金属纤维燃烧器表面燃烧模拟研究

对比模拟分析多孔板预混燃烧和含有多孔板的金属纤维表面燃烧过程的火焰结构和温度分布特征。燃烧过程采用EDC模型模拟,金属纤维层中的湍流过程采用P-dL湍流模型模拟。模拟结果表明:相比于多孔板预混燃烧方式,含多孔板的金属纤维表面燃烧方式的局部反应热释放率更低,火焰温度分布更均匀,最高温度更低。在金属纤维层中添加多孔介质阻力特性和多孔介质湍流模型可以使金属纤维燃烧器蓝焰状态下的工作特性模拟更准确。     

有机保温材料燃烧性能及施工过程防火安全研究

本文对比分析了国内外对有机保温材料燃烧性能指标的要求,按照材料在受火状态下的热力学特征将其划分为热塑性保温材料和热固性保温材料两大类,并通过模拟试验分别研究了两类材料的施工安全性能。最后提出,当保温材料的燃烧性能等级达到B2级的要求时,基本可以满足施工过程的防火安全;通过落实外保温施工现场的防火安全管理措施,将有效地控制火灾的发生和减少火灾的损失。     

发展粉末涂料工业

粉末涂料是以高聚物树脂为主要成膜物，掺入固化剂、流平剂、颜料、填料等经混合、技压、粉碎、分级而成。根据高聚物树脂固化的特点，粉末涂料可分为热塑性和热固性两大类。粉末涂料的涂装方法有静电喷涂法、流化床法、静电流化床法、静电振荡法、粉末电泳法、摩擦带电的静电涂装法和火焰喷涂法等，其中静电喷涂法具有操作简便、喷涂质量好、涂层均匀等特点，是粉末涂料的主要涂装方法。热固性粉末涂料的固化机理是，在一定的温度下高聚物树脂与固化剂起交联反应而成膜，而热塑性粉末涂料刚经过熔化、流平、冷却或淬取而成膜。1粉末涂料的…     

热辐射通量对PMMA燃烧特性影响的实验研究

采用锥形量热仪研究了15~65kW/m2范围内不同的热辐射通量对PMMA燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,PMMA的平均热释放速率、质量损失速率和CO2产率与热辐射通量成线性递增关系;计算得到PMMA的气化热为2.35kJ/g;点燃时间和到达峰值时间随着辐射通量的增加而呈指数衰减趋势;CO产率与比消光面积随着热辐射通量的增加而增大;热辐射通量对有效燃烧热和总释放热的影响较小。并将实验得到的PMMA的燃烧特性参数与文献报道的值进行了对比,可以作为PMMA的燃烧性能测试及火灾危险性评价的参考。     

外墙保温材料的燃烧性能研究

采用SBI单体燃烧实验、塑料用氧指数法测定燃烧行为试验、建筑材料可燃性试验研究了热固性保温材料和热塑性保温材料的防火性能差异。试验样品为XPS保温板、EPS保温板、酚醛保温板、改性聚苯板。结果表明:热固性保温材料     

堆积尺寸对秸秆燃烧特性影响的实验研究

摘 要：秸秆是可能引起大规模山火的常见典型可燃物之一,自然堆积状态下秸秆的燃烧过程需要进行深入研究。开展了圆柱体秸秆的燃烧实验,直径分别为60 cm和90 cm,厚度从2.94 cm增加到12.23 cm。对比分析了不同工况下的秸秆燃烧过程,并对秸秆的质量损失速率、火焰温度等燃烧特性参数进行了分析。结果表明：秸秆燃烧过程可分为初始中心燃烧阶段、融合环火阶段、分离环火阶段和衰减熄灭阶段;秸秆的质量损失速率与厚度呈现明显的线性关系,且秸秆直径越大,质量损失速率也越大;火焰温度呈现“快速升高-缓慢降低”的趋势;火焰轴心温度随高度提高而逐渐降低,秸秆表面温度可达800 ℃,在0.9 m处的温度下降至200 ℃。研究结论有助于加深对秸秆火灾发展蔓延过程和特点的理解。     

热塑性高分子材料强制点燃过程模拟与分析

采用锥形量热仪对典型热塑性高分子材料——聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)在不同外部入射热通量下进行了强制点燃的实验研究。在气相反应和固相反应动力学及传递过程分析的基础上，建立了热塑性高分子材料强制点燃过程的数学模型，通过数值分析的方法将点燃数据相关联，得到PMMA强制点燃的点燃时间与临界表面温度的表达式，并计算了PMMA不同外部入射热通量下强制点燃时间及点燃的临界表面温度。模拟计算结果与实验结果的比较表明，二者基本吻合。采用所得到的数据关联式对强制点燃过程的影响因素进行了定量分析。     

PMMA/MWNT复合材料燃烧特性

以甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为原料,多壁碳纳米管(MWNT)为阻燃剂,采用原位聚合的方法制备了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯/多壁碳纳米管复合材料。使用不同辐射强度的锥形量热仪和UL94分级测试,研究了复合材料的燃烧特性。锥形量热仪测试结果表明,50kW/m2辐射强度下,加入1.0%碳纳米管的PMMA复合材料热释放速率峰值降低幅度最大;高辐射强度下,碳纳米管对PMMA复合材料燃烧特性的影响减弱。UL94分级测试结果表明,碳纳米管的添加可以抑制PMMA复合材料的熔滴行为。     

大空间建筑喷淋对烟气层的影响

采用PHOENICS软件，研究了大空间建筑水喷淋对烟气控制系统的影响。未考虑燃烧过程以及喷淋对燃烧的影响。采用紊流k-ε双方程模型模拟烟气的运动，用Lagrangian方法模拟热烟气与喷淋水之间相互作用的动能和换热。用具有不同初始速度和直径的液滴来模拟喷淋水。探讨了喷淋流量、喷射角、水滴直径对烟气层的影响。     

热固性与热塑性聚苯乙烯类保温材料燃烧特性对比及其应用研究

本文全面对比和分析了热固性改性聚苯板(TPS板)与模塑聚苯乙烯板(EPS)、挤塑聚苯乙烯板(XPS)、石墨聚苯乙烯板(SEPS)等热塑性聚苯乙烯类有机保温材料的燃烧特性,并对其在外墙外保温领域的应用进行了研究,为建筑工程实际应用提供理论依据。     

Upward Flame Spread Over an Array of Discrete Thermally-Thin PMMA Plates

Experiments and theoretical analysis were conducted to investigate the upward flame spread over a homogenous PMMA plate and an array of discrete thermally thin PMMA elements. In the experiment, a digital video camera was used to record the flame spread process. An electronic balance and thermocouples were adopted to monitor the mass loss and pyrolysis front position, respectively, as a function of time. In the theoretical analysis, the mass loss rate of PMMA was correlated to the heat transfer during flame spread. The experimental results show that the flame spread rate peaks in the case of discrete PMMA elements with a fuel coverage around 80% rather than 100% (the homogenous case) because the gap with an appropriate spacing between neighboring elements accelerates the flame spread. However, the flame cannot spread over an array of discrete fuels at a coverage of 50% or smaller where the gap is too large to allow effective heat transfer required for flame spread. A smaller coverage of PMMA results in a larger mass loss rate per area since the gaps between elements can entrain more air to promote the burning. A logarithmic relation, that can well describe the mass loss rate as a function of PMMA coverage, was proposed based on the theoretical analysis and the fitting of experimental measurements.

     

燃料覆盖率对非连续分布固体竖向火蔓延的影响

非连续分布固体燃料是指多个固体可燃物非常靠近但被气隙隔开的状态,与连续分布燃料相比,非连续分布燃料更能够代表一些现实的火灾情况,以往的研究中较少涉及.笔者通过实验的方法分析不同燃料覆盖率下固体燃料竖直向上火焰蔓延的特点.所选用的浇筑型聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(简称"PMMA")材料广泛应用于高层建筑外立面中,呈现出一种非连续分...     

Effect of oxygen concentration on the combustion of horizontally-oriented slabs of PMMA

The aim of this study is to collect data on the combustion of horizontally-oriented poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) samples in reduced oxygen atmospheres for CFD model validation. Experimental results relating the oxygen concentration to the burning behavior of 3-cm-thick clear PMMA slabs are discussed. Experiments are conducted in the controlled atmosphere calorimeter of IRSN called CADUCEE. Pyrolysis and combustion of 0.2×0.2 m² horizontally-oriented PMMA samples are studied varying the oxygen molar fraction from 0.210 to 0.180, extinction occurring at about 0.175. The measured quantities are the regression rate of the slab, mass loss rate, temperatures and total and radiative heat fluxes at the center of the slab. All experiments are carried out twice, showing a good repeatability. It is found that the slab regression rate, mass loss rate and heat fluxes at the slab center decrease significantly with the oxygen concentration, while the gas temperature is much less sensitive. Most notable is that the radiative and convective contributions to the total heat flux remain almost constant, respectively 0.65 and 0.35. It is also found that both heat fluxes and mass loss rate exhibit linear oxygen-concentration-dependent behavior. From an energy balance and current average values of the total heat flux and regression rate at the center of the slab, the present study obtains a heat of gasification value of 2.25 MJ kg⁻¹, in agreement with literature data.     

Numerical model of upward flame spread on practical wall materials

The focus of this paper is the development of a thermal, finite difference numerical model to describe one-dimensional upward flame spread on practical wall materials. Practical materials include composite materials and those that char, in addition to clean burning, homogeneous materials. A set of equations used in the model is developed and the methods for obtaining necessary “fire properties” are discussed. Some of the particular features of the model include the use of a correlation for flame heat feedback and the use of an experimentally measured mass loss rate to incorporate the burning characteristics of practical materials. A comparison of the numerical predictions with the experimental results for flame heights and temperatures are shown for Douglas fir particle board. The model correctly predicts trends but underpredicts the flame heights and pyrolysis height in the cases tested. Two additional cases are shown for materials for which experimentally measured heat release rate data are used in place of the mass loss rate data. The flame and pyrolysis height predictions are in much better agreement for these cases. Further efforts to obtain material property data that is appropriate for flame spread modeling is indicated by this work.     

Modeling the elution of organic chemicals from a melting homogeneous snow pack

Organic chemicals are often released in peak concentrations from melting snow packs. A simple, mechanistic snowmelt model was developed to simulate and predict the elution of organic substances from melting, homogeneous snow, as influenced by chemical properties and snow pack characteristics. The model calculates stepwise the chemical transport along with the melt water flow in a multi-layered snow pack, based on chemical equilibrium partitioning between the individual bulk snow phases. The model succeeds in reproducing the elution behavior of several organic contaminants observed in previously conducted cold room experiments. The model aided in identifying four different types of enrichment of organic substances during snowmelt. Water soluble substances experience peak releases early during a melt period (type 1), whereas chemicals that strongly sorb to particulate matter (PM) or snow grain surfaces elute at the end of melting (type 2). Substances that are somewhat water soluble and at the same time have a high affinity for snow grain surfaces may exhibit increasing concentrations in the melt water (type 3). Finally, elution sequences involving peak loads both at the beginning and the end of melting are simulated for chemicals that are partially dissolved in the aqueous melt water phase and partially sorbed to PM (type 4). The extent of type 1 enrichment mainly depends on the snow depth, whereby deeper snow generates more pronounced concentration peaks. PM influences the elution behavior of organic chemicals strongly because of the very large natural variability in the type and amount of particles present in snow. Urban and road-side snow rich in PM can generate type 2 concentration peaks at the end of the melt period for even relatively water soluble substances. From a clean, melting snow pack typical for remote regions, even fairly hydrophobic chemicals can be released in type 1 mode while being almost completely dissolved in the aqueous melt water phase. The model provides a mechanistic understanding of the processes that lead to chemical peak releases during snowmelt.     

Material fire properties and predictions for thermoplastics

Ignition and burning rate data are developed for nylon 6/6, polyethylene, polypropylene and black polycast PMMA in a cone calorimeter heating assembly. The objective is to examine a testing protocol that leads to the prediction of ignition and burning rate for thermoplastics from cone calorimeter data. The procedure consists of determining material properties, i.e. thermal inertia, specific heat, thermal conductivity, ignition temperature, heat of gasification and flame heat flux from cone data, and utilizing these properties in a model to predict the time to ignition and transient burning rate. The procedure is based on the incident flame heat flux being constant in the cone calorimeter which occurs for flames above the top of the cone heater. A constant net flame heat flux of approximately 20 kW/m² for nylon 6/6, 19 kW/m² for polyethylene, 11 kW/mP² for polypropylene and 28 kW/m² for black PMMA is obtained for irradiation levels ranging from 0 to 90 kW/m². The burning rate model is shown to yield good accuracy in comparison to measured transient burning in the cone assembly.     

The heat of gasification of polymers

The heat of gasification is often considered as a fundamental property of solids and is used to estimate burning rates at specific heat fluxes in engineering calculations. For solids which sublime at a critical temperature, there is no problem with this approach. However, how valid is the concept of heat of gasification for real polymers? The exploration of this question starts with an analysis of the usual method for estimating the heat of gasification of solids due to Tewarson & Pion. This method is then compared with specific calculations for PE and PMMA. Finally, a new degradation model based on population balance equations is used to calculate heat of gasification for PMMA under a variety of conditions.     

Burning rate and flame heat flux for PMMA in a cone calorimeter

Ignition and burning rate data are developed for thick (25 mm) black Polycast PMMA in a cone calorimeter heating assembly. The objective is to establish a testing protocol that will lead to the prediction of ignition and burning rate from cone data. This is done for a thermoplastic like PMMA. The incident flame heat flux, for irradiation levels of 0–75 kW/m², is found to be approximately 37 kW/m² for black PMMA. Its constancy is shown due to the geometry of the cone flame. Also, this flame is shown to be nearly transparent for cone irradiance (>90%). The heat of gasification of the black PMMA used is found to be approximately 2.8 kJ/g; higher than values reported for other PMMA samples. This is believed to be due to differences in molecular structure or pigmentation of the PMMA tested. A burning rate model is demonstrated to yield good accuracy in comparison to measured transient values. An exact solution is found for constant heat flux conditions.