by amplitude of normal vibration at different frequencies. Variation of friction coefficient with the amplitude of normal vibration is investigated experimentally when mild steel pin slides on different types of material such as glass fiber reinforced plastic, cloth reinforced ebonite, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), rubber and mild steel. For this, a pin-on-disc apparatus having facility of vibrating the test samples at different amplitudes and frequencies of vibration was designed and fabricated. During the experiments, the effects of sliding velocity, roughness, normal load and duration of rubbing were also investigated. Studies have shown that the friction coefficient decreases with the increase of amplitude of vibration within the observed range. The observed ranges of amplitude of vibration were 10–200 μm. In this study, it is also observed that the rate of reduction of friction coefficient has a particular relationship on the amplitude and frequency of vibration. The experimental results are compared with those available in the literature and simple physical explanations are provided.     

Friction-induced vibration — with and without external disturbance

The dynamics of friction-induced vibration resulting from a velocity-dependent friction characteristic is studied theoretically and experimentally. The frictional system is further studied in the presence of an external dynamic force. The amplitude of quasi-harmonic vibration is shown to increase with sliding velocity until oscillation ceases at some upper velocity boundary depending on the friction characteristic. The vibration, which can exist at high sliding velocities, may influence the operation of automatic transmissions, brakes and clutches. Introduction of strong damping to the system can reduce or eliminate the induced-vibration. Similar results could be achieved by modifying the friction-velocity characteristic of the fluid and materials at the interface. An external excitation in the transverse direction, with properly chosen frequency and force ratios, can also reduce the amplitude of the friction-induced vibration. The theoretical and experimental results are in good agreement.     

Tribological Behavior of Rice Bran Ceramics in a Vacuum Environment

ABSTRACT

In this study, we investigated the friction and wear of rice bran (RB) ceramics—hard porous carbon materials made from rice bran—in a vacuum environment. Sliding friction tests for RB ceramic pin–RB ceramic disk contact were performed using a pin-on-disk-type friction tester installed in a vacuum chamber. The ambient pressure was controlled at 0.02, 0.6, 30, and 10⁵ Pa (i.e., atmospheric pressure). The normal load was 0.49 or 2.94 N, the sliding velocity was 0.01 or 0.1 m/s, and the number of friction cycles was 50,000. The friction coefficient tended to decrease with decreasing ambient pressure for all combinations of normal load and sliding velocity; by contrast, the specific wear rate of the RB ceramic pin and disk specimens tended to increase with decreasing ambient pressure. The friction coefficient exhibited a low value of 0.05 or less at 0.02 Pa. The results suggested that the reduced surface roughness and graphitization of the sliding surface of the RB ceramic pin and disk due to induced friction, as well as the increased ratio between the partial pressure of water vapor and the ambient pressure, are related to the reduction in the friction of RB ceramic–RB ceramic dry sliding contact under vacuum conditions.     

Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷在海水润滑下的摩擦磨损特性研究

在材料端面摩擦磨损试验机上,分别对Ti(C,N)金属陶瓷及表面沉积TiN的Ti(C,N)金属陶瓷2种材料与碳纤增强聚醚醚酮(CFRPEEK)组合在海水润滑下的摩擦磨损特性进行实验研究,探讨接触压力和滑动速度对摩擦因数的影响规律。结果表明:在速度较低时摩擦因数随速度增加下降较快,但速度较高时,摩擦因数趋向稳定,速度影响不大;接触压力对摩擦因数的影响较小。通过对试件磨损表面微观形貌的分析,认为CFRPEEK的磨损机制主要是机械切削和机械犁耕引起的材料塑性变形和脱落,并在摩擦过程中发生向陶瓷表面的转移。Ti(C,N)金属陶瓷较表面沉积TiN的Ti(C,N)金属陶瓷具有较低的摩擦因数。通过与其他材料研究结果的比较,认为Ti(C,N)金属陶瓷与CFRPEEK组成的材料副应用于纯水液压泵或马达中的关键摩擦副具有较好的可行性。     

湿式离合器考虑纸基衬面孔隙弹性特性摩擦振动理论

本文提出考虑纸基摩擦材料界面间变形和其中造成润滑油流动的摩擦振动新理论,推荐了一摩擦振动模型,采用引入的粘性液体浸透多孔体,联合假定在切向和法向两个方向的振动导出一稳态准则,和实验相比较,确认所推荐的准则可预测该稳态极限比常规的更精确。它不考虑摩擦材料的变形,只与摩擦系数与滑动速度的斜率有关。基于本准则,讨论了材料特性摩擦振动对稳态的影响。     

湿式离合器考虑纸基衬面孔隙弹性特性摩擦振动理论(二)

本文提出考虑纸基摩擦材料界面间变形和其中造成润滑油流动的摩擦振动新理论,推荐了一摩擦振动模型,采用引入的粘性液体浸透多孔体,联合假定在切向和法向两个方向的振动导出一稳态准则,和实验相比较,确认所推荐的准则可预测该稳态极限比常规的更精确。它不考虑摩擦材料的变形,只与摩擦系数与滑动速度的斜率有关。基于本准则,讨论了材料特性摩擦振动对稳态的影响。     

Friction-induced vibration of an elastic slider on a vibrating disc

The in-plane vibration of a slider-mass which is driven around the surface of a flexible disc, and the transverse vibration of the disc, are investigated. The disc is taken to be an elastic annular plate and the slider has flexibility and damping in the circumferential (in-plane) and transverse directions. The static friction coefficient is assumed to be higher than the dynamic friction. As a result of the friction force acting between the disc and the slider system, the slider will oscillate in the stick-slip mode in the plane of the disc. The transverse vibration induced by the slider will change the normal force on the disc, which in turn will change the in-plane oscillation of the slider. A numerical method is used to solve the two coupled equations of the motion. Results indicate that normal pressure and rotating speed can drive the system into instability. The rigidity and damping of the disc and transverse stiffness and damping of the slider tend to suppress the vibrations. The in-plane stiffness and damping of the slider do not always have a stabilizing effect. The motivation of this work is the understanding of instability and squeal in physical systems such as car brake discs where there are vibrations induced by non-smooth dry-friction forces.     

变滑动磨擦系数振动系统最优化计算方法研究

研究了两自由度滑动摩擦系数随相对速度变化的干摩擦振动系统简谐激励响应计算问题,通过将干摩擦力中的理想干摩擦力（Coulomb dry friction)部分进行Fourier级数展开,取级数展开的第一项作为近似,结合一次谐波平衡法,推导出了系统的非线性频响方程组,运用最优化理论中求解非线性方程组的梯度算法,给出非线性频响方程组的数值迭代格式,最后,通过一个数值例分析讨论了干摩擦力对系统响应的重要作用。     

Inconel718与硬质合金摩擦磨损特性的实验研究

利用UMT-2多功能摩擦磨损试验机对镍基合金Inconel 718与硬质合金刀具对偶时的摩擦磨损特性进行研究,揭示法向载荷和滑动速度对摩擦副摩擦因数的影响,通过SEM观察试样摩擦形貌并分析磨损机制.研究结果表明:摩擦副的摩擦因数随着法向载荷的增大而减小,随滑动速度的增大而增大;Inconel 718镍基合金与硬质合金对偶时的磨损机制主要为黏着磨损、磨粒磨损和氧化磨损.     

Static friction processes under dynamic loads and vibration

The influence of external vibration on friction phenomena was investigated. The influence of vibration on the primary displacement was assessed. The influence of the normal pressure and the amplitude of external vibration on the static friction was also investigated. Non-linear relations between the coefficient of static friction and the external vibration and between the coefficient of static friction and the normal pressure where vibration occurs were established. Static and dynamic loads on the same friction pair were studied. Sinusoidal vibration in the contact area caused a decrease in the coefficient of static friction of about 60% which is important practically, especially in this design of machine connections where vibration occurs.     

双粗糙面滑动过程摩擦因数的变化分析

采用W-M函数建立具有分形特征的三维双粗糙面接触模型,考虑了接触界面间的黏着效应,在滑动速度、法向载荷及界面剪切强度等参数变化下,运用有限元方法探讨了粗糙体在滑动过程中摩擦因数的变化情况。结果显示,滑动速度、法向载荷及界面剪切强度等参数对摩擦因数的变化有一定的影响,边界润滑工况下平均摩擦因数为0.28,无润滑工况下平均摩擦因数为0.713,最大界面剪切强度时的平均摩擦因数为0.73;随着界面剪切强度的减小、法向载荷的增大、滑动速度的增加,滑动摩擦因数有所减小。与相关文献结论或实验结果进行比较,证明了上述结果的正确性。分析结果可为摩擦学设计和摩擦材料的制备提供理论参考。     

盘式制动系统参数对制动颤振的影响分析

为了研究盘式制动系统参数对制动颤振的影响,建立了二自由度的动力学模型,利用Matlab进行数值仿真,分别研究了制动初速度、制动压力、阻尼和刚度等因素对制动系统动力学特性的影响。根据得到的位移曲线和相图可以看出:随着制动初速度的增大,系统黏滞阶段持续时间减少,并逐渐进入稳定运动状态;制动压力相对较小时,制动系统处于稳定状态,随着制动压力的增大,摩擦片和制动盘的振动幅值也随之增大,振动强度变大;在阻尼增大的过程中,摩擦片和制动盘均由起初的纯滑动运动状态进入稳定运动状态,且达到稳定运动状态的时间也逐渐缩短;摩擦片在相对较小的制动刚度下即可达到稳定状态,而制动盘则需要有较大的刚度才能达到稳定状态。     

Characterization of Friction and Heat Partition Coefficients during Machining of a TiAl6V4 Titanium Alloy and a Cemented Carbide

This article aims at characterizing the frictional behavior of a TiAl6V4 alloy and a carbide tool under extreme conditions corresponding to those occurring at the cutting tool–work material interface. A specially designed open tribometer was used to characterize the macroscopic friction coefficient, heat partition coefficient, and adhesion in the contact versus sliding velocity and contact pressure. It has been shown that titanium leads to intense adhesion, which seems to be even more intensive with high contact pressure and high sliding velocity, which limits the local sliding movement at the interface (stuck layer). However, the tribometer provides the evolution of an apparent friction coefficient and a macroscopic heat partition coefficient related to the shearing of titanium between the adhesive layer and the bulk material. An increase in sliding velocity or contact pressure induces a small decrease in the apparent friction coefficient as well as the heat partition coefficient. It has been shown that adhesion is thermally activated by a combination of contact pressure and sliding velocity, which leads to a threshold effect. Furthermore, the application of an emulsion showed a small decrease in the apparent friction coefficient associated to a decrease in adhesion. Finally, this work provides quantitative data on the apparent friction and heat partition coefficients versus sliding velocity and contact pressure that can support the development of macroscopic cutting models for titanium alloys.     

Contact of a Finger on Rigid Surfaces and Textiles: Friction Coefficient and Induced Vibrations

The tactile information about object surfaces is obtained through perceived contact stresses and friction-induced vibrations generated by the relative motion between the fingertip and the touched object. The friction forces affect the skin stress-state distribution during surface scanning, while the sliding contact generates vibrations that propagate in the finger skin activating the receptors (mechanoreceptors) and allowing the brain to identify objects and perceive information about their properties. In this article, the friction coefficient between a real human finger and both rigid surfaces and fabrics is retrieved as a function of the contact parameters (load and scanning speed). Then, the analysis of the vibration spectra is carried out to investigate the features of the induced vibrations, measured on the fingernail, as a function of surface textures and contact parameters. While the friction coefficient measurements on rigid surfaces agree with empirical laws found in literature, the behaviour of the friction coefficient when touching a fabric is more complex, and is mainly the function of the textile constructional properties. Results show that frequency spectrum distribution, when touching a rigid surface, is mainly determined by the relative geometry of the two contact surfaces and by the contact parameters. On the contrary, when scanning a fabric, the structure and the deformation of the textile itself largely affect the spectrum of the induced vibration. Finally, some major features of the measured vibrations (frequency distribution and amplitude) are found to be representative of tactile perception compared to psychophysical and neurophysiologic works in literature.     

Experimental Study on the Friction Characteristics of Lasertex Steel Sheets During Metal Forming Process

The surface of steel sheets used in the metal-forming process discussed in this article was textured by a laser-ablation technique. Differently shaped craters are formed in a patterned structure on the steel surface by controlling the pulsed-laser power density, pulse-repetition rate, and pulse duration. Lasertex sheets formed by this process have unique friction characteristics because of the uniform surface roughness and valley-biased topography. The friction of lasertex sheets was studied using a metal-forming bench test rig. Influencing factors, including surface roughness and sliding velocity, were studied under lubricated conditions. The friction of lasertex sheets was compared with that of shot-blasted sheets. The results showed that the coefficient of friction of the lasertex sheet under dry friction decreases with an increase in surface roughness and changes little with varying sliding velocity. With lubrication, the coefficient of friction of the lasertex sheet rises with an increase in surface roughness and decreases with an increase in sliding velocity. Lasertex sheets were found to have lower friction coefficients than shot-blasted sheets over the rage of surface roughness and sliding velocity investigated.