Error analysis and method of accuracy evaluation of strain gauge factor testing apparatus based on pure bending moment beams

For the appraisal of accuracy of strain gauge factor testing apparatus based on pure bending moment beams, the common means adopted since the 1960s and still in use internationally today are by application of the strain definition to measure directly the strain on the calibration beam surfaces. However, because of the imperfect measuring principle and inadequate resolution and accuracy of instruments available, etc., this problem has not been solved satisfactorily. This paper proposes a unique way by introducing two new concepts, i.e. the shape errors of the cylindrical surfaces and deflection errors of the bent calibration beam, in accordance with the features of the forces acting on the beam, and the geometric shape and dimensions of the beam in operation, to analyse and classify the various accidental and systematic errors involved. Through the two concepts, the task of appraisal of accuracy is simplified as the appraisal of the cylindricality of the cylindrical surfaces of the bent calibration beam and the appraisal of the three main parameters in the strain formula.     

基于电阻应变计的称重装置

本文针对衡器在各个行业使用的共同特征,设计了适用于小量程的悬臂梁式称重装置,在悬臂梁上粘贴电阻应变计,直接采用电阻应变仪做为终端读数器。讨论了衡器尺寸的设计方法,并制造了一个样机对标准砝码进行了实际测试。模型实际测试结果显示该装置具有较高的测量精确度,并且该装置的设计方法可以推广到大量程的衡器设计中。     

An assessment of a frictional strain gauge probe for dynamic strain measurement

A probe for the measurement of surface strains on dynamically loaded structures has recently been tested at the National Engineering Laboratory (NEL). The procedure for estimating the amplitude of the conditioned signals from the frictional strain gauge attached to the probe is described and the usefulness of the technique is discussed. Calibration data are presented from comparative tests of the performance of the frictional gauge and bonded gauges on an axially loaded testpiece subjected to sinusoidal and random loading conditions.     

A low cost calibration conditioner for dynamic strain gauge measurements

A conditioner for dynamic strain measurements that allows for a series of calibration signals with periodic and predefined time occurrence, during the whole period in which the measurements have to be carried out, is presented in this work. The calibration signals, having suitable size ratios between them, allow one to evaluate the linearity of the entire measurement chain.     

激光量块干涉测量中传感器的应用和校准

本文介绍了双波长激光量块干涉仪中使用的温度、湿度和气压传感器,描述了其工作原理、设计方案、测量不确定度以及校准方法。这些传感器同样可用于其他高准确度长度测量的激光干涉系统中。     

大尺寸锯齿形螺纹规中径的校准方法

目前对于普通螺纹规中径的校准方法有很多,比如三针法、影像法、轴切法、侧规法和环规法等等.而对于一些大尺寸的特殊螺纹规(如锯齿形螺纹规)没有统一的方法,该文对这类特殊螺纹规的中径校准提出了一种切实可行的解决办法,并且在实际应用中得到了验证.     

The effect of trimming on strain gauge accuracy

During a programme of fatigue testing welded tubular joints, similar to those in use in North Sea offshore structures, it was necessary to measure the strain as close to the weld toe as possible and also to detect crack initiation. To this end general purpose miniature foil strain gauges were used. The backings of these gauges were trimmed prior to installation to enable placing the measuring grid as close as possible to the weld toe. The investigation described was carried out to assess the accuracy of these strain gauge installations.     

Sensitivity calibration of post-yield strain gauges under cyclic plastic straining

A plastic sensitivity calibration procedure is outlined for strain gauges under cyclic, four point bending. Tests show that the gauge resistance changes in an approximately linear manner with longitudinal strain for the first quarter cycle of loading. Calibration curves for subsequent reversals to the direction of deformation display zero-shift and non-linearity. Under balanced strain cycling, there is evidence of a cyclically-stable, sensitivity calibration loop. Theoretical considerations are given in which it is proposed that separate sensitivity factors apply to the elastic and plastic components of strain. It is shown that the plastic sensitivity factor is a function of (i) plastic strain induced hardening and softening in the gauge foil and (ii) any apparent change to the gauge resistivity due to imperfect bonding. The elastic component sensitivity factor equals the manufacturer's value only in the absence of hardening. The two sensitivities may be combined to give a total sensitivity factor when a post-yield strain gauge suffers elastic-plastic straining.     

The calibration of CERL-Planer capacitance strain gauges

CEGB-Planer capacitance strain gauges are used extensively for monitoring the deformation of components operating in the creep range. However, there are significant differences between the way the gauges are installed for use and the way they are installed for calibration. This paper describes the various types of calibrations that have been carried out to identify the errors associated with these differences and the results show that, providing the manufacturers' recommendations are adhered to, the errors are acceptably small.     

Ultrasensitive strain gauge with tunable temperature coefficient of resistivity

We demonstrate an ultrasensitive strain gauge based on a discontinuous metal film with a record detection limit as low as 8.3 × 10^–6. Constructed by well-tunable crevices on the nanometer scale within the film, this gauge exhibits an ultrafast dynamic response to vibrations with a frequency range of 1 Hz to 10 kHz. More importantly, the temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR) of the metal film is tunable owing to the cancellation effect caused by the possibility of tunneling across the nanoscale crevices (showing a negative temperature dependence) and the electron conduction within the metal islands (showing a positive temperature dependence). Consequently, a nullified TCR is achievable when the crevice size can be precisely controlled. Thus, a fabrication strategy to precisely control the nanoscale crevices was developed in this study through the real-time tracking of the electrical conductivity during thermal evaporation. The ultrasensitive strain gauge with a tunable thermal drift introduces numerous opportunities for precision devices and wearable electronics with superior reliability.

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应变电测与传感器技术的新发展及应用

首先介绍应变电测与传感器技术的新发展:(1)各种新型特殊电阻应变计:高温600～800℃密封焊接式应变计,900℃粘贴式动态应变计,低温-269～-196℃电阻应变计,防水应变计,大应变15%～30%电阻应变计等。(2)新型应变计式传感器:土木、机械用力传感器,钢筋计,土压力计,扭矩传感器,六分力传感器,另有应变传感器可安装在结构上测量应变,可重复使用,配合应变测试仪器使用,还可进行无线遥测。(3)新型数据采集仪器:高速静态数据采集仪,最多达1000通道,可测应变、温度、应变式传感器、直流电压等,精度0.05%,采集速度每通道0.04s,多通道总计0.4s采集完成;小型多通道动态应变和温度记录仪,最多有80通道,其中应变最多达64通道,其余为热电偶、电压测量通道;超动态电阻应变仪,频响可达200～500kHz,另有数据采集和分析软件可快速分析处理数据。其次介绍近来在土木工程、铁路工程、机械工程和航空航天工程以及医学、体育等领域中的若干应用实例。     

A computer program for repetitive strain gauge rosette analysis

A system is described with which the signals from a strain gauge rosette can be used to compute principal stresses and their orientation, the results being plotted on a VDU screen and updated continuously.     

压力表机构参数优化设计

本文主要介绍弹簧管压力表中曲柄滑块机构参数的优化设计方法，讨论了优化设计的数学模型以及用计算机求解的方法．     

厚膜电阻材料的物化特性对钌系厚膜电阻应变系数的影响

通过对厚膜电阻导电相、玻璃相的粒径控制、粒径比搭配以及在导电相、玻璃相中掺杂,研制成一种厚膜力敏电阻浆料,其应变系数GF可达15～17、工作温度可达150℃.介绍了厚膜力敏应变系数的测量方法,研究了厚膜电阻材料的物化特性对钌系厚膜电阻应变系数的影响,探讨了提高应变系数的技术途径,同时,对其导电机理作了简要的阐述.     

Optimum location of a three strain gauge rosette for measuring mixed mode stress intensity factors

This paper analyzes the errors inherent to the determination of mixed mode stress intensity factors from data obtained by using a three strain gauge rosette. The analysis shows that the errors are mainly due the third characteristic value (3/2) and its corresponding coefficients. It is also shown that the errors do not depend on the orientation angle of the rosette, the angle between the strain gauges and the material properties. The error mainly depends on its location (radius, angle), being linear in the radius. For pure mode I, an angle of 90° will completely eliminate the error due to the angle, while for pure mode II, a 0° angle will minimize it. The normalized variation of the errors with the angle at any radius is shown for different ratios of the corresponding coefficients of the third characteristic value. The analytical results are applied to a numerical example of an edge crack subjected to mixed mode loading. From the numerical example, it is recommended to use two strain gauge rosettes at the same angle, and linearly extrapolate their results, if errors less than 15% for a mixed mode field are desired.     

高温ITO薄膜应变计制备及压阻性能EI北大核心CSCD

高温薄膜应变计被广泛应用于极端条件热端构件的应变测量。ITO薄膜应变计通常能够应用于1000℃以上的应变测量,为了研究ITO薄膜的显微结构、XPS光谱、阻温特性及压阻响应,采用磁控溅射在陶瓷基底上制备了ITO薄膜应变计,并在高温纯N2中热处理ITO薄膜。结果表明,其电阻温度系数稳定在-750×10-6℃-1,在1200℃下测试其应变特性,测得电阻漂移率为0.0018 h-1,应变因子为16。ITO薄膜在高温下具有稳定的电阻温度系数和低漂移率,为高温端部件应变的测量提供了可能。     

A temperature calibration of a temperature/strain transducer based on two strain gauges

The operation of a temperature/strain transducer, called “duplex gauge”, based on two electrical resistance strain gauges, that are temperature compensated for use on materials with different coefficients of linear expansion, was briefly recalled. Three steel specimens were equipped with “duplex gauges” and were subjected to temperature variations and no external loads were applied. The chosen experimental setup (i) to measure the outputs of the gauge temperature compensated for steel and titanium silicate and (ii) to impose known temperature, assured good accuracy and precision in evaluation of the temperature calibration curve. The obtained results showed that the strain differences could be considered, at least for the experimental arrangement examined, a linear function of temperature over the range of 20 to over 140°C. The prepared calibration chart, that allows the correction of temperature induced apparent strain, will be used in future research when generic temperature and strain fields are applied to specimens.     

用应变片法确定混凝土动态起裂时间的研究

在混凝土等准脆性材料的动态起裂韧度K_(1d)测试中,准确确定试件裂尖的起裂时间是测试工作的关键。采用分离式霍普金森压杆系统,对圆孔裂纹平台巴西圆盘混凝土试件进行动态径向冲击试验,通过在裂尖粘贴应变片的方法来确定起裂时间。讨论了应变片在裂纹尖端的粘贴位置、粘贴方向等因素对起裂时间测试值的影响,结果表明裂尖应变片的最佳粘贴方式是:在裂纹延长线上或在裂尖并与裂纹垂直的线上,都距离裂尖3 mm左右,且粘贴方向与裂纹延长线垂直。给出了考虑贴片位置和试件厚度的起裂时间计算公式。     

应变计伺服液压缸测试方法研究

针对原有轧机伺服液压缸高频动态响应测试系统的不足,提出一种基于应变计的新型测试方法.运用ANSYS有限元软件得到机架表面适用于实验的应变测点,并利用现有轧机伺服液压缸实验设备,制定合理的实验方法和流程,进行液压缸测试实验.结果表明:应变-位移曲线和载荷-位移曲线均呈很好的线性关系,重复性好,可以满足现有轧机伺服液压缸高频动态响应测试系统的要求.     

Strain gauge proof hydraulic testing of commercial pressure vessels

Some aspects of the philosophy of shakedown are presented relevant to the requirement of the British pressure vessel code British Standard BS 55(X): 1994 for proof hydraulic pressure tests on vessels containing features not covered in the design rules within BS 55(X). The difficulties in achieving the objective of the test are discussed. Examples are provided from the experiences gathered from such proof hydraulic tests on over 50 commercial pressure vessels.