测量阻抗轨迹和阻抗继电器性能的研究

为了精确计算测量阻抗随过渡电阻变化的轨迹,本文利用解析分析的方法对双端系统不同故障类型下送、受端正反向故障时的测量阻抗轨迹进行了详细的计算分析,并以姆欧继电器和四边形特性的距离继电器为例简要分析了其稳态动作行为。本文所得到的测量阻抗随过渡电阻变化的轨迹为分析阻抗继电器的动作行为提供了理论依据,对距离继电器的设计制造部门也具有一定的指导作用。     

具有高阻接地故障辨识能力的和阻抗继电器

为构建应对单相高阻接地故障的后备保护,通过对线路两端测量阻抗信息的整合与分析,发现其测量值之和在区内故障时和区外故障时有较大差别,进而提出一种采集测量阻抗稳态值、判据具有自适应性且专门应对单相高阻接地故障的和阻抗继电器。仿真与分析表明该继电器能够反映高阻接地故障,受系统运行方式变化影响小,能够确保不误动,线路非全相运行时仍可靠工作,对数据同步性要求极低,反映高阻故障能力远优于纵联距离保护和纵联差动保护,能够有效补充现有主保护。     

A New Weak Fault Component Reactance Distance Relay Based on Voltage Amplitude Comparison

A new weak fault component reactance distance relay is proposed in this paper. By adaptive setting of the compensated voltage, the scheme synthesizes the performance of the impedance distance relay and the reactance distance relay. The distance protection relay on the receiving end will misoperate when the fault resistance is larger than the critical resistance. So a new switching criterion is applied to eliminate this disadvantage. Based on that, the proposed scheme can detect the fault with the high fault resistance in the setting coverage, regardless of whether the relay is located at the receiving end or the sending end. Test results from the simulation and experimental conditions show that the new scheme is successful in detecting the internal fault. It has higher sensitivity and selectivity during different conditions than the traditional fault component protection schemes.     

改进的比幅式工频变化量距离继电器方案

从实用的角度出发,提出改进的比幅式工频变化量距离继电器方案.通过综合阻抗继电器和电抗继电器的优点,即适当调整补偿电压故障量的大小,使新方案具有一定的耐受过渡电阻能力和抗干扰能力.对受端继电器,提出仅利用保护安装处的电压变化值构成同相点切换判据,可以有效降低系统参数的影响.由于同相点切换后,保护判据动作方程改变,因此在同相点前后,补偿电压的调整方向应该相反.仿真结果表明,弱电抗分量电抗继电器方案具有较好的性能,并且其保护范围和反应接地电阻的能力可以通过改变补偿电压值进行调节.     

Adaptive load blinder for distance protection

This paper proposes a novel adaptive load blinder for distance protection. A distance relay can provide remote backup protection by zones 2 and 3, but it may mal-operate under heavy loading conditions and cause cascading trips in the network, which could further lead to a widespread blackout. To prevent cascading outages, load blinders or load encroachment elements are generally used to block the distance relay when there is heavy load in the system. However, these elements are not always able to discriminate heavy loading conditions from fault conditions, especially for heavy loads with low power factors or faults with fault resistance. This paper presents a novel load blinder scheme for distance protection by using artificial neural network (ANN). Test results show that the proposed ANN-based load blinder scheme is able to discriminate between different heavy loads with a wide range of power factors and different faults with fault resistance.     

Distance Relaying Algorithm for a Line-to-ground Fault on Single Infeed Lines

Abstract—The work presented in this article addresses the problems encountered by the conventional digital distance relay used for the protection of transmission lines fed from one end. To observe its behavior during a high-resistance single line-to-ground fault, a laboratory prototype of a three-phase transmission line using equivalent power system components has been developed by the authors. Thereafter, a new digital distance relaying algorithm is presented for the compensation of errors produced by the conventional digital distance relay during a high-resistance single line-to-ground fault. The proposed algorithm is based on digital computation of impedance, which uses symmetrical components of three-phase currents and voltages measured at the local end only. The proposed algorithm has been tested using MATLAB/SIMULINK (The MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA) software for a single line-to-ground fault considering wide variations in fault resistance, fault location, power factor, and short-circuit capacity of the source.     

高压线路非全相运行对距离保护的影响

电力系统非全相运行时对距离保护有较大影响。两相运行期间距离元件性能将恶化 ,应将其闭锁 ;但两相运行时健全相仍可能发生短路 ,此时保护应能准确切除健全相的区内故障。对两相运行工况及其复故障条件下距离保护的动作行为进行了仿真分析 ,探讨了基于故障分量距离继电器的解决方案 ,EMTP仿真结果证明了该方案的有效性     

新型自适应距离继电器

距离保护测量到的阻抗由于受对侧系统助增电流的影响会偏离故障线路的实际值,从而引起距离保护发生超越或者缩短保护距离。实际应用中往往利用零序电抗元件来解决这个问题,但对于相间故障则无能为力。通过分析发现,无论对于相间故障还是接地故障,当线路经过渡电阻故障时,距离保护测量阻抗随着过渡电阻变化的轨迹是一段圆弧,利用故障前保护测量到的电压、电流量可以估算出其圆心和半径。文中利用对阻抗变化轨迹的估算,提出了一种基于自适应电抗元件的四边形距离继电器的原理以及实施方案。理论分析和仿真计算都表明,所提出的自适应距离继电器除了能够有效防止区外经过渡电阻故障时发生超越,在区内故障时其耐受过渡电阻的能力也较常规四边形继电器有所提高。     

Adaptive distance protection of a double-circuit line

Due to changes in the power system, such as generator and line outages and changes in load and generation, the performance of distance relays can vary. In the case of a distance relay protecting a phase of a double-circuit line, the state of the parallel circuit is of major importance. Simulations show that, depending on the power system state, a distance relay can cover from less than 50% up to far more than 100% of the total line length. This is demonstrated with a double-circuit line under the single-line-to-ground fault (SLG) fault condition, since this is the most common type of fault. In this paper the distance protection of a double-circuit line under the SLG fault condition is formulated. To achieve correct operation, the relay does not only use the measured quantities of the circuit-to-be-protected, but also the zero sequence current of the parallel circuit. Such a relay requires extra measuring equipment, and, moreover, the zero sequence current of the parallel circuit cannot always be measured. Therefore, another approach is chosen. A correction factor is introduced, set adaptively according to the actual power system state. In this way, the appropriate setting of the relay is provided, in relation with the actual power system state. A side-effect of the adaptive setting of the relay is that the safety margin in the relay settings is decreased, due to the uncertainty in the power system state. By adapting the relay to the actual power system state, maximum selectivity is achieved, and the protection system as such will be more reliable     

用于特高压输电线保护的能量方向元件

传统能量方向元件在特高压线路中不能正确判别故障方向,同时当线路出口发生故障时由于系统内阻很小而导致有功能量方向元件也不能做出正确的判断。提出了一种应用于特高压长距离输电线路的故障分量式能量方向元件,并且提出了相应的方向纵联保护原理,用贝瑞隆算法加以实现;从而使保护的可靠性大大提高;分析了保护判据及其动作特性。通过数字仿真证明了所提方向元件原理和保护判据的正确性和可靠性,该元件具有不受系统暂态过程、过渡电阻、串补电容等因素影响的特性,而且其灵敏度不受故障类型及故障位置等因素的影响,同时动作速度也较快,不大于20ms。     

工频突变量距离继电器稳态超越的研究

为进一步加深对工频突变量距离继电器动作特性的认识,利用故障分量法对单端电源输电线路中工频突变量距离继电器的动作特性进行了详细分析。分析表明当输电线路保护区外发生两相短路经小过渡电阻接地故障时,两故障相中的超前相存在稳态超越现象。同时,针对以上稳态超越现象,提出了两种预防措施。     

适用于平行双回线路的零序距离继电器研究

提出了适用于平行双回线路的零序距离继电器新判据.研究表明,当本回线路发生单相接地短路时,在通过公式计算得出的一特定值为正时,离保护安装处越远,本回线路零序电流与非故障线路零序电流相位差值越小;当另一回线发生单相接地短路时,离保护安装处越远,本回线路零序电流与故障线路零序电流相位差值越大,该值为负时则反之.因此可以利用双回线路中的零序电流相位差值的变化趋势来识别故障线路.由于采用零序电量作为判断依据,新方法具有受两侧电源角度的影响小,且受负荷、系统运行方式的因素影响小的特点.大量ATP仿真试验证明新方法对于双回线出现的单相接地故障, 具有足够的灵敏度.     

高压输电线路距离保护克服过渡电阻能力研究

高压输电线路中存在较大的过渡电阻,很容易引起距离保护拒动或误动.分析特高压单侧电源经长线路出口故障和双侧电源长线路出口故障时过渡电阻对距离保护工作的影响,探讨单侧电源助增电流网络、外汲电流网络中过渡电阻对测量阻抗的影响,并给出2种网络结构在不同地点处保护测量阻抗的计算公式.研究能较好躲过渡电阻特性的零序电抗继电器、自适应接地距离继电器、神经网络距离继电器,分析比较不同方法的优缺点及适用场合.     

基于零序分量的距离继电器

提出了一种基于零序分量的距离继电器，具有故障分量继电器所特有的不受负荷、系统运行方式、系统振荡等因素影响的特点。此继电器所需的零序分量现场获取简单，故障后可以长期存在；对于现场较易出现的电压回路异常、零序电压量自动由自产转为开口三角(3U0)电压后，继电器仍能正常工作；该继电器的动作公式为模量比较，现场实现简单可靠。理论及大量的EMTP仿真表明：此距离元件综合性能良好，具有明显的方向性，完全可以作为高频方向元件的辅助元件，以提高方向元件的现场性能，提高可靠性。     

输电线路相差保护新原理

相差纵联保护具有区别电力系统振荡与短路的优越性能,但传统相差保护在内部故障时灵敏度易受负荷电流和过渡电阻的影响,且应用于双回线或环网时其性能受线路分布电容影响,在外部故障时保护可能误动。基于无损线路分布参数模型及故障分量保护原理,提出了新型相差保护原理。理论上保护性能不受负荷电流和过渡电阻的影响,且完全杜绝了外部故障时保护误动的可能性,极大地提高了保护安全性,且各种内部故障时可靠动作。理论分析表明所提原理适用于各种故障类型,其性能不受故障电阻及系统运行状态等的影响。大量的仿真也证明了该原理的正确性。     

零序电压移相极化的自适应阻抗继电器研究

提出了一种基于自适应原理的新型接地阻抗继电器。在对零序电压极化的自适应阻抗继电器动作特性分析的基础上,通过对接地距离保护对过渡电阻自适应构成机理的分析,阐述了零序电压移相极化的自适应控制方法及移相原理。讨论了该继电器的动作判据,分析了其动作特性。初步理论分析表明所提继电器具有动作迅速、构成简单等良好性能。分析还表明,零序电压移相后的自适应阻抗继电器既进一步提高抗过渡电阻的能力,又不存在动作的电压死区,具有明确的方向性。同时,它还具有故障分量继电器所特有的不受负荷、系统振荡等因素影响的特点。Matlab仿真分析结果表明,该继电器具有良好的动作特性。     

Impact Analyses of Wind Farm on Performances ofTransmission Line Relay Protection

A simulation system for power grid with concentrated large-scale wind farm integration is established based on the electro-magnetic transient model of wind turbine equipped with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG),which is built by real-time digital simulator (RTDS).Using the hardware communication interface of RTDS,a closed-loop testing experiment is accomplished to study the impacts of large-scale wind farms on the existing relay protection devices for wind farm outgoing transmission line.This paper points out problems existing in current relay protection devices as follows:fault phase selector can select unwanted phase due to the changes of fault features caused by special network connection of wind farms;blocking condition for distance protections needs to be re-examined due to the weak power-feed characteristics of wind farms;and power frequency parameter based relay protection devices cannot accurately operate due to the special transient voltage and current characteristics of wind farms during fault period.Results lay the foundation for improving the performances of the existing relay protection device and developing new principle relay protection.     

基于阻抗比较的同杆并架选相新方法

首先对综合比相阻抗继电器在同杆并架双回线故障下的动作行为进行了研究,在此基础上提出一种结合综合比相继电器的选相新方法。这种选相元件根据改进后的综合比相继电器的选相结果,参考测量阻抗值对已选出的动作相再次进行筛选。同杆并架的后备距离保护应用此选相元件,通过适当的整定配合,能可靠地区分靠近线路末端跨线故障和区内相间故障,提高距离保护I段的正确动作率。数字仿真结果表明,基于阻抗比较的同杆并架选相新方法受同杆并架线路拓扑结构和对称性等因素影响小,能保证后备距离保护I段在各种线路运行方式下正确选相跳闸。     

配电网距离保护的自适应跳闸方案

本文通过对输电线路的正方向区内、区外故障的分析,总结出区内故障的特点,并且利用这些特点,配合于距离保护Ⅱ段,实现加速跳闸。该方案克服了传统保护Ⅱ段的较长时限,在不采用通讯通道的情况下,保证保护的选择性,实现加速跳闸。本方案充分利用了微机的记忆功能和判别功能,保护记录下故障前的负荷电流,故障后的故障电流的存在及消失情况,利用逻辑判断回路,正确区分区内、区外故障,实现加速跳闸。     

A digital distance relay using negative sequence current

The configuration and performance of a recently developed digital distance relay using negative sequence current for remote backup protection are described. Since relays for remote backup protection are designed for remote faults, the fault current that is input to the relay is small due to the influence of current distribution factors. This in turn makes the relay sensitive to the effects of load current. In order to resolve this problem, a distance relay using negative-sequence current has been developed and put into use. The characteristics of this relay are: (1) the effects of load current are reduced, so the relay rarely maloperated due to load current during a fault; and (2) the hardware configuration of a digital relay that performs calculation on a negative component is simple and thus relatively error-free