炭/炭复合材料不同刹车速度下摩擦磨损性能的研究

对等温CVD和热梯度CVD沉积所得不同结构的炭/炭复合材料, 不同刹车速度下的摩擦磨损性能进行了研究. 其中等温CVD所得的a、b材料分别是粗糙层结构和光滑层结构, 热梯度CVD沉积所得的c材料是前两者的混合结构. 摩擦试验在实验室规模的MM-1000摩擦试验机上进行. 试验表明:随着刹车速度的增大, a材料的摩擦系数随着速度的提高而不断上升, 在15m·s^-1处达到峰值, 然后下降趋于一稳定值; b、c材料的曲线变化比较一致, 在20m·s^-1处均出现峰值, 然后摩擦系数下降趋于一稳定值. 无论何种材料, 当摩擦系数峰值出现时, 距摩擦面1mm、外径3mm深处的温度均显示在250℃左右. 随着刹车速度的增加, 炭/炭复合材料的磨损加大, 但速度达30m·s^-1时的氧化失重均<28m·s^-1的氧化失重.     

刹车速度对C/C复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

以炭纤维针刺毡为预制体,采用CVI法并结合液相法制备了热解炭与树脂炭为基质炭的准三维C/C复合材料,并研究了这种材料在不同刹车速度下的摩擦磨损性能.研究表明:C/C复合材料热解碳结构为粗糙层,材料的摩擦磨损性能随刹车速度变化而变化,摩擦系数在刹车速度为10 m/s时达最大值,磨损量随刹车速度的增加而增加,而氧化磨损在25 m/s时开始大量产生,28 m/s的最大刹车速度时达最大值;X射线检测发现刹车后摩擦面碳结构有序度比次摩擦面低,且随着刹车速度的增大,这种降低程度依次增大.     

炭/炭复合材料摩擦膜的显微结构研究

用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)分析CVD增密和2300℃热处理炭/炭复合材料刹车片在模拟飞机正常刹车状况下的摩擦表面形貌和显微结构,研究了摩擦膜结构对摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:在模拟飞机正常着陆的试验中,在炭/炭复合材料的摩擦表面形成一层低织构热解炭的摩擦膜,片层厚度约为1μm。     

炭/炭刹车副表面硬度对摩擦磨损性能的影响

对等温CVD沉积所得两种不同结构的炭/炭复合材料,不同表面硬度下的摩擦磨损性能进行了研究.其中A材料是光滑层结构,B材料是粗糙层和光滑层的混合结构.摩擦试验在实验室规模的MM-1000摩擦试验机上进行.试验表明:随着热处理温度的提高,不同材料的表面硬度均在下降;但在经历相同热处理温度后,B材料的表面硬度比A材料的低;表面硬度较低的B材料塑性较强,摩擦面上的磨屑易于形成致密、连续的摩擦膜,有利于保持稳定而较高的摩擦系数.     

SiCp/Al复合材料-半金属刹车材料干摩擦磨损性能研究

采用无压浸渗法制备15%(体积分数,下同),25%,35%,45%,55%的SiC颗粒(45,63μm)增强的铝基复合材料(SiCp/Al).在M-200型环块式磨损试验机上研究了SiCp/Al复合材料、灰铸铁(HT250)分别与半金属刹车材料配副的干摩擦磨损性能.结果表明,颗粒体积分数对复合材料摩擦系数的影响显著,而颗粒尺寸对复合材料摩擦系数影响不大.当颗粒体积分数从15%上升到55%时,SiCp(45μm)/Al复合材料的摩擦系数从0.319升高到0.385,提高20.7%,SiCp(63μm)/Al复合材料的摩擦系数从0.303升高到0.359,提高18.5%,且SiCp/Al复合材料摩擦系数的稳定性优于铸铁.HT250-刹车材料摩擦副的磨损率为7.09×10-6cm3m-1,是55%SiCp(45μm)/Al-刹车材料摩擦副的2.2倍,是55%SiCp(63μm)/Al-刹车材料摩擦副的2.7倍,SiCp/Al-刹车材料摩擦副的耐磨性明显优于铸铁-刹车材料摩擦副. SiCp/Al-刹车材料摩擦副的磨损率随着颗粒尺寸的增加而降低.     

高温处理对炭/炭复合材料摩擦性能的影响

利用热梯度化学气相沉积工艺制备了炭/炭复合材料,研究了热处理温度对炭/炭复合材料石墨化度、硬度和摩擦性能的影响.结果表明:随着热处理温度的升高,炭/炭复合材料的石墨化度增加,石墨片层的间距d002逐渐减小,石墨微晶的厚度LC逐渐增大,炭/炭复合材料的硬度降低.随石墨化度的增加,有更多的石墨微品碎片参与摩擦而形成摩擦表面膜,这些石墨碎片会填充摩擦表面的犁沟,使凹凸不平的摩擦面变得平整光滑,从而使摩擦系数减小、刹车力矩降低,刹车时间延长.     

不同转速及载荷下炭/炭复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

在MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机上,对3K炭布叠层结构的炭/炭(C/C)复合材料进行低能条件下的摩擦磨损实验,用扫描电子显微镜对其磨损表面形貌进行观察分析.结果表明:在于摩擦条件下,随转速增加,复合材料的摩擦系数降低,磨损量增大.随载荷增加,复合材料的摩擦系数降低,磨损量增大.摩擦初始时主要磨损机理为磨粒磨损和粘着磨损,润滑膜产生后主要磨损机理为疲劳磨损.炭/炭复合材料在低能条件下的磨损是正常磨损,其摩擦系数在0.1～0.2,温度在0～100℃之间.     

C/C复合材料不同基体炭的微观结构

借助偏光显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜和X射线衍射仪对C/C复合材料不同基体炭的微观结构进行了研究。结果表明:不同基体炭在偏光显微镜下呈现出不同的光学活性度,其平均光学活性度依次由普通沥青炭、热解炭的光滑层、热解炭的粗糙层、中间相沥青炭逐渐增强;在SEM下,普通沥青以"葡萄状"结构为主,热解炭分为块状和"皱褶状"片层状结构,中间相沥青炭为形状各异的片层条带状结构;在HRTEM下,中间相沥青炭的晶格条纹排列规整,是一种长程有序的晶体结构,晶化程度很高。XRD分析表明,材料B(中间相沥青基C/C复合材料)的石墨化度最高,层间距最小,材料D(热解炭基C/C复合材料)次之。     

热梯度CVI技术制备炭/炭复合材料

为了阐明用于制备炭/炭复合材料的热梯度化学气相沉积工艺原理,分析了沉积过程中随着热解沉积区域的移动,发热体的电阻值以及加在发热体两端功率的变化规律,并利用偏光显微镜观察了材料的粗糙层、光滑层热解炭微观组织结构.结果表明:随着沉积过程的进行,TCVI中加在电极两端的功率呈非线性升高,而电阻值呈非线性降低;利用TCVI工艺在320 h内制备了φ240 mm×φ80 mm×33 mm的盘形件,且炭/炭复合材料的密度均匀性好,密度均大于1.70g/cm3.     

三维网络Al2O3增强球墨铸铁基复合材料摩擦磨损性能

采用SRV摩擦磨损试验机研究了球墨铸铁及三维网络Al₂O₃增强球墨铸铁基复合材料的干摩擦磨损性能, 测量了球墨铸铁和复合材料在不同摩擦频率及载荷下的摩擦系数和磨损率; 用扫描电镜观察磨损表面形貌, 并分析了三维网络Al₂O₃对复合材料磨损机制的影响。结果表明: 陶瓷与金属基体之间具有良好界面结合的三维网络Al₂O₃/球墨鋳铁复合材料, 其摩擦系数随载荷和摩擦频率的变化保持稳定; 复合材料的耐磨性能远优于球墨铸铁, 而且随着摩擦频率和载荷的增加, 复合材料的抗磨损性能明显提高。这是由于复合材料中陶瓷与金属相之间三维空间结构和良好的界面结合有利于摩擦载荷的传递; 金属基体中的石墨减摩作用保持摩擦系数的稳定; 三维陶瓷骨架在磨损表面形成硬的微突体并起承载作用, 制约了基体的塑性变形和高温软化, 有利于磨损表面氧化膜的留存。     

空心微珠-碳纤维共混改性聚酰亚胺复合材料的摩擦学性能

通过模压成型制备了碳纤维与空心微珠共混改性的聚酰亚胺复合材料,采用MRH-3型摩擦磨损试验机研究了空心微珠含量、滑动速度及载荷对复合材料摩擦学性能的影响,并对其磨损形貌及机制进行了分析.结果表明:空心微珠-碳纤维/聚酰亚胺复合材料摩擦学性能优于其单独填充的聚酰亚胺基复合材料;空心微珠含量对共混改性的复合材料摩擦系数影响不大,但其磨损率随着空心微珠含量的增加先减小后增大;15％空心微珠-10％碳纤维(质量分数)共混增强的复合材料的减摩耐磨性能最佳;随着滑动速度提高,空心微珠-碳纤维/聚酰亚胺复合材料的摩擦系数下降,磨损率增大;空心微珠-碳纤维/聚酰亚胺复合材料摩擦系数随着载荷增加先下降后上升,而磨损率则随着载荷增加而增大;空心微珠-碳纤维/聚酰亚胺的主要磨损机制在较低载荷时为磨粒磨损,在较高载荷时为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损.     

空心微珠-碳纤维共混改性聚酰亚胺复合材料的摩擦学性能

通过模压成型制备了碳纤维与空心微珠共混改性的聚酰亚胺复合材料, 采用MRH-3型摩擦磨损试验机研究了空心微珠含量、滑动速度及载荷对复合材料摩擦学性能的影响, 并对其磨损形貌及机制进行了分析。结果表明: 空心微珠-碳纤维/聚酰亚胺复合材料摩擦学性能优于其单独填充的聚酰亚胺基复合材料; 空心微珠含量对共混改性的复合材料摩擦系数影响不大, 但其磨损率随着空心微珠含量的增加先减小后增大; 15%空心微珠-10%碳纤维(质量分数)共混增强的复合材料的减摩耐磨性能最佳; 随着滑动速度提高, 空心微珠-碳纤维/聚酰亚胺复合材料的摩擦系数下降, 磨损率增大; 空心微珠-碳纤维/聚酰亚胺复合材料摩擦系数随着载荷增加先下降后上升, 而磨损率则随着载荷增加而增大; 空心微珠-碳纤维/聚酰亚胺的主要磨损机制在较低载荷时为磨粒磨损, 在较高载荷时为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损。     

Tribological properties of PTFE composites filled with surface-treated carbon fiber

Carbon fibers (CF) were surface treated with concentrated HNO₃, silane coupling agent, rare earth solution and rare earth sol, respectively. The friction and wear behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filled with differently surface treated CF were studied. The worn surfaces of CF/PTFE composites were then examined with scanning electron microscope (SEM). It is found that the wear volume loss of the rare earth sol treated CF filled PTFE composites reaches the lowest value when the modifier concentration is 10 wt%. It is only about 65% of the wear volume loss of the PTFE filled with untreated CF. Among all the treatments to CF, rare earth sol treatment is the most effective and the lowest friction and wear volume loss of CF/PTFE composite is exhibited.     

Mechanical properties improvement of carbon/carbon composites by two different matrixes

Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites with two different matrixes of pitch carbon and pyrolytic carbon were fabricated using 2-dimensional (2D) carbon felts preform. In order to study the effects of matrixes on mechanical properties, C/C composites with single matrix of pitch carbon were prepared. The mechanical properties were tested on CMT5304-30KN universal testing machine. Polarization microscope and scanning electron microscope were used to investigate the microstructures and fracture surface of C/C composites. It was resulted that the flexural strength of C/C composites with two matrixes was improved by 96% compared with that of C/C composites with single matrix. Meanwhile, better toughness was also obtained with two matrixes. For the composites, multilayer microstructures were generated after filling up of voids caused during carbonization of mesophase pitch by pyrolytic carbon. The multilayer microstructures were beneficial to the improvement of mechanical properties of C/C composites, especially the toughness. More energy could be dissipated during mechanical tests while cracks might extend along multiple paths, such as the interface between fiber and matrix or the interface between different matrixes.     

Tribological properties of surface modified nano-alumina/epoxy composites

Nano-sized Al₂O₃ particles grafted with polystyrene or polyarcrylamide were employed as fillers for fabricating epoxy based composites. Curing habit, mechanical properties and tribological performance revealed by sliding wear tests of the composites were investigated. The experimental results indicated that the nanoparticles accelerate curing of epoxy, increase composites' impact strength and decrease wear rate and frictional coefficient of the composites. The surface modification by means of grafting polymerization can further enhance the properties improvement of epoxy due to the increased filler/matrix interfacial interaction. Compared to frictional coefficient, wear rate of epoxy can be decreased more remarkably by the addition of nano-alumina when rubbing against steel. The wear mode changes from severe peeling off of unfilled epoxy to mild micro-ploughing in the case of nano-alumina filled composites.     

连续制动条件下泡沫陶瓷/金属双连续相复合材料的摩擦磨损性能EI北大核心CSCD

为解决履带式特种车辆机械制动器过热失效问题,采用挤压铸造法制备SiC/Cu和SiC/Fe双连续相复合材料,研究两种材料在连续紧急制动工况和连续高温制动工况下的摩擦磨损性能。结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱分析(EDS)、三维形貌仪等手段分析摩擦因数、温度和磨损率的变化规律,揭示相应的磨损机理。结果表明:在连续紧急制动实验中,接触表面经历了摩擦膜形成和层间断裂过程,摩擦因数随接合次数增加略微下降,并趋于稳定。在前40次接合中,SiC/Cu和SiC/Fe摩擦副的磨损率整体下降。在40~60次接合中,SiC/Cu摩擦副黏着磨损、氧化磨损和疲劳磨损加剧,磨损率升高。而SiC/Fe摩擦副以磨粒磨损为主,磨损率较低。在连续高温制动实验中,摩擦因数在前6次接合中逐渐升高,制动时间逐渐缩短。在第6次接合后,摩擦副边缘区域出现的黏着磨损和疲劳磨损导致力矩下降,摩擦因数和制动时间均呈先降后升趋势。连续高温制动过程中以严重的黏着磨损为主,SiC/Cu和SiC/Fe摩擦副的磨损率均随接合次数增加而升高。     

Static friction properties of carbon/carbon composites

Preforms were made from 1K PAN plain carbon cloth and densified using the rapid directional diffusion chemical vapor infiltration (RDD CVI) processes. Four carbon/carbon (C/C) composite specimens treated at 1800 (specimen A), 1800+2000 (B), 2000 (C), and 2300 °C (D), respectively, were prepared, then machined into ring-on-ring specimen configurations. The influence of high-temperature heat treatment and the test temperatures on the static friction properties of the C/C composites has been researched. The results show that the high-temperature heat treatment processes has an important impact on the static friction behaviors of RDD CVI C/C composites. With raising the treatment temperature, the interlayer spacing of the matrix carbon in them becomes small, and the crystallite width as well as height increase. Under the test at room temperature, the static friction coefficients (FC) of the specimen treated at 1800 °C (A) are the lowest, but become very big and the highest under the test temperature of 260 °C due to desorption of the water absorbed on the friction surface. The composites treated at 2000 °C (C) exhibit enough high static friction coefficients under room temperature owing to their absorption of less water and the difficult delamination of the matrix carbon. However, in the test temperature of 260 °C or after the dynamic friction tests, their static FC is low. The specimen treated at 2300 °C (D) has a low FC at 260 °C heat condition, but its FC is higher than that of A and C under room temperature and largest after dynamic friction tests. No matter how high the heated temperatures are, the static FC of C/C composites decreases with an increase of the brake-specific pressure. When the specific pressure is very high and exceeds a certain value, the static FC is almost the same for specimens B, C, and D.     

纤维/Ekonol/PTFE复合材料的力学与摩擦学性能研究

对比考察了碳纤维(CF)、六钛酸钾晶须(PTW)分别与聚苯酯(Ekonol)混合填充对聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)复合材料的力学与摩擦学性能的影响,并探讨了内部机理.结果表明:PTW相比于传统纤维CF,尺寸细微,具有微区增强特性,PTW的填充提高了Ekonol/PTFE复合材料的致密程度,协助形成更为均匀、致密的转移膜,相比于CF/Ekonol/PTFE复合材料,有着较好的力学性能、摩擦稳定性、耐磨性,进一步改善了Ekonol/PTFE复合材料的综合性能.纤维、Ekonol混合填充PTFE,二者表现出协同润滑与减磨效应.纤维协助均匀、致密的转移膜的形成;而硬质Ekonol颗粒在纤维和对偶之间可能起到了一种第三体滚动效应,避免了纤维受到较为严重的磨损,从而提高复合材料的摩擦磨损性能.