涂层刀具高速车削损伤容限型钛合金的试验研究

针对TC21这种我国自主研制的高强高韧损伤容限型钛合金,采用Ti Al N涂层刀具进行了高速车削试验研究。通过单因素法试验,分析了车削参数对切削力、切削温度和刀具耐用度的影响规律。采用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)的观察手段,研究了Ti Al N涂层刀具高速车削钛合金TC21的刀具磨损机理。研究成果为Ti Al N涂层刀具高速车削损伤容限型钛合金的推广提供了理论参考依据。     

硬质合金可转位刀片的磨损试验研究

本文考察了国内外典型的几种硬质合金可转位刀片的磨损规律,通过切削试验分析了刀具几何参数、切削力等方面对刀具耐用度的影响,为硬质合金可转位刀片的磨损进行在线监测提供了基础试验数据。     

–50 ℃冷风条件下抛光硬质合金刀片加工TC4钛合金的表面粗糙度分析

目的提高硬质合金刀片加工TC4钛合金的表面质量。方法利用化学机械抛光技术对传统磨削的硬质合金刀片分别进行粗抛、半精抛和精抛处理,运用正交试验法,在常温干切和–50℃冷风条件下,分别采用传统磨削的硬质合金刀片(磨削刀片)与化学机械抛光的硬质合金刀片(抛光刀片)进行切削TC4钛合金正交试验,利用方差分析法分析切削参数对已加工表面粗糙度Ra的影响。运用多元线性回归方法建立磨削刀片、抛光刀片在常温干切和–50℃冷风条件下切削TC4钛合金已加工表面粗糙度Ra的经验预测模型。结果硬质合金刀片前刀面通过粗抛、半精抛和精抛后,刀片前刀面的表面粗糙度Ra为19 nm。当切削参数相同时,磨削刀片在–50℃冷风条件下切削TC4钛合金的已加工表面粗糙度,比常温干切条件下平均降低了35.9%;抛光刀片在–50℃冷风条件下切削TC4钛合金的已加工表面粗糙度,比常温干切条件下平均降低了43.5%。在常温干切条件下,抛光刀片比磨削刀片切削TC4钛合金的已加工表面粗糙度平均降低了19.2%;在–50℃冷风条件下,抛光刀片比磨削刀片切削TC4钛合金的已加工表面粗糙度平均降低了28.7%。抛光刀片在–50℃冷风条件下切削TC4钛合金的已加工表面粗糙度Ra,比磨削刀片在常温干切条件下切削TC4钛合金的已加工表面粗糙度Ra平均降低了54.4%。结论采用对硬质合金刀片表面进行化学机械抛光技术和以–50℃冷风为切削介质的组合工艺,可有效降低TC4钛合金已加工表面粗糙度。     

钛合金TC4高效粗加工工艺的研究

本文通过分析钛合金TC4的切削性能特点,选择不同几何结构的硬质合金刀具进行高效粗车加工实验,探索最大金属去除量的切削参数,分析TC4高效车削刀具磨损机理,优选刀具结构。结果显示,与切深相比,刀具寿命对切削速度更为敏感;适当降低切削速度而提高切深可有效提高金属去除量,在实验切削参数条件下,选择切削速度v=60 m/min,进给量f=0.3 mm/r,切深ap=4 mm更有利于钛合金TC4的高效粗车加工,单个刀尖金属去除量最大;刀片前刀面的"小突起"或者"小筋条"结构可有效抑制前刀面的月牙洼磨损和粘结磨损;钛合金TC4高效粗加工刀刃要求具有一定的锋利性和刃口强度,-T槽型刀片的前角结构更有利于TC4的高效车削加工。     

钛合金TC21车削过程的三维数值建模与试验研究

针对一种新型高强度钛合金材料TC21钛合金难加工的特点,建立了车削过程的三维有限元模型。采用建立的三维车削有限元模型对钛合金材料TC21的切屑成形过程进行了数值模拟,并获得了切削过程的切削力变化曲线及应力值等物理量。同时,通过钛合金TC21的车削试验研究了刀具前角、进给速度及主轴转速对切削过程的影响规律。在相同切削条件下对试验结果与数值模拟进行了对比,结果验证了数值模拟的可靠性。实验结果表明,钛合金材料TC21的切屑也是锯齿状,且随着刀具前角的减小,TC21材料切屑锯齿状形态越明显。     

抛光涂层硬质合金刀片加工钛合金的耐用度分析

目的提高涂层硬质合金刀具加工钛合金的切削性能及加工效率。方法采用化学机械抛光(Chemical Mechanical Polishing,CMP)对经过磨削加工的YG8硬质合金车削刀片前刀面进行抛光预处理,并使用CVD与PVD涂层工艺制备涂层。运用单因素试验法,对抛光涂层硬质合金刀片进行切削TC4钛合金的刀片耐用度试验,分析钛合金加工过程中刀具种类及切削参数变化对刀片耐用度的影响规律。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)分析刀片的磨损机理。结果经过化学机械抛光处理后,硬质合金刀片的平均粗糙度由87 nm降低为19 nm,降低幅度达78.2%。相同切削参数时,抛光CVD硬质合金刀片的耐用度最大程度上比磨削CVD硬质合金刀片提高了75%,抛光PVD硬质合金刀片的耐用度最大程度上比磨削PVD硬质合金刀片提高了8.3%。可见采用化学机械抛光对硬质合金刀片进行加工是提高刀片表面平整度及耐用度的重要途径。结论抛光CVD硬质合金刀片的耐用度优于磨削CVD硬质合金刀片,抛光PVD硬质合金刀片的耐用度优于磨削PVD硬质合金刀片。     

损伤容限型TC21钛合金切削加工工艺研究概述

为克服TC21钛合金切削加工难题,促进其在航空领域的应用,中航飞机股份有限公司西安飞机分公司开展了TC21钛合金的各种机械加工工艺研究。介绍了该项研究所取得的成果,给出了TC21钛合金的锯切、车削、镗削、铣削、钻削、铰削、磨削与攻丝等各种切削加工方法的刀具选择方案和工艺参数,供同行业技术人员借鉴和参考。     

双面瑞士式车削刀片

日本京瓷公司刀具分部为瑞士式车削加工开发了一种双面负角刀片。该刀片具有两个切削刃,可以提高切削稳定性、降低加工成本。该刀片可采用两种PVD涂层牌号,其中,PR1005涂层牌号用于在加工钛合金和自由切削钢件时提高刀具的耐磨损性能;PR025涂层牌号用于在切削不锈钢和常规加工时提高刀具的破裂韧性。     

变进给高效铣削阻燃钛合金的机理研究

主要采用变进给试验法,开展了正弦变进给高效铣削Ti40阻燃钛合金试验和理论研究。建立了正弦变进给变化幅度、变化周期及进给步持续时间与刀具耐用度的关系模型,并对模型参数进行优化,结果表明：当进给变化幅度为11.72%,变化周期为120s,进给步持续时间为5s时,刀具耐用度相比传统铣削,增长幅度最高可达33%。变进给铣削Ti40阻燃钛合金改变了刀具磨损的形态和机理,主要表现是增大前刀面与切屑的接触面积,改变月牙洼磨损的位置,同时减小月牙洼磨损的深度和磨损速率,增强铣削中刀具切削刃强度,从而提高了刀具耐用度。     

基于DEFORM-3D的钛合金切削仿真研究北大核心

以DEFORM-3D软件为平台,建立了特定切削三要素下TC4钛合金的三维车削有限元模型,探讨并比较了TC4钛合金在TiN、TiCN和Al2O3三种涂层刀具切削时切削力和刀具切削温度的变化规律,确定Al2O3为TC4钛合金最适宜的刀具涂层材料,并对其进行车削用量参数优化,为实际工艺参数的选择提供了理论指导。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.