钨酸铅（PbWO4）闪烁晶体研究进展

钨酸铅（ＰｂＷＯ４）闪烁晶体是拟使用于西欧大型强子对撞机（ＬＨＣ）中精密电磁量能器量有希望的候选者，本文概要介绍了近年来国际上对于钨酸铅晶体的研究进展。包括它的闪烁性能、发光机制、辐照硬度和杂质效应等。本文最后列出了欧洲核子研究中心（ＣＥＲＮ）的ＣＣＣ组最近对７５根大尺寸ＰＷＯ晶体综合测试的统计结果。这有助于建立批量生产ＰＷＯ晶体的质量监控方法。     

无机闪烁晶体及其应用

本世纪４０年代后期发现ＮａＩ：Ｔｌ晶体具有优良的闪烁特性后，ＮａＩ：Ｔｌ被广泛应用于Ｘ射线和γ射线的探测技术。随着核探测技术在医学、物理、化学、地质勘探等科学技术领域中的发展，一系列无机闪烁晶体，如ＢＧＯ、ＣＷＯ、ＣｓＩ：Ｔｌ、ＣｓＩ等相继问世，并在这些领域中得到了应用。近年来，为了提高核医疗设备如ＰＥＴ等的性能和建造大型高能物理实验装置，如ＳＳＣ和ＬＨＣ，对新型快速、高密度、耐辐照的无机闪烁晶体     

闪烁晶体材料的研究进展

闪烁晶体用于X射线和γ射线等高能粒子探测,在分子医学成像、高能物理、核物理、安全检查、材料无损探伤和地质探矿等领域有着广泛的应用。随着人们对闪烁晶体的更加深入的认识以及晶体生长技术的发展,许多已开发的闪烁晶体的性能得到优化和提高,应用范围也随之扩大,随着应用的更高要求,对闪烁晶体的综合性能要求越来越高,进一步设计、发现、开发和生长具有高密度、优良光学均匀性、高能束粒子阻止本领、高光产额、快衰减、高稳定性、低成本等综合优良性能的闪烁晶体仍然是闪烁材料研究的重点。简要综述了近年来卤化物、钨酸盐、锗(硅)酸盐、铝酸盐和硼(磷)酸盐等重要闪烁晶体材料的研究进展及其闪烁性能和应用前景。     

高温闪烁晶体Ce:YAP中的小角度晶界

通过腐蚀形貌和XRD摇摆曲线,观察到了垂直和平行于Ce:YAP[010]方向的两组晶面内存在的小角度晶界(镶嵌结构间界),根据SEM形貌估算出(010)面内小角晶界的夹角为51”;四晶XRD摇摆曲线的结果表明,平行于[010]向的晶面内小角晶界的夹角为58”;摇摆曲线的半峰宽为54”,根据Darwin理论算出理想晶体的半峰宽为17”,并由此分析了晶体的完整性.     

新型闪烁晶体Ln2SiO5的研究进展

作为新型无机闪烁晶体材料,稀土硅酸盐系列晶体Ln2SiO5(Ln-Gd3+,Y3+,Lu3+)近年来受到广泛关注.本文综述了Ln2SiO5系列晶体的结构,Ce3+荧光机制及晶体生长研究的进展,总结了它们的闪烁性能,应用和有待深入研究的问题.     

掺杂YAG闪烁晶体研究进展

总结了不同离子掺杂YAG晶体的生长、闪烁特性和Ce∶YAG晶体的发光机理。Yb∶YAG晶体具有非常短的衰减时间(0.98ns),但光产额只有约1190phot/MeV。Ce∶YAG晶体的衰减时间为88ns,光产额可达26000phot/MeV,它具有优良的综合性能,已应用于闪烁探测器和大规模集成电路检测。Gd或Gd/Ga等稀土离子与Ce共掺可进一步提高YAG晶体的闪烁性能,最高光产额达44000phot/MeV,衰减时间为56.9ns。     

闪烁晶体的生长与宏观缺陷研究

用提拉法生长了Lu2Si2O7：Ce晶体，讨论了晶体生长过程中的几个问题；（1）熔体挥发；（2）晶体开裂；（3）层状包裹．生长过程中LPS和SiO2均存在挥发，其中后者占主导；LPS挥发不会造成组分偏析，因此对生长过程没有负面的影响．接种温度偏低导致晶体出现多晶化和晶体中较大的热应力是促使开裂发生的主要原因．层状包裹现象的出现主要是由于该晶体的结晶温度范围狭窄，熔体容易出现组分过冷，以及生长设备的温控系统精度不高等造成的．     

标准化助力打造上海品牌晶体

锗酸铋晶体是一种综合性能优异的无机闪烁晶体,广泛应用于核医学、高能物理、核物理、天体物理、环境监测、地质勘探和石油测井等辐射探测领域。本文通过分析上海硅酸盐所锗酸铋晶体研制生产历程和标准化经验,充分展示了标准化引领、支撑和促进上海品牌晶体研制生产的作用。     

PbF2：Gd,Eu晶体X射线激发的发射光谱

用脱氧剂非真空环境下、Ｓｔｏｃｋｂａｒｇｅｒ方法生长未掺和掺钆和铕的、浓度范围在０．１￣０．２ｗｔ％的ＰｂＦ２：β晶体。本文报导Ｘ射线激发ＰｂＦ２：Ｇｄ晶体的Ｇｄ＾３＋发射。揭示了分别来自＾６Ｐ和＾６Ｉ多重态３１２．５和２７７．４ｎｍ发射带，而＾６Ｄ→＾８Ｓ发射被点阵再吸收。＾６Ｉ的发射强度低于＾６Ｐ，说明＾６Ｐ能级优先占据。室温下以Ｘ射线激发在３６８．９和８１４．５ｎｍ之间观察到１４条Ｅｕ＾３＋     

ZnWO4 scintillators for cryogenic dark matter experiments

The scintillation properties of a zinc tungstate crystal, shaped as a hexagonal prism (height 40 mm, diagonal 40 mm) were determined. An energy resolution of 10.7% for the 662 keV γ-line of ¹³⁷Cs was measured with the scintillator placed in a light collection setup similar to that used by the CRESST dark matter search. The light output and decay kinetics of ZnWO₄ were examined over the temperature range 7–300 K and confirmed to be competitive with those of CaWO₄. The radioactive contaminations of the ZnWO₄ scintillator measured in the Solotvina Underground Laboratory do not exceed 0.1–10 mBq/kg (depending on radionuclide). Our study highlights the excellent feasibility of this ZnWO₄ scintillator for a cryogenic dark matter experiment.     

Novel methods for measuring afterglow in developmental scintillators for X-ray and neutron detection

In this paper we discuss two novel methods of measuring afterglow in scintillators. One method is designed for X-ray detection and the other for neutron detection applications. In the first method a commercial fan-beam scanner of basic design similar to those seen at airports is used to deliver a typically 12 ms long X-ray pulse to a scintillator by passing the test equipment through the scanner on the conveyor belt. In the second method the thermal neutron beam from a research reactor is incident on the scintillator. The beam is cut-off in about 1 ms using a ¹⁰B impregnated aluminum pneumatic shutter, and the afterglow is recorded on a dual range storage oscilloscope to capture both the steady state intensity and the weak decay. We describe these measurement methods and the results obtained for a range of developmental ceramic and glass scintillators, as well as some standard scintillators such as NaI(Tl), LiI(Eu) and the plastic scintillator NE102A. Preliminary modeling of the afterglow is presented.     

Fast timing with plastic scintillators for in-beam heavy-ion spectroscopy

The design, R&D, and testing of a new plastic-scintillator detector for Time-of-Flight measurements with relativistic heavy-ion beams are presented. A design approach using 32 independent precise timing measurements of the same physical event is followed. This is different from the conventional scheme, which aims at two or four high-precision measurements. A circular, 27 cm in diameter, BC-420 plastic-scintillator sheet is read-out by 32 photomultiplier tubes in order to achieve an intrinsic detector resolution on the order of 10 ps root mean square.     

Heat transfer studies for a crystal in a synchrotron radiation beamline

Heat load studies have been performed for the first crystal of a double crystal monochromator to be installed in a beamline of the 2·5 GeV synchrotron radiation source Indus-2. Finite element analysis (FEA) has been used to calculate the temperature distribution and the mechanical distortions on these crystals. Several cases of cooling schemes and heat loads have been studied. Based on these FEA results, the analytical relationships available in the literature have been modified. It is shown that modified analytical results compare well with the empirical results obtained from FEA. The optimisation of the cooling conditions can be achieved by doing FEA calculations for only one case. All other cases can then be calculated by using analytical relations proposed here. The proposed analytical equations are generic in nature and can be applied for any source—crystal combination and therefore would be useful for performance prediction of any new monochromator on a new synchrotron source without taking recourse to time consuming, computation-intensive FEA.     

Beam shaping of light sources using circular photonic crystal funnel

A novel two-dimensional circular photonic crystal (CPC) structure with a sectorial opening for shaping the beam of light sources was designed and investigated. When combined with light sources, the structure acts like an antenna emitting a directional beam which could be advantageously used in several nanophotonic applications. Using the two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (2D FDTD) method, we examined the effects of geometrical parameters of the structure on the directional and transmission properties of emitted radiation. Further, we examined the transmitting and receiving properties of a pair of identical structures as a function of distance between them.     

Quality of the YB66 crystal of BL15XU at SPring-8

The quality of the YB₆₆ crystal was investigated by rocking curve measurements using a conventional X-ray source and the synchrotron radiation of BL15XU at SPring-8 before and after the irradiation with synchrotron radiation. It is confirmed by evaluating the full-width at half-maximum of rocking curve and by the Lang topographic method that the YB₆₆ crystal has a nonuniform quality and distribution of energy resolution, and that density of dislocations and subgrain boundary structures depended on the position of the crystal, as reported previously. A significant change in the quality of the YB₆₆ crystal was not observed between before and after irradiation of synchrotron radiation. The qualities of single YB₆₆ crystals are sufficiently good to maintain a high resolution for dispersing synchrotron radiation at power density and power of not more than 1.7 W/mm² and 0.13 W, respectively, for about 1000 h at the third-generation light source SPring-8.

Furthermore, reactivity of YB₆₆ crystal with GaIn was studied by SEM, EDX in the laboratory and by a transmission function of synchrotron radiation dispersed by a YB₆₆ (4 0 0) double-crystal monochromator in the beam study of BL15XU. From these experiments, it is concluded that the reaction of YB₆₆ crystal with GaIn does not occur. Thus, GaIn as an interface material between a YB₆₆ crystal and a Cu holder coated with Ni is available for an indirect cooling system of BL15XU at SPring-8.     

Evaluation of large deuterated scintillators for fast neutron detection (E=0.5-20 MeV) using the D(d,n)He, C(d,n) and Al(d,n) reactions

The response of large deuterated liquid scintillators (up to 10 cm diameter by 15 cm) to neutrons 0.5-20 MeV has been studied using the 2.5 MeV neutron generator at the University of Michigan, and the d(d,n), ¹³C(d,n), ²⁷Al(d,n) and other reactions at the University of Notre Dame FN tandem accelerator. The latter utilize 9 and 16 MeV deuteron beams including a pulsed beam, which permitted time-of-flight measurements. Combining pulse-shape discrimination and time-of-flight allows gating on specific neutron energy groups to determine the detector response to specific neutron energies. This will permit accurate simulation of the detector response functions for applications of these detectors in nuclear research and homeland security applications.     

晶片干涉中多种光波的叠加问题

光波在晶体表面来回反射形成了多种不同振幅的光波,光波叠加方式的不同会产生完全不同的效果.针对o光与e光非相干叠加和相干叠加两种情况,导出了光强公式.用铌酸锂晶体做了实验,结果与理论十分吻合.这对于分析晶体偏光干涉测量中的干扰以及充分利用干涉图信息改进测量方法与测量精度均具有重要意义.     

VA-TFT用负介电各向异性液晶材料研究进展

综述了VA-TFT(垂直取向薄膜晶体管驱动)用负介电各向异性液晶的结构及性质.重点介绍了近年来开发出的一些具有大的介电各向异性、低黏度、高清亮点的新型液晶,如侧向氟取代萘环、茚环类,轴向氟代环己烷类,含多氟取代类液晶等.     

High-mobility organic semiconducting crystal for direct X-ray detection

Tissue-equivalent pure organic semiconducting crystals (OSCs) have unique advantages in direct X-ray detectors (DXDs), especially for biological tissue fluoroscopy, but their low carrier mobility and inherent weak absorption restrict the limit-of-detection (LoD) and sensitivity of DXDs. High-mobility OSCs theoretically facilitate charge collection and performance leaps, however, they are rare and suffer from poor solubility due to high conjugation, leading to nearly impossible crystal growth from solution and subsequent device applications. Here we report an ingenious solution-processed crystal-growth and high-performance DXD using 2,6-diphenylanthracene (2,6-DPA), a high-mobility OSC we developed recently. In contrast to previous OSCs, high-mobility 2,6-DPA exhibits low dark current density and large photoconductive gain, resulting in record-breaking LoD of <85 nGy_air s⁻¹ and sensitivity of >10³ μC Gy_air⁻¹ cm⁻². Compared with semiconductors containing high-Z atoms (Z is atomic number), the accuracy of 2,6-DPA based DXDs is not affected by near-edge absorption effects. Moreover, the non-linear relationship between irradiation current and dose rate is confirmed as a high injection effect. High mobility and ingenious crystal growth strategy make 2,6-DPA an ideal active material for DXDs and also provide the possibility for more optoelectronic applications.