固定管板式换热器管板热应力分析及控制措施

介绍了固定管板式换热器管板设计标准,分析了管板热应力产生机理,寻求减小管板热应力的有效途径,对指导管板设计、优化管板结构及改善换热器性能等具有重要的意义。     

奥氏体不锈钢0Cr18Ni9管板裂纹失效机理分析

对出现开裂后的材质为奥氏体不锈钢0Cr18Ni9的管板进行了现场与实验室检测。实验与理论分析结果表明,管板开裂为脆性断裂和正断断裂,裂纹从管板表面首先形成,低温是管板变脆的原因,管程中的介质使管板表面产生氧化层以及温度差所产生的热应变循环作用是裂纹产生及扩展的原因。并对此类管板的制造与使用提出了建议。     

焊接对管头与管板间的胀接连接的影响的讨论

为换热器制造开发高质量的换热管与管板的连接技术,利用ANSYS有限元分析软件模拟分析换热管与管板间的连接形式。采用胀焊结合的连接形式时,焊接产生的热应力和胀接产生的残余接触应力之间互有影响。胀接分析过程中根据材料的力学、物理性能,引入材料的几何非线性和接触非线性理论分析[1],采用多线性随动强化准则,计算胀管压力卸除后换热管与管板之间的残余接触应力,得出最高效、最合适的胀接压力。焊接分析过程中利用ANSYS软件进行模拟计算,采用单元生成技术,得出强度焊产生的热应力的影响范围。本方法为换热管与管板接头的结构设计和工艺参数优选提供了理论依据。     

换热器不同工况下管板的应力分析与评定

使用ANSYS Workbench分析管板在管壳式换热器4种工况下压力载荷对应力分布的影响规律,并对比分析了温度载荷对管板应力分布的影响程度。结果表明:存在温度载荷的工况中,管板非布管区域应力较小且分布均匀,在换热管连接处应力最大;温度载荷对管板应力分布影响很大,螺栓预紧力也会对应力分布产生影响。针对分析结果,将管板厚度由40mm减小至30mm后,管板应力依旧满足安全要求。     

高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器管板温度场与应力场分析

针对高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器管板组件模型使用WORKBENCH进行热应力分析,采用直接耦合应力方法计算管板应力分布。结果表明:管板分程隔板两侧的温度场分布具有一定的相似性;管板的最大应力出现在与壳体接触的边缘处;传热管在与管板接触的部位产生了明显的应力集中现象。     

换热器管子-管板液压胀接的有限元模拟

采用ANSYS/CAE软件 ,对锅炉、换热器管子 管板的液压胀接过程进行了模拟。管子与管板孔之间采用面 面接触元以模拟相互之间的间隙及管子产生塑性变形并贴紧管板孔后对管板的作用。通过本文的模拟分析 ,可获得胀接时接头处的弹 塑性应力状态及卸除胀接压力后管子与管板之间的残余接触压力。值得注意的是此接触压力沿管板厚度方向分布是不均匀的 ;在管孔槽处会出现较高的数值 ;在管板内侧处 ,管子的过渡区会出现较大的残余拉应力     

乙二醇再沸器管束振动破坏机理分析

通过一台立式固定管板再沸器管子与管板连接处泄漏问题的分析 ,发现再沸器管口泄漏的主要原因是在壳程蒸汽的横向流作用下 ,管束产生小振幅的振动 ,给管子 管板连接处施加了一周期性的交变应力 ,导致管口疲劳破坏。为此 ,对带有换热管及焊缝的管口做了有限元应力分析 ,对管子 管板焊接结构疲劳强度进行了试验研究     

E0402高压蒸汽发生器管板裂纹分析及对策

通过对高压蒸汽发生器管板裂纹分析,找出了管板产生裂纹的原因是受应力腐蚀的影响,提出将管板材料改为１５ＣｒＭｏ,以减少管板的腐蚀,以及在管束制作完后进行整体消除应力退火热处理,以消除制作加工中的残余应力,有效地防止管束的泄漏,保证生产运行平稳。     

列管式换热器管板变形的原因及防止变形的工艺

详细分析了换热器中管板变形的原因,主要是管板的加工变形及加工时产生的变形,提出了防止管板变形的工艺对策。     

高压锅炉给水预热器缺陷问题分析

介绍高压锅炉给水预热器管箱与管板的环焊缝裂纹缺陷情况,分析其产生原因,提出修复对策。     

再沸器管板内管壁腐蚀原因分析及处理措施

管板与列管的连接处发生腐蚀是典型的间隙腐蚀情况,避免产生间隙腐蚀的措施是尽量不造成缝隙结构,合理选择耐蚀材料。     

From Cocoa to Chocolate: Effect of Processing on Flavanols and Methylxanthines and Their Mechanisms of Action

Despite the health benefits associated with the ingestion of the bioactive compounds in cocoa, the high concentrations of polyphenols and methylxanthines in the raw cocoa beans negatively influence the taste, confer the astringency and bitterness, and affect the stability and digestibility of the cocoa products. It is, therefore, necessary to process cocoa beans to develop the characteristic color, taste, and flavor, and reduce the astringency and bitterness, which are desirable in cocoa products. Processing, however, affects the composition and quantities of the bioactive compounds, resulting in the modification of the health-promoting properties of cocoa beans and chocolate. In this advanced review, we sought to better understand the effect of cocoa’s transformational process into chocolate on polyphenols and methylxanthine and the mechanism of action of the original flavanols and methylxanthines. More data on the cocoa processing effect on cocoa bioactives are still needed for better understanding the effect of each processing step on the final polyphenolic and methylxanthine composition of chocolate and other cocoa products. Regarding the mechanisms of action, theobromine acts through the modulation of the fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial function, and energy metabolism pathways, while flavanols mainly act though the protein kinases and antioxidant pathways. Both flavanols and theobromine seem to be involved in the nitric oxide and neurotrophin regulation.     

柠檬酸和谷氨酸N，N-二乙酸优化处理污泥重金属

采用柠檬酸（CA）和谷氨酸N,N-二乙酸（GLDA）处理污泥重金属,研究了试剂浓度、pH和反应时间对重金属去除效果的影响,并以重金属去除率为表征,通过正交试验获得CA和GLDA处理重金属的最佳条件。结果表明,增加试剂用量、降低体系pH均有利于重金属的去除,但延长反应时间对重金属的去除效果影响不明显。CA和GLDA处理污泥重金属的最佳条件分别为：CA 0.3 mol·L^-1、pH 4、反应时间2 h和GLDA 0.05 mol·L^-1、pH 4、反应时间3 h。最佳反应条件下,对于CA和GLDA,重金属Cd、Cu、Pb和Ni的去除率可分别达80.25%、77.75%、64.66%和75.16%,及78.57%、78.48%、64.84%和76.71%。CA和GLDA对重金属的去除效果大小顺序均为：Cd>Cu> Ni>Pb,但GLDA的处理效果优于CA。污泥经CA和GLDA处理后,污泥固相酸溶态重金属含量下降幅度最大,平均达81%,残渣态重金属含量下降52.1%,而污泥液相中重金属含量则增加了17.54倍,说明重金属从污泥固相向液相转移。SEM镜检发现,污泥由处理前表面分散的絮状结构,变成更为明显的团块结构和片层结构,污泥的吸附能力下降,且体积缩小。研究结果表明,CA和GLDA处理污泥能有效降低污泥重金属含量并提高污泥固相重金属的化学稳定性,有利于污泥脱水及脱水后的进一步处理及其资源化。     

木质纤维生物质半纤维素分子模拟应用研究进展

木质纤维生物质资源是重要的可再生生物质资源,主要包含纤维素、半纤维素和木质素。半纤维素含量仅次于纤维素,是一种丰富、可再生的植物资源,其可水解制备重要化学品以及改性制备多功能材料。本文综述了生物质半纤维素分子模拟应用研究进展,从半纤维素大分子形态及其与纤维素结合方式的分子模拟研究和半纤维素制备化学品及材料的分子模拟研究2个方面进行阐述,从模拟结果可以看出半纤维素在细胞壁中与纤维素和木质素的相互作用及其本身的大分子形态对木质纤维生物质三大素的提取利用具有显著影响。分子模拟有利于理解过程机理,对反应效率的提高具有重要理论指导意义。最后对分子模拟在半纤维素研究的发展应用进行了展望,指出目前半纤维素分子模拟的空白领域,主要包括半纤维素液化生产生物油、木糖异构化生产木酮糖、半纤维素与木质素之间的结合方式以及其他的半纤维素基材料等,这些有待进一步的探索与研究。     

热泵干燥过程中低温热泵补热的应用分析

针对木材干燥中的不利工况,提高干燥系统的可靠性,根据两级压缩制冷循环原理,提出了低温热泵和干燥热泵的耦合应用方案。使用能量的（火用）损失模型,分别对干燥系统进行热量、干燥介质的质扩散和除湿过程的（火用）损失进行分析。在低温热泵20、22、24、26、28、30℃以及关闭低温热泵的供热情况下分别测试计算了干燥热泵压缩机的排气温度与能耗、热泵性能系数（COP）以及热力完善度,同时测得木材含水率下降1%,系统的干燥用时和能耗。结果表明：相比于关闭低温热泵,开启低温热泵后干燥热泵的排气温度最多减少了16℃,COP皆有所提高。由于主机室温度升高后,系统循环的不可逆程度增加,热力完善度随着供热温度增加逐渐降低。开启低温热泵后干燥热泵的供热量和用时比关闭低温热泵最大分别增加44%,减少46%。     

干湿循环作用下混凝土力学性能及微观结构研究

为揭示混凝土在干湿循环作用下的劣化机理,本文对不同强度等级的混凝土进行干湿循环试验,并在试验过程中测定混凝土的抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、超声波速、孔隙率等物理量,探究了干湿循环作用对混凝土物理力学性能的影响,并从微观尺度上分析了混凝土强度与孔结构的关系。结果表明:混凝土的强度随干湿循环次数的增加先升高后降低,干湿循环40次后,C20、C30、C40、C50混凝土的相对抗压强度分别下降了13.33%、12.47%、8.45%、6.58%,相对劈裂抗拉强度分别下降了25.93%、23.06%、20.59%、19.03%,相对劈裂抗拉强度较抗压强度衰减更为显著;超声波速和超声波幅表现出不同的变化规律,随着干湿循环次数的增加,超声波速先略有增加而后减小,超声波幅则不断增大;在干湿交替的环境中,混凝土试样的孔隙率、孔隙总体积、平均孔径、中值孔径、最可几孔径随着干湿循环次数的增多,先减小后增大,最终表现出孔径粗化特征,这也是混凝土强度后期损失的内在原因。     

可生物降解分离膜材料及其应用研究进展

在绿色化学理念的引导下,可生物降解膜材料受到了广泛的关注,有望成为传统分离膜材料的补充和替代品。本文首先分析了传统的不可降解分离膜材料的现状及问题,然后综述了当前较为热门的几种可生物降解膜材料,讨论了它们的发展状况,详细介绍了它们在膜相关领域中的应用,并针对它们的局限性做出了说明并提出了一些解决方案。随后,分析了可生物降解膜材料的生物降解机理,从分子结构角度对膜材料的可生物降解性进行了说明,这将有利于剖析膜材料生物降解的本质,进而平衡膜材料在使用中的稳定性和生物降解性。最后,文章对可生物降解膜材料在发展中遇到的问题进行了展望,并指出随着研究的不断深入,可生物降解膜材料具有广阔的前景和深远的现实意义。     

过氧化氢催化活化体系及其在危化品消毒中的应用

随着我国化工行业的飞速发展,危险化学品事故时有发生,洗消成为化学应急处置的关键技术环节之一。本文综合考虑化学品的毒性、产销量、洗消的必要性等因素,初步建立了潜在危化品洗消污染物谱系;同时,在论述洗消原理及洗消剂的基础上,重点探讨了无机催化剂和有机活化剂对过氧化氢的催化活化原理。无机催化体系主要包含金属离子、金属盐和金属配位体,活性成分为·OH、¹O₂等;有机活化剂主要有酯类、酰胺类、脒类、胍类和腈类等,活性成分为过氧酸或过氧亚酰胺酸。各类体系在危化品消毒处置和漂白印染等领域都有研究和应用,有望成为未来危化品消毒剂的发展主体。本文可为过氧化物类消毒剂产品的研发提供一定的理论依据,为应对危化品事故应急救援洗消需求奠定技术基础。     

基于甘草配伍黄芩同时泡沫分离甘草酸和黄芩苷

为了同时分离甘草中有表面活性的甘草酸和黄芩中无表面活性的黄芩苷,开发了甘草配伍黄芩泡沫分离工艺。通过荧光光谱、紫外吸收光谱和红外吸收光谱分析表明,甘草酸与黄芩苷存在相互作用,并且甘草黄芩配伍强化了甘草酸和黄芩苷的提取。以甘草酸和黄芩苷的富集比和回收率为评价指标,当温度为40℃、气体体积流量为100 ml·min^-1、甘草酸初始浓度为0.2 g·L^-1、甘草黄芩质量比为3：1时,获得甘草酸的富集比和回收率分别为11.0和73.5%,黄芩苷的富集比和回收率分别为5.8和38.5%。通过甘草与黄芩配伍,利用泡沫分离获得黄芩中的黄芩苷。同时,与单独泡沫分离甘草中甘草酸相比,甘草酸的富集比提高了194.9%,回收率提高了23.3%。因此,甘草配伍黄芩能有效泡沫分离甘草酸和黄芩苷。     

Applications of Nanozymology in the Detection and Identification of Viral,Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens

Nanozymes are synthetic nanoparticulate materials that mimic the biological activities of enzymes by virtue of their surface chemistry. Enzymes catalyze biological reactions with a very high degree of specificity. Examples include the horseradish peroxidase, lactate, glucose, and cholesterol oxidases. For this reason, many industrial uses of enzymes outside their natural environments have been developed. Similar to enzymes, many industrial applications of nanozymes have been developed and used. Unlike the enzymes, however, nanozymes are cost-effectively prepared, purified, stored, and reproducibly and repeatedly used for long periods of time. The detection and identification of pathogens is among some of the reported applications of nanozymes. Three of the methodologic milestones in the evolution of pathogen detection and identification include the incubation and growth, immunoassays and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) strategies. Although advances in the history of pathogen detection and identification have given rise to novel methods and devices, these are still short of the response speed, accuracy and cost required for point-of-care use. Debuting recently, nanozymology offers significant improvements in the six methodological indicators that are proposed as being key in this review, including simplicity, sensitivity, speed of response, cost, reliability, and durability of the immunoassays and PCR strategies. This review will focus on the applications of nanozymes in the detection and identification of pathogens in samples obtained from foods, natural, and clinical sources. It will highlight the impact of nanozymes in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent and PCR strategies by discussing the mechanistic improvements and the role of the design and architecture of the nanozyme nanoconjugates. Because of their contribution to world health burden, the three most important pathogens that will be considered include viruses, bacteria and fungi. Although not quite seen as pathogens, the review will also consider the detection of cancer cells and helminth parasites. The review leaves very little doubt that nanozymology has introduced remarkable advances in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and PCR strategies for detecting these five classes of pathogens. However, a gap still exists in the application of nanozymes to detect and identify fungal pathogens directly, although indirect strategies in which nanozymes are used have been reported. From a mechanistic point of view, the nanozyme technology transfer to laboratory research methods in PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay studies, and the point-of-care devices such as electronic biosensors and lateral flow detection strips, that is currently taking place, is most likely to give rise to no small revolution in each of the six methodological indicators for pathogen detection and identification. While the evidence of widespread research reports, clinical trials and point-of-care device patents support this view, the gaps that still exist point to a need for more basic research studies to be conducted on the applications of nanozymology in pathogen detection and identification. The multidisciplinary nature of the research on the application of nanozymes in the detection and identification of pathogens requires chemists and physicists for the design, fabrication, and characterization of nanozymes; microbiologists for the design, testing and analysis of the methodologies, and clinicians or clinical researchers for the evaluation of the methodologies and devices in the clinic. Many reports have also implicated required skills in mathematical modelling, and electronic engineering. While the review will conclude with a synopsis of the impact of nanozymology on the detection and identification of viruses, bacteria, fungi, cancer cells, and helminths, it will also point out opportunities that exist in basic research as well as opportunities for innovation aimed at novel laboratory methodologies and devices. In this regard there is no doubt that there are numerous unexplored research areas in the application of nanozymes for the detection of pathogens. For example, most research on the applications of nanozymes for the detection and identification of fungi is so far limited only to the detection of mycotoxins and other chemical compounds associated with fungal infection. Therefore, there is scope for exploration of the application of nanozymes in the direct detection of fungi in foods, especially in the agricultural production thereof. Many fungal species found in seeds severely compromise their use by inactivating the germination thereof. Fungi also produce mycotoxins that can severely compromise the health of humans if consumed.