油酸甲酯影响柴油机油清净性模拟研究

在柴油机油中加入不同比例的油酸甲酯,采用变温成漆板模拟实验,研究油酸甲酯对柴油机油清净性的影响,结果表明,油酸甲酯明显加速了柴油机油氧化变质。随着油酸甲酯加入比例提高、铝板板温增加,柴油机油清净性随之变差。不同比例的油酸甲酯对不同质量等级的柴油机油清净性影响有所不同,其由大到小的顺序为10%油酸甲酯+CD 15W/40,5%油酸甲酯+CD 15W/40,CD 15W/40,10%油酸甲酯+CF-4 15W/40,5%油酸甲酯+CF-4 15W/40,CF-4 15W/40。     

棉油酸甲酯改性胺固化剂的合成及性能研究

利用棉油酸甲酯制备了一种环氧树脂固化剂棉油酸甲酯改性胺,研究了棉油酸甲酯改性胺用量对环氧树脂体系的力学性能和热性能的影响,利用红外光谱、热分析、动态力学分析讨论了棉油酸甲酯改性胺的结构、环氧树脂固化物的性能。结果表明,环氧树脂固化物的拉伸性能、弯曲性能和冲击强度随着棉油酸甲酯改性胺用量的增加而增加。     

二烷基二硫代磷酸锌与硫、磷添加剂的复配特性研究

在四球机上考察了二烷基二硫代磷酸锌（ZDDP）及其与硫、磷、硫－磷极压抗磨剂复合对润滑油的极压抗磨性能的影响。实验表明,这类含活性元素的添加剂适当复配后,对极压抗磨性能有增效作用;同一类型添加剂活性愈高,增效作用愈明显。     

含硫原油研制无锌抗磨液压油

本文介绍了研制无锌抗磨液压油的过程,重点考察了无灰极压抗磨剂、金属钝化剂、防锈剂和清净分散剂对提高液压油极压抗磨性、水解安定性、热稳定性的作用。试验结果表明,采用含硫原油基础油可以研制出符合GB11118.1-94标准要求的抗磨液压油。     

光催化合成氯代甲氧基脂肪酸甲酯增塑剂的性能研究

以油酸甲酯、甲醇及氯气为原料,利用光催化合成了氯代甲氧基脂肪酸甲酯增塑剂,并对其替代DOP应用于PVC进行了性能研究。考察了增塑剂的含氯量以及与DOP复配对增塑PVC材料的力学性能的影响;测定了增塑剂的电绝缘性、增塑PVC材料的热稳定性。研究表明:氯代甲氧基脂肪酸甲酯增塑剂与DOP复配应用于PVC中具有优良的增塑性能,且能够赋予PVC制品更优异的电绝缘性及热稳定性。     

杂多酸催化油酸甲酯环氧化的研究

研究了以磷钨酸-D1821(磷钨酸双十八烷基季铵盐)作催化剂,二氯甲烷作溶剂,30%过氧化氢存在下油酸甲酯的环氧化反应,考察了反应条件对油酸甲酯环氧反应的影响,得到的优化反应条件为:m(30%过氧化氢)∶m(油酸甲酯)=1∶1,m(二氯甲烷)∶m(油酸甲酯)=1.5∶1,m(催化剂)∶m(油酸甲酯)=25‰。在最优条件下得到的环氧油酸甲酯的碘值在4.3 g I2/100 g左右,环氧值在3.95 g/100 g左右,酸值在0.2 mg KOH/g左右,均达到了一等品的要求。     

油酸甲酯和硬脂酸甲酯热解特性及动力学研究

通过热重分析仪对油酸甲酯和硬脂酸甲酯的热解特性进行了研究,发现油酸甲酯相变硬脂酸甲酯具有较差的热安定性。在升温速率分别为10、15、20、30℃/min条件下,利用TG-DTG曲线分析了它们的基本热解特性。结果表明,随着升温速率的增加,它们的起始热分解温度、最大失重速率、最大失重速率峰值温度以及其他热分解参数均呈增大趋势。同时,用多元线性回归法求得相应的反应级数、活化能和指前因子,发现油酸甲酯和硬脂酸甲酯的热解反应机理函数不同,且反应活化能和指前因子之间表现出较好的动力学补偿效应。     

SiO_2固化SO_3H-功能化离子液体催化合成油酸甲酯

以1,3-丙烷磺内酯和巯基改性纳米二氧化硅球为原料,采用化学键合接枝法获得固化SO_3H-功能化离子液体的酸催化材料(SiO_2-IL)。采用NMR、FTIR和热分析方法对SiO_2-IL的结构和热稳定性进行了表征。考察了SiO_2-IL在油酸与甲醇酯化反应中的催化活性,分析了影响其催化性能的关键因素及原因。结果表明,该离子液体自身所具有的酸性以及固化过程中化学键合接枝程度均对其催化性能有所影响。对反应工艺条件进行了优化。结果表明,在反应温度60℃、n(甲醇)∶n(油酸)=12∶1、m(SiO_2-IL)∶m(油酸)=0.09∶1.00、反应时间5 h条件下,油酸甲酯收率最高为94%,催化材料经重复使用5次后,油酸甲酯收率仍可达74%。     

石油产品中氮及氮化物的分析检测

氮对石油产品性能的影响是复杂的。天然存在的氮可以是柴油抗磨的有效成分,又能成为润滑油氧化安定性的不利因素;某些合成含氮化合物则是改善产品性能的优良添加剂。因此为了保证产品的安全使用,控制产品中氮的含量非常重要。本文总结了石油产品中总氮的测定方法,对石油产品中氮化物的分离分析也作了概括。     

加氢裂化柴油抗磨剂的效果对比分析

考察了抗磨剂XL-66、油酸、油酸甘油酯、油酸三乙酰胺、XS-12对加氢裂化柴油酸值、抗磨性能、抗乳化性能的影响。结果表明:五种抗磨剂在添加量为400×10~(-6)的条件下,柴油磨痕直径都低于国标460μm。XL-66和油酸抗乳化性能好,但是酸值较高;油酸甘油酯和油酸三乙酰胺酸值低,但是抗乳化性能不理想。抗磨剂XS-12抗磨性能好的同时,具有酸值低、抗乳化能力强的特点,全面满足加氢裂化柴油抗磨剂的要求。     

Engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with croton megalocarpus methyl ester with antioxidant

The use of biodiesel as a substitute for petroleum-based diesel has become of great interest for the reasons of combating the destruction of the environment, the price of petroleum-based diesel and dependency on foreign energy sources. But for practical feasibility of biodiesel, antioxidants are added to increase the oxidation stability during long term storage. It is quite possible that these additives may affect the clean burning characteristics of biodiesel. This study investigated the experimental effects of antioxidants on the oxidation stability, engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics of a four cylinder turbocharged direct injection (TDI) diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel from croton megalocarpus oil. The three synthetic antioxidants evaluated its effectiveness on oxidation stability of croton oil methyl ester (COME) were 1, 2, 3 tri-hydroxy benzene (Pyrogallol, PY), 3, 4, 5-tri hydroxy benzoic acid (Propyl Gallate, PG) and 2-tert butyl-4-methoxy phenol (Butylated Hydroxyanisole, BHA). The fuel sample tested in TDI diesel engine include pure croton biodiesel (B100), croton biodiesel dosed with 1000 ppm of an effective antioxidant (B100 + PY1000), B20 (20% croton biodiesel and 80% mineral diesel) and diesel fuel which was used as base fuel. The result showed that the effectiveness of the antioxidants was in the order of PY > PG > BHA. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of biodiesel fuel with antioxidants decreased more than that of biodiesel fuel without antioxidants, but both were higher than that of diesel. Antioxidants had few effects on the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine running on biodiesel. Combustion characteristics in diesel engine were not influenced by the addition of antioxidants in biodiesel fuel. This study recommends PY and PG to be used for safeguarding biodiesel fuel from the effects of autoxidation during storage. Overall, the biodiesel derived from croton megalocarpus oil can be utilized as partial substitute for mineral diesel.     

Evaluation of Methyl Esters of Mahua Oil (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Madhuca Indica</Emphasis>) as Diesel Fuel

There is increasing interest in India for suitable alternative fuels that are environment friendly. This search has led to mahua oil (MO) as one alternative for diesel fuel in India. Mahua oil methyl esters (MOME) were prepared by transesterification using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) testing was done to determine the conversion of vegetable oil to biodiesel (MOME). The properties of MOME were close to those of diesel oil. Engine testing was conducted using a single-cylinder 4-stroke direct-injection, constant-speed compression-ignition diesel engine using MO, MOME and B20 as fuels. The engine ran smoothly with MOME and B20, but heavy smoke emissions were observed when MO was used as fuel.     

Phase stability,fuel properties,and diesel engine performance of palm-oil-based microemulsion biofuels

Microemulsification and blending are two viscosity-modifying techniques of vegetable oils for direct use with diesel engine. In this study, alcohol blends are mixtures of ethanol, diesel, and palm-oil biodiesel while microemulsion biofuels are thermodynamically stable, clear, and single-phase mixtures of diesel, palm oil, and ethanol stabilized by surfactants and cosurfactants. Although there are many studies on biofuels lately, there is limited research on using biodiesel as a surfactant in microemulsion formulations and applied on engine performance at different engine loads. Therefore, the objectives are to investigate phase stability and fuel properties of formulated biofuels (various blends and microemulsions), to determine the engine performance at different engine loads (no load, and from 0.5 to 2.0 kW), and to estimate laboratory-scale cost of the selected biofuels compared to diesel and biodiesel. The results showed that phase stability and fuel properties of selected microemulsion biofuels are comparable to diesel and biodiesel. These microemulsion biofuels can be applied to the diesel engine at different loads while diesel-ethanol blends and palm-oil-biodiesel-ethanol blends cannot be. It was found that the energy efficiencies of the system using microemulsion biofuels were slightly lower than the average energy efficiency of diesel engine. From this study, it can be summarized that microemulsion biofuels can be formulated using palm-oil biodiesel (palm-oil methyl ester) as a bio-based surfactant and they can be considered as environmentally-friendly alternatives to diesel and biodiesel. However, cost considerations showed that the raw materials should be locally available to reduce additional costs of microemulsion biofuels.     

Study of the performance,emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine using poon oil-based fuels

Experiments were conducted to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine using poon oil-based fuels. In the present work, poon oil and poon oil methyl ester are tested as diesel fuels in Neat and blended forms. The blends were prepared with 20% poon oil and 40% poon oil methyl ester separately with standard diesel on a volume basis. The reductions in smoke, hydrocarbon and CO emissions were observed for poon oil methyl ester and its diesel blend along with increased NO_x emission compared to those of standard diesel. However, a reduction in NO_x emission and an increase in smoke, hydrocarbon and CO emissions were observed for Neat poon oil and its diesel blend compared to those of standard diesel. The 40% poon oil methyl ester blend showed a 2% increase in brake thermal efficiency compared to that of standard diesel, whereas other fuels tested showed a decreasing trend. From the combustion analysis it was found that ignition delay was shorter for all fuels tested compared to that of standard diesel. The combustion characteristics of poon oil methyl ester and its diesel blend closely followed those of standard diesel.     

柴油氧化安定性超标的原因分析及对策

120万t/a加氢精制装置原料为催化柴油、焦化汽柴油,装置于2013年7月8日开始停工检修,2013年7月31日开工正常,装置开工初期加工的焦化汽油包括一部分停工期间储存的汽油（储罐有气封）,8月10日开始混兑停工期间储存的汽油（储罐没有气封）,8月13日开始陆续出现柴油氧化安定超标,文章从流程、原料变化、操作波动、反应深度等几方面分析柴油氧化安定性超标的原因,并采取相应措施。     

The effect of natural and synthetic antioxidants on the oxidative stability of palm diesel

Crude and distilled palm oil methyl esters conveniently known as palm diesel have been successfully evaluated as diesel substitute. Crude palm oil methyl esters are produced from transesterification of crude palm oil with minor components such as carotenes and vitamin E still intact and they are reddish in colour. The distilled palm oil methyl esters are obtained after the recovery of minor components (e.g. Carotenes and vitamin E) From the crude palm oil methyl esters. These valuable minor components are preferably to be recovered as they can be sold as value-added products before they are burnt together with the methyl esters as fuel. Although both possesses fuel characteristics which are comparable to those of petroleum diesel, crude palm oil methyl esters are found to exhibit better oxidative stability (rancimat induction period >25 h) than distilled palm oil methyl esters (about 3.5 h). It is attributed to the presence of vitamin E (about 600 ppm), a natural antioxidant in the former. While the distilled palm oil methyl esters contain practically no vitamin E (<50 ppm) and as a result, they exhibit poor oxidative stability. Thus, the crude palm oil methyl esters meet the european standard for biodiesel (EN 14214) which has set a minimum rancimat induction period of 6 h. In the present study, research was conducted to enhance the oxidative stability of distilled palm oil methyl esters in order to meet the aforementioned standard. Natural and synthetic antioxidants were used in the present study to investigate their effect on the oxidative stability of distilled palm oil methyl esters. It was found that both types of antioxidant showed beneficial effects in inhibiting the oxidation of distilled palm oil methyl esters. Comparatively, the synthetic antioxidants were found to be more effective than the natural antioxidants as lower dosage (17 times less) was needed to achieve the minimum rancimat induction period of 6 h.     

Cold flow properties of fuel mixtures containing biodiesel derived from animal fatty waste

The aims of the present study were to evaluate the cold temperature behavior of methyl esters of vegetable and animal origin and of their mixtures with fossil diesel fuel, as well as to investigate the effectiveness of different depressants. Various blends of rapeseed oil methyl esters, linseed oil methyl esters, pork lard methyl esters and fossil diesel fuel were prepared, and both cloud point and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) were analyzed. It was found that mixtures with CFPP values of –5 °C and lower may contain up to 25% of pork lard methyl esters; whereas the ratio of summer fossil diesel fuel and rapeseed oil methyl esters may vary over a wide range, i.e. such mixtures can be used in a diesel engine in the summer. In the transitory periods it is possible to use up to 20% animal and vegetable ester blends (3 : 7) with winter fossil diesel, whereas only up to 5% of esters can be added to the fuel used in winter. In order to improve the cold properties of rapeseed oil, pork lard and linseed oil methyl ester mixtures, various additives were tested. Depressant Viscoplex 10–35 with an optimal dose of 5000 mg/kg was found to be the most effective.     

Experimental evaluation of DI diesel engine operating with diestrol at varying injection pressure and injection timing

The use of biodiesel as an alternative in a diesel engine for extended period causes several engine operating problems such as injector coking, piston ring sticking, unfavorable pumping and spray characteristics due to the high viscosity of biodiesel compared to conventional diesel. In this study, a blend of 30% waste cooking palm oil (WCO) methyl ester, 60% diesel and 10% ethanol was selected based on stability test conducted and named as diestrol. The effect of diestrol fuel on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine at varying injection pressure and timing was studied through experimental investigation. Maximum brake thermal efficiency of 31.3% was obtained at an injection pressure of 240 bar and injection timing of 25.5° bTDC. Compared to diesel, diestrol fuel showed reduction in carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂) and smoke emission by 33%, 6.3% and 27.3% respectively. Diestrol fuel decreased nitric oxide (NO) emission by 4.3%, while slight increase in the levels of unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC) was observed. Diestrol fuel exhibited higher cylinder gas pressure and heat release rate compared to diesel. Minimum ignition delay of 12.7° CA was observed with diestrol fuel which was similar to diesel at same operating condition.     

A rapid test to measure performance,emission and wear of a diesel engine fueled with palm oil diesel

Results of performance, emission and tribological evaluations of palm oil methyl ester and its blends with conventional diesel in an automobile diesel engine test bed are presented. Polymerization and carbon deposits on the fuel injector were monitored. CO, CO₂, O₂, combustion efficiency and temperature of exhaust gases were also measured. Palm oil methyl ester and its blends have great potential as alternative diesel fuel. Performance and exhaust gas emission for palm oil methyl ester and its blends with conventional diesel are comparable with those of conventional diesel fuel. Palm oil methyl ester does not pose a severe environmental problem and will not deteriorate engine and bearing components.