Application of static VAr compensators to increase power systemdamping

A theory for analyzing power system damping enhancement by application of static VAr compensators (SVCs) has been developed using the equal area criterion. Some fundamental issues, such as the effect of SVCs on a power system, how to control an SVC to improve system damping, and the differences between continuous and discontinuous control of SVC reactive power to achieve the maximum damping improvement, are discussed. A discontinuous SVC reactive power output at discrete points is determined from the power deviation on a transmission line. Time-domain simulations of the application of this approach to a one-machine system to increase swing oscillation damping and to a four-machine system to increase the damping of an interarea oscillation mode demonstrate that the theory and method can be applied to solve practical power system damping problems     

静止无功补偿器阻尼电力系统振荡（上）——理论分析

本文建立了装有静止无功补偿器（ＳＶＣ）的电力系统的推广Ｐｈｉｌｌｉｐｓ－Ｈｅｆｆｒｏｎ模型。在此基础上，从理论上分析了利用静止无功补偿器阻尼电力系统振荡研究中的基本问题，即：ＳＶＣ能够向电力系统提供正阻尼，提高电力系统静态稳定性的条件；电力系统参数，运行工况，ＳＶＣ电压控制及阻尼控制强度对ＳＶＣ向电力系统提供阻尼能力的影响；ＳＶＣ阻尼控制最佳安装地点的选择。文中首次提出了ＳＶＣ阻尼控制存在“失灵点”的概念，并分析了“失灵点”存在的原因。本文下篇中给出的研究实例，其特征值分析和非线性仿真的结果验证了文中给出的分析结论。     

Fuzzy bang-bang control of static VAR compensators for damping system-wide low-frequency oscillations

Static VAR compensators (SVCs) have been widely used in power systems to keep terminal voltages within bounds. The other application is to improve power systems damping, especially for loosely connected power systems. In this paper, a scheme using fuzzy logic control (FLC) is connected in parallel with a conventional voltage regulation loop to form a supplementary damping loop for the SVC to increase the system's transmission capacity. The FLC is based on bang-bang control, and provides damping across each connected line to the SVC. Damping is of particular importance especially for weakly coupled power systems. Using rotor-angle signals that are estimated from voltage and power measurements at each connected line to the SVC, a fictitious generator at the remote end of each connected line is identified. The SVC receives control signals from all fictitious generators, which are competing and reacting differently at different phases of system oscillations. The final control for the SVC combines the control signals from all fictitious generators, which are scaled according to their individual contributions to damping. The proposed signal structure guarantees robustness and effectiveness of the final control with respect to different loading and fault conditions. The FLC design is based on Lyapunov function analysis, and is simulated on a three-generator power system for performance evaluation.     

Synchronizing and damping torque coefficients and power systemsteady-state stability as affected by static VAr compensators

The utilization of static VAr compensators (SVC) for supplying reactive power at certain points of an electric power system is an efficient way for fast control of transient and steady-state voltage changes following short-circuits, load rejection, opening of severely loaded transmission circuits, etc. Other SVC applications include the increase of power transmission capacity through interconnections between areas of a power system and the damping enhancement of local or inter-area electromechanical oscillation modes. This paper fundamentally deals with these last two issues by analyzing the results of synchronizing and damping torque coefficient calculations for a generation station connected radially to a much larger power system. The results presented pertain to a double-circuit, 800 km, 500 kV transmission system during a one-circuit out contingency     

应用SVC解决低频振荡问题研究

研究在贵州电网近区加装SVC,抑制由黔江小水电诱发的低频振荡模式。通过仿真计算结果表明,带有附加阻尼控制的SVC可有效提高黔江小水电主导的振荡模式阻尼,提升黔江小水电安全出力裕度,提高系统的安全稳定程度,该应用具有较大的推广价值。     

扩展c1～c12模型及SVC阻尼特性再认识

基于扩展Phillips-Heffron k1～k6模型的研究认为静止无功补偿器(SVC)在有功轻载工况下可能向电力系统提供负阻尼.为更加全面地认识SVC的阻尼作用,建立了考虑发电机阻尼绕组作用的单机一SVC一无穷大系统线性化直观模型(扩展c1～c12模型).基于该模型,给出了SVC提供的阻尼转矩解析式,分析了不同工况和自动电压调节器(AVR)增益下的SVC阻尼特性.研究认为,SVC的阻尼作用随有功负荷的增大而增大,随AVR增益的增大而减小,在有功轻载且AVR高增益时SVC阻尼作用最弱,但不会向系统提供负阻尼,不存在所谓的"阻尼失灵点",这深化了关于SVC阻尼特性的认识.大扰动下的系统非线性仿真验证了上述结论.     

SVC电压控制与阻尼调节间相互作用机理研究

通过对含静止无功补偿器(static var compensator,SVC)的单机无穷大(single machine infinite-bus,SIMB)系统进行电磁转矩计算,从理论上分析SVC的电压控制和阻尼调节之间的相互作用关系,既要保证同时为系统提供正的同步转矩和阻尼转矩,电压控制增益和阻尼控制增益的取值需满足一定的限制关系。通过对PSASP中36节点系统进行特征值分析,从广义阻尼的角度分析SVC控制参数对系统阻尼的影响。分析结果表明,电压控制增益和时间常数可改变系统的总阻尼,阻尼控制增益只能对系统的阻尼特性进行重新配置,从而改善系统的弱阻尼区间振荡模式。仿真验证了上述结论的有效性。     

Enhancement of power system dynamic performance through an on-line self-tuning adaptive SVC controller

Static VAr compensators (SVC) are used for voltage control of long distance bulk power transmission lines. By using a supplemental control loop an SVC can also be used to improve the dynamic and transient stability of a power system. Use of a self-tuning adaptive control algorithm as a supplementary controller for the SVC is presented in this article. The control derived is based on a pole-shifting technique employing a predicted plant model. Simulation studies on a simple power system model showed rapid convergence of the estimated plant parameters with an extremely good damping profile. The controller has been tested for ranges of operating conditions and for various disturbances. The effectiveness of the adaptive damping controller was also evaluated through an ‘optimized’ PI controller.     

电力系统阻尼控制机理与特性

基于单机-无穷大电力系统,采用等面积定则分析电力系统阻尼控制机理。对电力系统稳定器（PSS）、静止无功补偿器（SVC）、晶闸管控制的串联电容器（TCSC）和高压直流（HVDC）的附加阻尼控制器的运行特性进行总结。对如何利用电网中各种阻尼资源以提高抑制系统区间振荡的能力进行讨论。当系统中已安装的PSS不能有效阻尼区间振荡时,可优先考虑利用HVDC的附加阻尼调制来增强阻尼。此外,可考虑柔性交流输电系统（FACTS）的附加阻尼控制,并认为TCSC抑制区间振荡的效果一般优于SVC。在四机两区域电力系统中的仿真分析结果验证了结论的合理性。     

SVC广域辅助控制阻尼区域间低频振荡

SVC已经广泛应用于电力系统的无功支持和电压控制,广域测量系统在国内外也已有许多工程应用.本文利用广域测量信号为输入设计SVC的附加阻尼控制(PSDC).首先阐述了SVC提供阻尼的机理,然后提出了综合留数指标的概念,并据此选择具体的控制输入信号;接着基于测试信号法和留数根轨迹方法相结合进行PSDC的参数设计;并利用PSS/E进行了特征值分析和时域仿真分析验证了所设计的附加阻尼控制器的有效性.最后针对国内某实际电网外送工程中安装的SVC设计了相应的阻尼控制器,时域仿真证明了SVC广域附加阻尼控制的有效性.     

Selection of the best siting of static var compensators for effective damping

A static Var compensator (SVC) can improve the steady-state stability (or the small signal stability), if it is located appropriately. The present paper proposes a method for selecting the best siting of SVC in large-scale power systems for damping effectively. Conventionally, it is thought that SVC improves steady-state stability by its voltage regulating ability. From this point of view, the stability can be improved significantly if SVC is located at the bus which has a large voltage fluctuation due to the lightly damped power swing mode. In contrast to the conventional viewpoint, the present paper makes it clear that the steady-state stability deteriorates by the conventional voltage regulating control of SVC in some cases. Therefore, the voltage fluctuation is not an appropriate index for effective damping. This paper explains the mechanism of improvement of steady-state stability by SVC in terms of modal analysis. On the basis of modal analysis, an index for determining the location of SVC is derived. The index is called LIED (Location Index for Effective Damping) by the authors. Digital simulations are conducted for an 8-machine longitudinal system and a 29-machine looped system to demonstrate the validity of the proposed index.     

Adaptive fuzzy-logic SVC damping controller using strategy of oscillation energy descent

A novel concept called the bus power oscillation energy function is introduced in this paper. On this basis, a control strategy, the oscillation energy function descent approach, is proposed for developing an efficient static VAR compensator (SVC) supplementary damping controller. Using the strategy, a fuzzy-logic adaptive SVC control scheme is developed. To enhance the performance of the damping controller, an additional fuzzy-logic control unit is introduced to adaptively adjust the control gain factor in real time according to the magnitude of system oscillations at each moment. The adaptive approach overcomes the drawback of fuzzy-logic control schemes with constant gain factor. Simulation results with and without the adaptive control unit on the 10-generator New England systems are reported to show the effect of the adaptive control techniques. The satisfactory performance of the controller validates that the oscillation energy decent control strategy is useful to design FACTS supplementary damping controllers.     

基于磁饱和式可控电抗器的静止无功补偿器提高系统阻尼的研究

为了解决电力系统快速控制电压,又能增加系统功角振荡阻尼,弥补传统SVC存在的不足,建立了MCSR -SVC的数学模型,设计了一种模糊滑模控制器,与常规控制器相比,它对外部扰动具有较强的鲁棒性,能够减小控制系统趋于稳态时的抖动,并有效地提高控制系统的稳定性及改善控制系统的动态性能.数字仿真结果验证:基于模糊滑模控制的MC...     

多机系统中励磁与SVC的协调控制

主要研究基于结构保持模型的多机电力系统的暂态稳定性。将连接与阻尼分配?无源控制方法进行从常微分方程到微分代数方程的拓展,求解一类仿射非线性微分代数系统的调节问题。并用所提方法设计多机系统中的发电机励磁与静止无功补偿器的协调控制器,不再拘泥于单机系统的协调控制研究。该方法充分利用整个系统的物理结构,通过引入电气与机械动态之间的耦合项进行能量整形,加强两者之间的联系,保证闭环系统的渐近稳定性。仿真结果说明了协调控制器在阻尼振荡和增强电压稳定性上的有效性。     

A novel SVC supplementary controller based on wide area signals

Static Var Compensator (SVC) is a kind of FACTS device which is used in power system primarily for the purpose of voltage and reactive power control. Based on wide area signals, this paper presents a systematic approach for designing SVC supplementary controller, which is used to improve the damping of power system oscillation. The principle for damping oscillation by SVC is first analyzed and the concept of synthetic residue index is then presented which is used to choose the proper input wide area signals. Parameters of the controller are determined by means of test signal method and residue root locus. Eigenvalue analysis and time domain simulations are performed on a two-area system and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.     

Improved fuzzy logic controller for SVC in power system damping using global signals

Static Var Compensator (SVC) is a shunt-type FACTS device, which is used in power systems primarily for the purpose of voltage and reactive power control. In this paper, an improved fuzzy logic-based supplementary controller for SVC is developed for damping the rotor angle oscillations and to improve the stability of the power system. The generator speed and the electrical power are chosen as global input signals for the proposed fuzzy logic controller (FLC). The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control is demonstrated with single-machine infinite bus (SMIB) system, three-machine nine-bus WSCC system and New England 10-machine system, which shows the improvement over the use of a fixed parameter controller and existing FLC.     

Damping of inter-area and local modes by use of controllablecomponents

This paper deals with damping of inter-area and local electromechanical oscillation modes using controllable series capacitor (CSC) and controllable shunt capacitor (SVC). The impacts of SVC and CSC on the structure of the system closed loop matrix are investigated. By analyzing the sensitivities of the system inter-area and local modes to the control action of the controllable devices, some general conclusions concerning the damping of inter-area and local modes are made. A numerical example is provided to support the analytical findings. This paper provides an insight and understanding in the basic characteristics of damping effects of the studied devices. The insight is obtained by the study of a simple power system which exhibits both inter-area and local power swings. The understandings and findings could form the basis in analysis of realistic and more complex systems     

Thyristor controlled series compensation application study-controlinteraction considerations

A study of the potential for control interaction between a proposed thyristor controlled series compensation (TCSC) and an existing static VAr compensator (SVC) is presented. The results indicate that a control interaction exists between the voltage-input power swing damping control (PSDC) of the TCSC, the series compensated AC system resonances, and the SVC controls. The addition of recommended filtering and synthesized angle-input PSDC showed improved performance     

基于振荡能量消耗的HVDC和SVC附加阻尼控制

系统的总振荡能量和振幅对应,消耗振荡能量的元件对振荡衰减的贡献为正,具有正阻尼。提出了一种以消耗振荡能量为目标的阻尼控制设计方法,推导了高压直流输电(HVDC)和静止无功补偿器(SVC)的附加阻尼控制策略。该方法统一了基于能量函数下降的一大类阻尼控制策略设计方法,并为这类方法建立了严格的理论基础。控制策略的设计还需要考虑对其他元件振荡能量消耗情况的影响。研究了考虑负荷的SVC附加阻尼控制策略,在附加控制中引入频率偏差项增加负荷的振荡能量消耗,增强阻尼控制的效果。仿真结果验证了控制策略的有效性。     

A comparative study of damping schemes on damping generatoroscillations

Results of a comparative study of the application of three different compensators, the power system stabilizer (PSS), the static VAR compensator (SVC), and the rectifier current regulator (RCR), for the damping enhancement of generator oscillations in a power system are presented. In order to enhance the dampings of both the mechanical mode and the exciter mode in the system, a unified approach based on modal control theory is proposed for the design of the PSS, the SVC, and the RCR. A proportional-integral-derivative (PID) type controller using generator speed deviation as a modulated signal to generate the desired damping is proposed, and it is shown that both affected system modes can be exactly located at the prespecified positions on the complex plane by the proposed damping schemes. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed PID controllers and their relative merits, a frequency-domain study based on eigenvalue analysis under different operating conditions and a time-domain study based on nonlinear model simulations under disturbance conditions are performed