工艺条件对电沉积Cu-SiO2复合镀层形貌与硬度的影响

采用电沉积方法制备Cu-SiO2复合镀层,并研究了搅拌速率、电流密度和电流施加方式对其形貌与硬度的影响。结果显示:随着搅拌速率的提高,复合镀层的形貌先趋好后变差,硬度先升高后降低;而随着电流密度的增加,复合镀层的形貌呈现逐渐变差的趋势,硬度近似线性降低;在同等条件下,电流以脉冲形式施加有利于改善复合镀层的形貌,密实组织结构,提高硬度。     

脉冲电沉积Ni-ZrO2复合镀层形貌的研究

着眼于优选电沉积工艺条件,以期制备出良好形貌的复合镀层,系统考察了峰值电流密度、占空比和微粒的质量浓度对脉冲电沉积Ni-ZrO2复合镀层形貌的影响。结果表明:Ni-ZrO2复合镀层的形貌质量随峰值电流密度的增加和微粒质量浓度的升高呈现出先改善后恶化的趋势,但随占空比的增大逐渐变差。在峰值电流密度7A/dm2,占空比20%,微粒的质量浓度20g/L的条件下,所得Ni-ZrO2复合镀层的形貌质量最优。     

微粒的导电性对复合镀层结构与性能的影响

在复合电沉积过程中辅助施加超声波搅拌,制备出Ni-Al和Ni-Al2O3两种复合镀层。借助扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计和摩擦磨损试验机研究了微粒的导电性对复合镀层形貌、相结构及性能的影响。结果表明:微粒的导电性对复合镀层的形貌、相结构和显微硬度均有一定影响,但对耐磨性的影响不明显;添加惰性微粒有利于获得形貌良好、结构致密、显微硬度较高的复合镀层。     

粉体粒度对镍/Ti3SiC2复合镀层耐磨性的影响

采用电沉积法制备了Ni/Ti3SiC2复合镀层。镀液组成和工艺条件为:NiSO4·6H2O 250 g/L,NiCl2·6H2O 45 g/L,H3BO340 g/L,Ti3SiC2粉体35 g/L,pH 4.0,温度(55±1)°C,搅拌速率400 r/min,电流密度0.65 A/dm2,时间30 min。研究了Ti3SiC2粉体粒度对Ni/Ti3SiC2复合镀层耐磨性的影响。结果表明,随Ti3SiC2粉体粒度减小,复合镀层的表面粗糙度减小,耐磨性提高。经磨损试验后,Ni/Ti3SiC2复合镀层未出现裂纹或剥落等严重的磨损现象,说明Ni/Ti3SiC2复合镀层具有良好的耐磨性。     

基于复合电镀工艺修复液压支架立柱的腐蚀破损

为增强液压支架立柱的耐蚀性,基于复合电镀工艺在其表面电沉积Ni-Al2O3镀层,并以腐蚀速率为评价指标,对处理后立柱表面的耐蚀性进行评价。结果表明:复合电镀修复后立柱表面的腐蚀速率较处理前的大幅降低,但受电镀工艺条件的影响;施加适宜功率的超声波搅拌和低电流密度,有利于获得良好的修复效果。     

脉冲电沉积Ni-Al2O3复合镀层的工艺参数及性能研究

利用脉冲电沉积在304不锈钢上制备了Ni-Al2O3纳米复合镀层,通过正交试验法确定了最佳工艺参数为:硫酸镍280 g/L,氯化镍45 g/L,硼酸40 g/L,十二烷基硫酸钠0.1 g/L,平均电流密度4 A/dm2,占空比40％,脉冲频率600 Hz,纳米Al2O3颗粒质量浓度5 g/L,温度45～55°C,pH 3～4,搅拌速率约220 r/min,电沉积时间60 min.用扫描电子显微镜分析镀层表面形貌,用能谱仪确定镀层中Al2O3含量,用显微硬度计测试镀层的显微硬度,用数码显微镜测量镀层的表面粗糙度,用电化学工作站分析镀层的耐蚀性.结果表明:与直流电沉积复合镀层相比,脉冲复合镀层晶粒尺寸较小、结合紧密,纳米Al2O3颗粒均匀分散,显微硬度和纳米Al2O3颗粒含量高,表面平整,耐蚀性好.     

工艺参数对超声波电沉积Cu-SiO2复合镀层结构与硬度的影响

基于超声波电沉积法制备Cu-SiO2复合镀层,并研究了超声波功率和阴极电流密度对复合镀层结构与硬度的影响。结果表明:复合镀层的结构随超声波功率的增大(0～500W)先改善后恶化,而随阴极电流密度的增加(3～18A/dm2)渐趋稀松;复合镀层的硬度随超声波功率的增大和阴极电流密度的增加均呈现出先升高后降低的趋势。     

Fe-Al2O3耐磨性复合镀层

以二氯化铁无刻蚀电镀工艺为基础,在氯化亚铁单盐(ρ=300~400g/L)中加入Al2O3惰性粒子,制备了Fe–Al2O3复合镀层。讨论了镀液中颗粒含量及电流密度对镀层中颗粒含量的影响,结果表明:镀层中Al2O3的含量随镀液中Al2O3的含量增加而增加,当镀液中Al2O3的含量继续增加到50g/L时,惰性粒子在复合镀层中的含量达到最大值;当电流密度达到25A/dm2时Al2O3在镀层中的共沉积量出现高峰。测试结果表明,该复合镀层耐磨性、耐腐蚀性都较好。     

镍基氧化铝纳米微粒复合电镀的研究现状

以Al2O3纳米微粒为复合材料的复合电镀是一种取代镀硬铬的极有价值的复合表面技术。Al2O3微粒与镍金属共沉积可明显提高镀层的硬度、耐磨性与耐蚀性。主要阐述了Al2O3纳米微粒与金属镍共沉积的工艺条件对沉积速率和镀层性能的影响。并且指出Al2O3纳米微粒复合镀镍中关键问题是如何提高复合镀层中纳米微粒的含量及镀层形貌对镀层性能的影响,以寻找控制镀层表面形貌的条件。     

电流密度对不锈钢基β-二氧化铅-二氧化钛-四氧化三钴复合镀层性能的影响

研究了电流密度对不锈钢基β-PbO2-TiO2-Co3O4复合镀层的沉积速率、显微硬度、表面形貌、结合力、电催化活性等性能的影响。镀液组成和其他工艺条件为:Pb(NO3)2250g/L,HNO310g/L,NaF0.5g/L,TiO215g/L,Co3O430g/L,温度50℃,pH1～2,沉积时间4h。通过扫描电镜、能谱仪和X射线衍射仪分析了复合镀层的形貌、组成和构相。结果表明,最佳电流密度为4A/dm2。在4A/dm2下,β-PbO2-TiO2-Co3O4复合镀层的沉积速率为15.31g/(h·dm2),显微硬度为653.3HV,表面平整、致密。镀层中Ti、Co的摩尔分数分别为2.22%和4.37%,表明TiO2和Co3O4颗粒与β-PbO2镀层实现了共沉积。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。