Mode conversion of ultrafast pulses by grating structures inlayered dielectric waveguides

Various grating configurations are introduced to develop structures for the mode conversion of an ultrafast, ultrawide-bandwidth optical pulse propagating in a layered dielectric waveguide. Introducing a new technique for efficient, real-time mode extraction, we examine these schemes with a full-wave, vector, finite difference time domain (FDTD) Maxwell equation simulator. The resulting FDTD simulator is very flexible and accurate; it is capable of modeling the interaction of few- or many-cycle optical pulsed modes with finite, aperiodic gratings with complex material configurations. The grating structure can be tailored to the pulsed optical modes of interest with this FDTD simulator. It is used to design a composite mode-conversion grating structure that realizes a 29.45% increase in the converted mode energy for an ultrafast six-cycle optical pulse over that achieved with standard uniform grating convertors     

Generalized Bloch wave analysis for fiber and waveguide gratings

We have developed a generalized Bloch wave approach for the analysis of aperiodic gratings. This method yields both a macroscopic (i.e., reflection or transmission coefficient) as well as a microscopic (i.e., dispersion diagram and microstructure of the propagating internal field) characterization of fiber and waveguide aperiodic gratings     

SOI亚微米波导光栅的设计与制作

报道了SOI基亚微米小尺寸波导光栅器件的设计、制作与测试结果。提出了波导与光栅同步制作的方案,避免了套刻,节约了成本。实验中采用电子束光刻(EBL)、感应耦合等离子体(ICP)刻蚀等先进半导体工艺技术,结合图形补偿等技术手段,完成了亚微米波导光栅的制作。光栅周期为350nm,占空比16∶19。采用该光栅做反射镜,制作了法布里-珀罗(F-P)谐振腔,经测试得到了与模拟相吻合的结果,峰谷比达到11dB。     

Fabrication and characterization of high-quality uniform and apodized Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ waveguide gratings using laser interference lithography

A method is presented for fabricating high-quality ridge waveguide gratings by combining conventional mask lithography with laser interference lithography. The method, which allows for apodization functions modulating both amplitude and phase of the grating is demonstrated by fabricating a grating that is chirped by width-variation of the grated ridge waveguide. The structure was optically characterized using both an end-fire and an infrared camera setup to measure the transmission and to map and quantify the power scattered out of the grating, respectively. For a uniform grating, we found a Q value of /spl sim/8000 for the resonance peak near the lower wavelength band edge, which was almost completely suppressed after apodization.     

非周期三角光栅表面等离子体激元透镜研究

提出了一种新的表面等离子体激元透镜结构,该结构通过在两个亚波长小孔的外表面放置非周期的三角形电介质光栅实现对入射光束的有效汇聚。利用时域有限差分法(FDTD)计算了该结构中的稳态电磁场分布,讨论了光栅数目对成像特性的影响,计算发现,聚焦光斑可能出现一个、二个甚至三个;探讨了光栅折射率对成像的影响,发现在一定介质范围内,随着折射率的增大,焦距也随之增大;除此之外,亚波长小孔的数目、光栅中心距离小孔的位置及中间无三角形等因素都在不同程度上对透镜的成像特性有一定影响。     

Bandstop Filter Design Using a Dielectric Waveguide Grating

Precision design techniques are obtained for dieletric waveguide (DW) bandstop filters with bandwidths up into the 5-10-percent range. Dielectric waveguide bandstop filters are realized in the form of a grating in the DW image guide which utilizes notches of varying depth and length. The grating is designed from a transmission-line prototype which has a prescribed stopband and also prescribed Chebyshev passbands. An approximate synthesis procedure for such prototypes is presented. Design data for grating notches were obtained from tests on uniform gratings, while DW dispersion is compensated for by calculations based on the "effective dielectric constant" method. Excellent agreement between computed and measured attenuation response is obtained. Two such grating structures used with loads on one end and a 3-dB coupler can be used to form a bandpass filter.     

弱非周期性相位取样啁啾光栅的优化方法

取样光栅可以同时对多个信道进行滤波或色散补偿，所以在波分复用(WDM)系统中有广泛的应用，其中周期相位取样光栅是一种很有前途的设计方法，但周期取样的方法会使取样光栅的所有信道具有相同的色散补偿能力。提出设计弱非周期性相位取样啁啾光栅的优化方法，通过引入一组与信道色散补偿量有关的啁啾控制参数，可使不同信道的色散补偿量存在差异。运用该方法设计出弱非周期的取样光栅后，可用传输矩阵法来模拟该光栅的复反射谱，结果显示通过调整啁啾控制参数，可方便地控制不同信道的色散补偿能力，从而能实现对光纤链路色散与色散斜率的同时补偿，而且取样函数的幅度值的起伏则被完全消除。     

级联光栅硅胶封装的脉象传感器研究

提出了一种基于级联光栅的脉象波传感器。相同参数的两个光纤光栅组成级联光栅并植入硅胶腕带中,其中一个光栅作为传感光栅被用于感知脉搏信号,另一个光栅作为匹配光栅被用于解调。由于两个光栅参数完全相同,其反射峰重叠,传感器反射光谱表现为单个反射峰。脉搏搏动产生的应变变化对传感光栅进行调制,导致传感光栅反射峰的中心波长产生偏移,进而导致传感器反射光的强度变化。通过对反射光的强度进行监测,即实现了脉象信息的测量和提取。实验中分别测试了健康男性青年和老年受试者,以及同一个健康男性受试者上午8时和下午8时的脉象信息。结果显示,传感器可有效提取不同受试者的脉象特征点,测试结果符合中医脉象理论。当环境温度变化时,级联光栅中两个光栅的反射峰以相同速率向同一方向偏移,传感器反射光谱的强度不变,因此该传感器不受环境温度影响。此外,该传感器具有结构简单、解调方便、成本较低等优点,在脉象测试中具有一定的应用潜力。     

钛扩散LiNbO_3晶体光波导长周期光栅

设计了一种钛扩散铌酸锂(LiNbO_3)晶体光波导结构,并在该基础上制作了长周期光栅.使用两步钛扩散方法在Z切LiNbO_3基片上制造了波导,它包括一个单模芯层和一个平面包层,之后用光刻胶光栅置于波导表面.实验证明用这种结构设计长周期波导光栅是可行的.对光波导制造工艺和波导结构的深入研究,为制作高速电光调制型光栅提供技术基础.     

Integrated III–V Bragg Gratings for Arbitrary Control Over Chirp and Coupling Coefficient

In this work, integrated chirped Bragg gratings based on tapered waveguide sidewall gratings are presented, along with the method by which arbitrary variations of Bragg condition and coupling coefficient may be achieved. Fabricated devices with constant Bragg condition, linear, and nonlinear chirp are exhibited with and without apodized coupling coefficient profiles. Finally, an integrated Michelson interferometer setup is used to confirm the grating phase characteristics.      

A gain-clamped SOA with distributed Bragg reflectors fabricated under both ends of active waveguide with different lengths

We demonstrate a gain-clamped semiconductor optical amplifier (GC-SOA) which has gratings under both end regions of an active waveguide. Two gratings of the new GC-SOA are fabricated in different lengths. Their lasing modes and gain characteristics are measured and analyzed with different combinations of grating lengths. It shows different gain and noise characteristics according to the measurement direction in asymmetric grating combinations.     

Lithium–Niobate Channel Waveguide for the Realization of Long-Period Gratings

We propose a special lithium-niobate (LiNbO₃) single-mode waveguide for the realization of long-period gratings, which consists of a channel core embedded in a thin slab cladding. We fabricated the waveguide on a z-cut LiNbO₃ substrate with a two-step proton-exchange process and demonstrated its suitability for grating application with a number of removable photoresist long-period gratings deposited on the waveguide surface. The waveguide fabrication process and the LiNbO₃ waveguide structure could be further explored for the development of electrooptic gratings for high-speed applications.     

基于表面等离子波耦合的流体波导光栅耦合器

提出了一种由金属光栅和流体光波导结构组成的,基于表面等离子波耦合的光栅耦合器。利用光栅的衍射效应,将金属光栅与介质分界面之间产生的表面等离子波耦合到流体光波导中,并且能够沿着流体光波导稳定地向前传播。通过采用基于有限时域差分算法的FDTD Solutions软件对光栅耦合器进行了参数优化及特性分析,通过优化使该结构在650 nm波长下的耦合效率达到56%。此外,由于该结构对TE偏振光和TM偏振光的选择比达到70∶1,因此具有偏振器的功能。同时由于TE偏振光耦合频谱的频带宽度仅为20 nm,该结构还具有窄带滤波的作用。此外,还研究了光栅结构参数、入射角以及流体折射率对耦合频谱的影响。     

Cylindrical concave diffraction grating utilising thin silicon chip

A unique manufacturing method for concave diffraction gratings is proposed. Also, a cylindrical concave diffraction grating was manufactured with a multimode slab waveguide. A silicon plane diffraction grating was bent cylindrically in this method. The efficiency of the concave diffraction grating was 82% at a 1.3 ?m wavelength. The efficiency was about the same as that of the plane diffraction grating.     

Extracting Light from Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes Using Stamped Bragg Gratings

In this paper, we describe a method for increasing the external efficiency of polymer light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) by coupling out waveguided light with Bragg gratings. We numerically model the waveguide modes in a typical LED structure and demonstrate how optimizing layer thicknesses and reducing waveguide absorption can enhance the grating outcoupling. The gratings were created by a soft‐lithography technique that minimizes changes to the conventional LED structure. Using one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional gratings, we were able to increase the forward‐directed emission by 47 % and 70 %, respectively, and the external quantum efficiency by 15 % and 25 %.     

Characteristics of a hollow-core distributed feedback CO2laser

Using perturbation theory and a plane wave analysis, the scattering amplitudes and coupling coefficients for a planar, hollow-core, double grating distributed feedback (DFB) waveguide laser are derived. Waveguide reflectivity has been compared for a single and double grating waveguide configuration. For a waveguide dimension of 100 μm over a 10 cm length, reflectivity is enhanced from 75 percent for a single grating to 98 percent using a double grating configuration. Included in this analysis is the effect of phase relationship between the two gratings. Using this analysis a means has been devised whereby reflectivity of the DFB waveguide may be optimized during operation of the laser. With the double grating configuration, coupling is enhanced such that a greater plate separation is possible in nearly all cases. Use of a double grating allows the plate separation of the waveguide to be increased from 80 to 100 μm, reducing total waveguide loss from 15.9 to 8.1 dB/m. These results have led to a method of solving heretofore prohibitive characteristics of single grating hollow-core DFB waveguides. Formal relationships for the waveguide parameters where a double grating configuration is used have been presented for designing hollow-core DFB waveguide lasers operating at 10.6 μm.     

全息拼接光栅的误差研究

为了制作大面积拼接光栅,对全息光栅拼接误差进行了分析。利用参考光栅与光场光栅形成的莫尔条纹来控制拼接光栅位置和误差,确定了参考光栅莫尔条纹间距、倾斜度及相位与拼接光栅位置之间的关系。研究了参考光栅面和拼接光栅基片不平行时莫尔条纹与拼接光栅条纹的相位一致性,计算了光程差漂移对拼接光栅相位对准误差的影响,分析了工作平台移动对光栅拼接误差的影响。得出光栅拼接总误差为0.15λ,该误差接近光栅拼接精度要求,通过实验验证了全息光栅拼接误差分析的正确性。结果表明,利用参考光栅进行全息光栅拼接是可行的。全息拼接光栅的误差分析为制作米量级高精度拼接光栅提供了理论支持。     

Analysis of directional grating-coupled radiation in waveguide structures

Radiation scattered from diffraction gratings on the surface of waveguides is analyzed using the volume current method. This technique allows the interpretation of the grating elements as scattering centers of the underlying waveguide mode, and radiating sources for the diffracted fields. The framework allows separation of the effects of the grating array global periodicity and the effects of the specific shape of the individual grating elements. A straightforward analogy between the effects of the grating element shape and the behavior of phased-antenna array systems allows a clear and intuitive understanding of the effects of blazed gratings on the directionality of grating-coupled radiation. The analysis is applied to some specific geometries.     

Silicon Photonic Wire Filter Using Asymmetric Sidewall Long-Period Waveguide Grating in a Two-Mode Waveguide

We demonstrate a silicon photonic wire filter using asymmetric sidewall long-period waveguide gratings for the first time. The proposed device consists of single-mode waveguide sections, a two-mode section with corrugated gratings, and taper sections to connect them. The operation of this device is based on the codirectional coupling between two core modes. By adopting a high refractive index contrast waveguide, the period and depth of grating are given as 4.44 m and 5 nm, respectively. Thus, the total length of long-period grating is significantly reduced to 260 m. The measured maximum attenuation at the center wavelength is about 13 dB. The bandwidth of the transmission dip is 15 nm. Finally, issues on the design and the performance of our device are discussed.     

全电介质脉宽压缩光栅的研究进展

超短脉冲超高能量激光器作为研究光和物质相互作用以及惯性约束聚变的手段而得到了广泛的应用。综述了应用于啁啾脉冲放大(CPA)系统的脉冲压缩光栅(PCG)的发展概况；分析和评述了脉宽压缩光栅的设计原理和制作工艺，并给出了脉宽压缩光栅的发展展望。实践和理论证明采用多层膜介质衍射光栅是实现高性能脉宽压缩光栅的一种优良的设计方案。