基于周期性声发射撞击计数的滚动轴承故障诊断

分析滚动轴承不同类型故障特征频率与声发射累积撞击计数间的内在联系,建立基于周期性声发射累积撞击计数的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。采用非接触式声发射测试技术,对工作状态下滚动体、外圈和内圈故障分别进行测试及分析,试验结果证明了周期性声发射撞击计数与滚动轴承故障特征频率间的定量关系。依据此方法可对滚动轴承故障进行早期诊断。     

基于声发射技术的铁路货车滚动轴承故障诊断研究

采用声发射技术对铁路货车滚动轴承的故障诊断是一种新型的无损检测方法。对采集到的声发射信号进行基于小波变换的带通滤波处理后,故障特征信息明显,容易区分出铁路货车滚动轴承的不同状态。将声发射技术用于铁路货车滚动轴承的状态监测与诊断中,经大量试验证明,该法能准确区分轴承状态的好坏与故障类型。     

门座起重机回转支承声发射信号特征分析

针对低速重载回转支承故障检测的难点问题,对一台已服役36年的门座起重机转柱式回转支承进行声发射检测,确定了上支座滚道声发射信号衰减曲线及传感器的安装位置。通过现场试验获得空载、半载和满载4种工况下门座起重机回转支承上支座滚道声发射信号,对幅值、持续时间、能量等典型参数特征和典型定位信号波形频谱特征进行了分析,以期为后续研究工作提供一定指导。     

起重机低速重载回转支承的故障模式、机理及其状态监测

归纳了回转支承的故障模式以及典型故障的机理分析,并调研了起重机回转支承运行情况,为起重机回转运行状态监测提供了可靠依据.对声发射技术在起重机回转支承上的应用进行可行性分析,提出了研究的基本思路,讨论了典型故障的信号采集与识别技术.最后,对起重机回转支承声发射监测技术的研究前景进行了展望.     

轴承故障声发射信号多频带共振解调方法

轴承故障声发射信号具有高频率、宽频带、多频率成分组成特性。针对轴承故障声发射信号的多频带共振解调问题,基于故障先验知识确定滤波带宽,利用窄带解调Protrugram算法迭代搜索多个可解调中心频率,在对应的多个窄带范围内实现故障频率的解调识别。仿真和实验信号处理结果表明,窄带包络解调方法能够找到多个可用解调窄带,对应解调包络谱中均可清楚地识别故障频率,且包络谱具有故障频率谱线清晰,倍频成分衰减明显的特点。     

声发射技术在铁路机车轮对轴承故障诊断中的应用

站修型RD2货车轮对轴承故障诊断仪采用了声发射信号处理中的振铃计数法,介绍了该诊断仪的主要组成部件及工作原理。通过现场实际使用证明,该仪器具有抗振动、抗电磁干扰能力强等特点,运行稳定可靠。     

Monitoring of Ball Bearing Operation under Grease Lubrication Using a New Compound Diagnostic System Detecting Vibration and Acoustic Emission

Our new compound diagnostic system comprised of a compound sensor, a signal processor, and a personal computer installed signal processing software. The compound sensor made by an advanced sensor fusion technique was able to detect simultaneously the vibration acceleration and the acoustic emission by itself. The signal processor received a signal from the sensor and separated it into the vibration acceleration signal and the acoustic emission signal. The signal processor and the personal computer processed the acceleration signal and acoustic emission signal for diagnostic information. The rolling contact fatigue process of a ball bearing under grease lubrication was monitored using the compound system. The system outputs diagnostic information, for example, the means, the variance, the skewness, and the kurtosis of the vibration acceleration signal and the acoustic emission signal. In diagnosing the rolling contact fatigue failure, the root mean square (rms) value of the vibration acceleration was most effective, and the mean of the demodulated acoustic emission was second to the rms value of the acceleration in effectiveness. From the result of the evaluation, it became clear that the system was useful for diagnosing rolling contact bearings under grease lubrication.     

Determination of the Effectiveness of Lubricants for Locomotive Bearing Units by Means of the Acoustic-Emission Method

The theoretical fundamentals and experience of using the acoustic-emission method for estimating the effectiveness of lubricants for bearing units is considered. The results of practical investigations of the effect of the presence and watering of lubricants on the acoustic emission of a bearing unit are given. It is proposed to go over to repressing the lubricant into the bearing unit on the basis of the results of acoustic-emission testing.     

Condition monitoring of electric motor ball bearings for the detection of grease contaminants

Grease used in the ball bearings of electric motors often get contaminated either from external particles or particles generated within these bearings. The effectiveness of vibration, stator current, acoustic emission and shock pulse measurements in detecting the presence of contaminant particles in bearing grease has been investigated. Silica and ferric oxide particles were used to contaminate grease. The levels of vibration, stator current, acoustic emission and shock pulse appreciably increased as contaminant level and contaminant size increased. Acoustic emission peak amplitude proved to be the best condition monitoring technique for the detection of grease contaminants in motor bearings. It is followed by shock pulse maximum value and carpet value in terms of effectiveness.     

A comparison of some condition monitoring techniques for the detection of defect in induction motor ball bearings

Rolling element bearings are critical components in induction motors and monitoring their condition is important to avoid failures. Several condition monitoring techniques for the bearings are available. Out of these stator current monitoring is a relatively new technique. Vibration, stator current, acoustic emission and shock pulse methods (SPMs) for the detection of a defect in the outer race of induction motor ball bearing have been compared. The measurements were performed at different loads. The defect in the bearing could be detected by all the methods. Acoustic emission monitoring proved to be the best method followed by SPM when the increase in the levels of the measured parameters were compared with respect to those of healthy bearings.     

In situ Measurement of Journal Bearing Lubricant Viscosity by Means of a Novel Ultrasonic Measurement Technique Using Matching Layer

An ultrasonic viscometer was used to measure the circumferential viscosity variation in a journal bearing noninvasively. This sensing technique is based on the reflection of a shear wave at a solid–liquid boundary that depends on the viscosity of the liquid and the acoustic properties of the solid. Very little ultrasonic energy can propagate into the oil at a metal–oil interface because the acoustic mismatch is significant. Interleaving a matching layer between the metal and the lubricant enables accurate ultrasonic viscosity measurements (M. Schirru, et al., Tribology Leters, Vol. 60, No. 3, 2015). This technique has been used to build a miniaturized ultrasonic viscometer that is accommodated inside a journal to obtain the circumferential viscosity profile. Four viscosity regions are identified due to the variations in the localized temperatures and loads. The results are compared with the isothermal solution of the Reynolds equations for hydrodynamic lubricated bearings. The ultrasonic viscometer locates the angle at which the maximum load occurs and the length of the loaded contact with good accuracy. Finally, the viscosity results are used to estimate the frictional power losses. It is shown that over 70% of the total losses in the journal bearing occur in the region where the load is maximum.     

Flow noise characterization of gas–liquid two-phase flow based on acoustic emission

Flow noise of gas–liquid two-phase flow in horizontal pipeline was detected by using the acoustic emission technique (AE); signals were processed by wavelet transform and chaotic analysis. Conclusions were drawn that stratified flow, annular flow and their transition can be divided clearly through multi-scale energy distribution of flow noise, and that dynamic characteristic of flow pattern transition from stratified flow to annular flow, which is described via correlation dimension, acts in accordance with that of annular flow. The dynamic characteristic of the transition condition has already been consistent with that of the annular flow, but due to the low gas flow rate, the energy of the hydrodynamic noise was not enough to reach the complete annular flow pattern. Results were in accordance with experimental facts. Flow noise reflects the complexity of gas–liquid two-phase flow by means of multi-scale energy distribution and chaotic features. Consequently, flow noise based on acoustic emission is a novel and promising point for researching gas–liquid two-phase flow.     

Hydro-Roll: A Novel Bearing Design with Superior Thermal Characteristics

A novel journal bearing design, called hydro-roll, which combines a hydrodynamic journal bearing with a rolling-element bearing in series, is presented. The hydro-roll principally operates as a rolling-element bearing at low speeds and as a hydrodynamic bearing at high speed. When properly designed, the hydro-roll can offer superior performance over the conventional hydrodynamic bearing in terms of both wear and thermal characteristics. The hydro-roll prevents the severe wear which occurs during the start-up of hydrodynamic journal bearings since it operates as a rolling-element bearing whenever the sliding friction is too high. This characteristic has the important advantage of reducing the risk of catastrophic failure by bearing seizure.

At a steady high speed, the hydro-roll operates as a hydrodynamic journal bearing while the sleeve together with the inner race of the rolling-element bearing turn at a low speed. This study focuses on the thermal analysis of a journal bearing with a rotating sleeve in comparison to an identical stationary sleeve. The results indicate that the sleeve rotation reduces the risk of bearing failure due to local overheating of the sleeve. The minimum sleeve speed required for this effect is evaluated.     

磁动压混合推力轴承的研究

提出了一种利用磁场力辅助流体动压轴承工作的磁动压混合推力轴承。这种轴承在机器起动和停车阶段，依靠磁场力支承转子系统，当机器达到一定转速后，主要由动压油膜承受轴上载荷，从而克服了流体动压轴承在此阶段出现混合摩擦的问题。研究了这种混合推力轴承承载能力的数学模型，计算了磁轴承的承载能力。设计制造了试验装置并对这种轴承在不同气隙和转速下的性能进行了试验测试。结果表明这种磁动压混合的工作原理是可行的，可以改善流体动压轴承的工作性能。     

表面凹痕织构动压承载性能的CFD分析

为研究表面凹痕织构的动压承载性能,在建立其几何模型的基础上,采用基于N-S方程的CFD方法研究不同参数下表面凹痕织构的平均承载力变化规律,并考察雷诺数、织构宽度和深度对动压承载性能的影响。结果表明:雷诺数的增加能够大幅提升表面凹痕织构的平均承载力;随着织构宽度的增加,表面凹痕织构的动压承载性能趋于优良;当量纲一织构深度处于0.5～1时,表面凹痕织构具有最佳的动压承载性能。     

Investigations on a permanent magnetic–hydrodynamic hybrid journal bearing

In the present work, a permanent magnetic–hydrodynamic hybrid journal bearing is developed. The force of the journal bearing comes from the hydrodynamic film and the permanent magnetic field. When a hydrodynamic film does not form, such as during starting and stopping a machine, the journal bearing relies on the magnetic force to support the rotor system. This paper studies a model of the permanent magnetic force and develops an experimental rig of the journal bearing. Experiments show that the hydrodynamic film force uncouples with the magnetic force in the journal bearing. Predictions from the model are compared with experimental data.     

A Method for the Measurement of Hydrodynamic Oil Films Using Ultrasonic Reflection

The measurement of the thickness of an oil film in a lubricated component is essential information for performance monitoring and control. In this work, a new method for oil film thickness measurement, based on the reflection of ultrasound, is evaluated for use in fluid film journal bearing applications. An ultrasonic wave will be partially reflected when it strikes a thin layer between two solid media. The proportion of the wave reflected depends on the thickness of the layer and its acoustic properties. A simple quasi-static spring model shows how the reflection depends on the stiffness of the layer alone. This method has been first evaluated using flat plates separated by a film of oil, and then used in the measurement of oil films in a hydrodynamic journal bearing. A transducer is mounted on the outside of the journal and a pulse propagated through the shell. The pulse is reflected back at the oil film and received by the same transducer. The amplitude of the reflected wave is processed in the frequency domain. The spring model is then used to determine the oil film stiffness that can be readily converted to film thickness. Whilst the reflected amplitude of the wave is dependent on the frequency component, the measured film thickness is not; this indicates that the quasi-static assumption holds. Measurements of the lubricant film generated in a simple journal bearing have been taken over a range of loads and speeds. The results are compared with predictions from classical hydrodynamic lubrication theory. The technique has also been used to measure oil film thickness during transient loading events. The response time is rapid and film thickness variation due to step changes in load and oil feed pressure can be clearly observed.     

Acoustic emission of rolling bearings lubricated with contaminated grease

In elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL), an extreme smoothness of the contacting surfaces is essential for the formation of a thin lubricant film, which separates the moving surfaces from each other. Sharp asperities, in particular, are very detrimental for the sliding surfaces. Because of the limited thickness of the lubricating film, the contact zone is very vulnerable if the lubricant contains contaminants, especially if hard particles are present in the lubricant.The present paper focuses on the acoustic emission (AE) measurement method for the monitoring of the lubrication situation in a grease lubricated rolling bearing. The aim of the investigation was to clarify how the contaminants in the grease influence the acoustic emission of the rolling bearing. In the paper, the results of tests with clean greases and with deliberately contaminated greases, and the influence of the cleaning and re-greasing of the bearing are discussed. The results showed that the AE measurement indicated very clearly the lowest contaminant concentration included in the study that was as low as 0.02 weight-%. Small size contaminant particles generated a higher AE pulse count level than large size particles. The AE time signal analysis method proved to be a suitable method to indicate the hardness of the contaminant particles. Cleaning the bearing of contaminants and re-greasing with a clean grease reduced the AE level of the bearing.     

Discussion of the Definition for Acoustic Emission Event in the Time Series of Concrete Damage Process

Acoustic emission signals from concrete compression damage process are non-stationary and their arrival time is unknown. Therefore, the definition on the acoustic emission event in the time series is not clear. In this paper, the acoustic emission signals associated with concrete specimen under uniaxial compression are acquired by full-digital acoustic emission system. The overlapping phenomenon of acoustic emission signal is presented and discussed by the analysis of time interval between adjacent hits. Acoustic emission signals are classified into three categories according to their waveform characteristics. And the result shows that as the loading process continues, more and more amount of continuous type of acoustic emission signals appeared, indicating the acoustic emission signal does not carry the features of burst type, which will introduce obvious errors in the calculation of acoustic emission event. In contrast, the average signal level used in the analysis of continuous type of acoustic emission signal shows a good regularity with the damage process of concrete.