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1.
Martin R. L. Scheeder Didier Gumy Ruth Messikommer Caspar Wenka Pierre Lambelet 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》2003,105(2):74-82
The influence of the distribution of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the glycerol backbone of dietary triacylglycerols on the fatty acid profile of adipose tissue and muscle phospholipids was investigated in growing‐finishing pigs (48) and broiler chicken (84). The animals were fattened on barley/soybean meal diets supplemented with a blend of soybean oil and beef tallow, either in the ratio 3:1 w/w (high‐PUFA) or 1:3 w/w (low‐ PUFA). Part of the high‐ and low‐PUFA blends was chemically interesterified to randomly distribute all fatty acids over the three positions of the glycerol. Thus, two sets of diets of identical overall fatty acid composition, but differing in the distribution of fatty acids in the triacylglycerols, were fed. Growth performance and carcass composition were neither affected by fatty acid composition nor by randomisation of dietary fats in either animal species. Apparent digestibility of energy was slightly lower in pigs fed the low‐PUFA blends. Fatty acid profile of subcutaneous fat of pigs and broilers as well as of internal body fat (lamina subserosa) and muscle phospholipids of pigs varied according to the dietary fatty acid composition but was not affected by randomisation of dietary fats. These findings are explained in terms of the hydrolysis of TAG during transport of lipids from enterocytes to adipose tissue cells and the continuous lipolysis and re‐esterification of fatty acids that take place in adipose tissue cells. 相似文献
2.
B. A. J. Sedl
ek 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》1970,72(6):488-490
Studies on the UV-Spectra of Autoxidized Fats III The author has determined the various properties of oxidized oils and fats with relation to the first maximum of extinction E1 according the direct UV-method (E1cm1%). Following fats and oils were investigated: sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, corn oil, lard, butter, beef tallow and hardened edible fat. 相似文献
3.
Lipid metabolism was studied in rats fed diets containing corn oil, coconut oil, or medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), a glyceride
mixture containing fatty acids of 8 and 10 carbons in length. The ingestion of MCT-supplemented, cholesterolfree diets depressed
plasma and liver total lipids and cholesterol as compared with corn oil-supplemented diets. In rats fed cholesterol-containing
diets, plasma cholesterol levels were not influenced by dietary MCT, but liver cholesterol levels were significantly lower
than in animals fed corn oil. In vitro cholesterol synthesis from acetate-1-14C was lower in liver slices of rats that consumed MCT than in similar preparations from corn oil-fed rats. Studies of fatty
acid carboxyl labeling from acetate-1-14C and the conversion of palmitate-1-14C to C18 acids by liver slices showed that chain-lengthening activity is greater in the liver tissue of rats fed MCT than in the liver
of animals fed corn oil. The hepatic fatty acid desaturation mechanisms, evaluated by measuring the conversion of stearate-2-14C to oleate, was also enhanced by feeding MCT.
Adipose tissue of rats fed MCT converts acetate-1-14C to fatty acids at a much faster rate than does tissue from animals fed corn oil. Evidence is presented to show that the
enhanced incorporation of acetate into fatty acids by the adipose tissue of rats fed MCT represents de novo synthesis of fatty
acids and not chain-lengthening activity. Data are also presented on the fatty acid composition of plasma, liver, and adipose
tissue lipids of rats fed the different fats under study. 相似文献
4.
Richard G. Vernon 《Lipids》1975,10(5):284-289
The effect of dietary safflower oil upon lipogenesis has been investigated in neonatal lambs. Preliminary experiments with lambs suckled by their mothers showed that there was a 10-fold increase in the rate of incorporation of [14C] from acetate into fatty acids in adipose tissue slices during the first 10 days post partum. Barely detectable rates of [14C] acetate incorporation into fatty acids were found in liver slices from lambs during the same period. In lambs given cows' milk from birth until 11 days of age, there was also a 10-fold increase in the rate of lipogenesis in adipose tissue slices. Supplementing the diet of cows' milk with safflower oil (5 ml/lamb/day) resulted in significantly lower rates of lipogenesis in adipose tissue slices from 11 day old lambs. Administration of safflower oil had no effect upon the concentration of unesterified fatty acids, including linoleic acid, in the lamb adipose tissue slices. The data show that lipogenesis in ovine adipose tissue, like that in rodent liver and adipose tissue, is sensitive to dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, and that, for the neonatal lamb, the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids upon lipogenesis is not dependent upon an increase in the tissue concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids. 相似文献
5.
Enzymatic interesterification of tallow-sunflower oil mixtures 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Thomas A. Foglia Kimberly Petruso Stephen H. Feairheller 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1993,70(3):281-285
In an effort to improve the physical and/or thermal characteristics of solid fats, the enzymatic interesterification of tallow
and butterfat with high-oleic sunflower oil and soybean oil was investigated. The two simultaneously occurring reactions,
interesterification and hydrolysis, were followed by high-performance liquid chromatography of altered glycerides and by gas-liquid
chromatography of liberated free fatty acids. The enzymes used in these studies were immobilized lipases that included either
a 1,3-acyl-selective lipase or acis-9-C18-selective lipase. The degree of hydrolysis of the fat/oil mixtures was dependent upon the initial water content of the reaction
medium. The extent of the interesterification reaction was dependent on the amount of enzyme employed but not on the reaction
temperature over the range of 50–70°C. Changes in melting characteristics of the interesterified glyceride mixtures were followed
by differential scanning calorimetry of the residual mixed glycerides after removal of free fatty acids. Interesterification
of the glyceride mixes with the two types of enzymes allowed for either a decrease or increase in the solid fat content of
the initial glyceride mix. 相似文献
6.
A line of mice was developed which exhibited spontaneous obesity when fed commercial laboratory ration low in fat content.
Obese mice were compared to a nonobese related line to determine whether energy source in the diet would affect onset of obesity.
Experimental diets-beef tallow (38% of calories as beef fat and 2% as corn oil), corn oil (40% corn oil) or low-fat (2% corn
oil)-were instituted ad libitum at the time of weaning. When the mice reached 6 months of age, lipogenesis was investigated
by injecting intravenously3H2O and glucose-U-14C.3H2O and glucose-U-14C incorporation into fatty acids of fed mice was greater for obese than for lean mice. Fatty acid synthesis was inhibited
by high-fat diets compared to low-fat diet in both lines. Of the 2 high-fat diets, the corn oil diet inhibited fatty acid
synthesis about twice as much as beef tallow diet. There was no line effect on tritium incorporation into cholesterol. Cholesterol
synthesis from glucose-U-14C was greater in obese than lean mice. Diets had no effect on tritium and glucose-U-14C incorporation into cholesterol. Fasting reduced fatty acid synthesis in all mice, but total body fatty acid synthesis was
not affected by lines or dietary treatment under fasted conditions. These data suggest that degree of lipogenesis, in part,
explains obesity. A failure of inhibition of lipogenesis or an enhanced efficiency in fat deposition by feeding beef tallow
compared to corn oil diet may explain the fact that lean mice fed the beef tallow diet tended to be more obese that lean mice
fed corn oil or low-fat diets. 相似文献
7.
Kenneth D. Wiggers Marlene J. Richard Jeanne W. Stewart Norman L. Jacobson P. Jeffrey Berger 《Lipids》1977,12(7):586-590
Sixteen male Holstein calves consumed by nipple a reconstituted milk containing nonfat dry milk and either soybean oil or
tallow for 24 weeks. Calves fed milk in this manner (with no dry feed) are functionally nonruminants because the milk bypasses
the ruminoreticulum. The fat in these diets contributed about 30% of total dietary calories. The calves consuming soybean
oil milk had significantly greater amounts of cholesterol in blood plasma and adipose tissue than did the calves consuming
tallow milk. 相似文献
8.
María S. Giménez Ana M. Ponce de Ascheri María E. Elorza de Orellano Liliana Oliveros Fanny Zirulnik de Hodara Mirta R. Bonomi Luis A. Giménez 《Lipids》1989,24(11):985-987
Male goats (“Criolla Argentina” breed), castrated at 45 days of age, showed altered lipid metabolism 180 days after castration
as compared to control goats. Subcutaneous, perirenal and omental adipose tissues of castrated goats showed increases in fatty
acid synthetase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase activities. Castration increased the
amount of total lipids and triglycerides, but did not modify the amount of cholesterol, phospholipid and protein in the three
types of adipose tissue. The incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into fatty acids of subcutaneous and perirenal adipose tissue was increased in castrated goats in relation to noncastrated
goats. Our results suggest that removal of gonadal steroids increases significantly the rate of lipogenesis in adipose tissue
of male goats. 相似文献
9.
Rats were fed diets high in either saturated fat (beef tallow) or α-linolenic acid (linseed oil) or eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic
acids (fish oil) with or without 2% cholesterol supplementation. Consumption of linseed oil and fish oil diets for 28 days
lowered arachidonic acid content of plasma, liver and heart phospholipids. Addition of 2% cholesterol to diets containing
beef tallow or linseed oil lowered 20∶4ω6 levels but failed to reduce 20∶4ω6 levels when fed in combination with fish oil.
Feeding ω3 fatty acids lowered plasma cholesterol levels. Addition of 2% cholesterol to the beef tallow or linseed oil diet
increased plasma cholesterol concentrations but not when fish oil was fed. Feeding the fish oil diet reduced the cholesterol
content of liver, whereas feeding the linseed oil diet did not. Dietary cholesterol supplementation elevated the cholesterol
concentration in liver in the order: linseed oil > beef tallow > fish oil (8.6-, 5.5-, 2.6-fold, respectively). Feeding fish
oil and cholesterol apparently reduced 20∶4ω6 levels in plasma and tissue lipids. Fish oil accentuates the 20∶4ω6 lowering
effect of dietary cholesterol and appears to prevent accumulation of cholesterol in plasma and tissue lipids under a high
dietary load of cholesterol. 相似文献
10.
Summary Conditions which favor the selective hydrogenation of glyceride oils also favor the development of trans isomers. Complete
curves are presented showing the formation and disappearance of trans isomers during the hydrogenation of linseed oil, soybean
oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, lard, and edible tallow, as determined by the infrared spectrophotometric method. An unusually
high percentage of tran linkages develops during the hydrogenation of tallow. 相似文献
11.
Francis E. Luddy Robert A. Barford Samuel F. Herb Paul Magidman 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1968,45(8):549-552
A simple and convenient method for the quantitative preparation of methyl esters of fatty acids from glyceride fats and oils
is described. The procedure, using potassium methylate as catalyst and a heating interval of 2 min at 65C in a closed vial,
is applicable to fats containing both low and high molecular weight fatty acids such as butteroil. The methyl esters of samples
ranging from a few mg to 30 mg are isolated by CS2 extraction and a TLC technique. A similar procedure using sulfuric acid in methanol as catalyst is described for the conversion
of free fatty acids to methyl esters. For the routine analysis by GLC of fats and oils such as lard, tallow, soybean, cottonseed
oil or butteroil, no isolation of the methyl ester is required. A CS2 extraction carried out in the reaction vial allows the GLC analysis immediately after the reaction period (2 min).
Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Philadelphia, October 1966.
E. Utiliz. Ees. Dev. Div., ABS, USDA. 相似文献
12.
Our objective was to determine the relative rates ofin vivo triglyceride (TG) secretion and the composition of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) in rats fed different dietary saturated
fats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (150–200 g) were fed diets containing 16% corn oil, or 14% butterfat, 14% beef tallow, 14%
olive oil, or 14% coconut oil plus 2% corn oil for 5 wk. Changes in plasma TG specific radioactivity were determined in individual,
unanesthetized fasted rats after injection of 100 μCi [2-3H]glycerol. Nonlinear regression analysis using a 2-compartment model was used to determine the fractional rate constant for
TG turnover in plasma. The plasma TG pool was 33–40% larger with beef tallow than with corn, olive or coconut oil feeding
(p<0.05), and 20% larger with beef tallow than with butterfat feeding. The rate of TG secretion into plasma (mg/min/100 g
body weight) was 60% higher in animals fed beef tallow than corn or coconut oil (p<0.05) and 26–33% higher in animals fed
beef tallow than olive oil or butterfat. Differences in VLDL composition (% wt) were also noted. Our data suggest that greater
TG secretion is the primary factor contributing to the larger TG pool with ingestion of beef tallow relative to butterfat,
corn or coconut oil. These results suggest that different dietary saturated fats have unique effects on TG metabolism in rats.
Presented in part at the 1990 meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology in Washington, D.C.
(see ref. 1). 相似文献
13.
Selective distribution of saturated fatty acids into the monoglyceride fraction during enzymatic glycerolysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gerald P. McNeill Dieter Borowitz Ralf G. Berger 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1992,69(11):1098-1103
Four triglyceride fats and oils (beef tallow, lard, rapeseed oil and soybean oil) were reacted with glycerol while using lipase
as the catalyst. For all fats examined, at reaction temperatures above the critical temperature (Tc), the fatty acid compositions of the monoglyceride (MG) and diglyceride (DG) fractions and of the original fat were similar.
A relatively low yield of MG was obtained (20–30 wt%). When the reaction was carried out with beef tallow or lard at a temperature
below the Tc (40°C), the concentration of saturated fatty acids in the MG fraction was 2 to 4 times greater than that in the DG fraction.
Correspondingly, the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in the DG fraction was more than two times greater than that
in the MG fraction. At 5°C, a similar trend was observed for rapeseed oil and soybean oil. Direct analysis of partial glycerides
during glycerolysis by high-temperature gas-liquid chromatography showed that below Tc the content of C16 MG increased relatively more than C18 MG. C36 DG and C54 TG were apparently resistant to glycerolysis.
Preferential distribution of saturated fatty acids into the MG fraction was accompanied by a high yield of monoglyceride (45–70
wt%) and solidification of the reaction mixture. It is concluded that during glycerolysis below Tc, preferential crystallization occurs for MGs that contain a saturated fatty acid. 相似文献
14.
R. A. Barford F. E. Luddy S. F. Herb P. Magidman R. W. Riemenschneider 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1965,42(5):446-448
The glyceride distribution in depot fats from a series of animals was determined by pancreatic lipase hydrolysis, isolation
of hydrolytic products by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and fatty acid analysis by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC).
Distribution of the principal types of glycerides (S3, S2U, SU2 U3) in the internal and external adipose tissue fats from the same pig was nonrandom. The percentages of palmitic acid at the
2-position in these adipose fats were comparable. However, liver glycerides from this same animal differed strikingly from
adipose glycerides, having, for example, only ca. 15% of its palmitic acid in the 2-position compared with > 80% for adipose
fats. The liver glycerides of lamb, rabbit, and dog also differed considerably from adipose glycerides in glyceride distribution
and in percentages of individual fatty acids in 2-position.
The composition of adipose glycerides from Lamb, beef, deer, rabbit, chicken, and dog in terms of the four principal glyceride
types approached closely the values calculated for random. When positional isomers were considered, however, only the adipose
glycerides of the dog conformed to random distribution.
Presented at the AOCS meeting, Chicago, October 11–14, 1964.
E. Utiliz. Res. and Devel. Div., ARS, USDA. 相似文献
15.
Lynnette S. Walsh Hentges Donald C. Beitz Norman L. Jacobson A. Dare McGilliard 《Lipids》1985,20(11):757-764
In a 2×2 factorial arrangement, miniature pigs were fed four diets containing vegetable protein/fat (soybean) and animal protein
(egg white)/fat (beef tallow) to demonstrate the effects of protein and fat source on tissue cholesterol concentrations, uptake
of intact low density lipoproteins (LDL) and free cholesterol exchange from LDL to tissues. Soybean oil feeding, compared
with beef tallow feeding, resulted in greater concentrations of cholesterol in aorta, heart, and large and small intestines.
Similar trends were seen in liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Dietary protein source had little or no effect on tissue
cholesterol concentrations. Uptake of intact LDL, as measured by using [14C]sucrose-LDL, tended to be greater in pigs fed soybean oil or soy protein. Net exchange of free cholesterol from LDL, as
measured with [3H]cholesterol, tended to be greater when vegetable products were fed. Relative contributions of whole tissues to total uptake
by either mechanism were not influenced by diet. Mechanisms in addition to uptake of cholesterol from LDL seem to be involved
in the greater accumulation of tissue cholesterol resulting from polyunsaturated fat feeding.
Data taken from a dissertation submitted to Iowa State University by L. S. Walsh Hentges as partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the Ph.D. degree. A preliminary paper was presented at the 68th Annual Meeting of the Federation of American Societies
for Experimental Biology in St. Louis, Missouri, April 1984 (Fed. Proc. 43:796). 相似文献
16.
Royan M Meng GY Othman F Sazili AQ Navidshad B 《International journal of molecular sciences》2011,12(12):8581-8595
An experiment was conducted on broiler chickens to study the effects of different dietary fats (Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), fish oil, soybean oil, or their mixtures, as well as palm oil, as a more saturated fat), with a as fed dose of 7% for single fat and 3.5 + 3.5% for the mixtures, on Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) gene expression and its relation with body fat deposits. The CLA used in this experiment was CLA LUTA60 which contained 60% CLA, so 7% and 3.5% dietary inclusions of CLA LUTA60 were equal to 4.2% and 2.1% CLA, respectively. Higher abdominal fat pad was found in broiler chickens fed with a diet containing palm oil compared to chickens in the other experimental groups (P ≤ 0.05). The diets containing CLA resulted in an increased fat deposition in the liver of broiler chickens (P ≤ 0.05). The only exception was related to the birds fed with diets containing palm oil or fish oil + soybean oil, where contents of liver fat were compared to the CLA + fish oil treatment. PPARγ gene in adipose tissue of chickens fed with palm oil diet was up-regulated compared to other treatments (P ≤ 0.001), whereas no significant differences were found in adipose PPARγ gene expression between chickens fed with diets containing CLA, fish oil, soybean oil or the mixture of these fats. On the other hand, the PPARα gene expression in liver tissue was up-regulated in response to the dietary fish oil inclusion and the differences were also significant for both fish oil and CLA + fish oil diets compared to the diets with palm oil, soybean oil or CLA as the only oil source (P ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, the results of present study showed that there was a relationship between the adipose PPARγ gene up-regulation and abdominal fat pad deposition for birds fed with palm oil diet, while no deference was detected in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, as well as CLA on PPARγ down regulation in comparison to a more saturated fat. When used on its own, fish oil was found to be a more effective fat in up-regulating hepatic PPARα gene expression and this effect was related to a less fat deposition in liver tissue. A negative correlation coefficient (-0.3) between PPARα relative gene expression and liver tissue fat content confirm the anti-lipogenic effect of PPARα, however, the change in these parameters was not completely parallel. 相似文献
17.
Tom Verleyen Afaf Kamal‐Eldin Revilija Mozuraityte Roland Verh Koen Dewettinck Andre Huyghebaert Wim De Greyt 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》2002,104(4):228-233
The competitive oxidation between α‐tocopherol and unsaturated fatty acyls at thermoxidation conditions (180 and 240 °C) was evaluated using purified triacylglycerols from nine fats and oils (refined coconut, palm, tallow, olive, high oleic sunflower, sunflower, corn, soybean, and flaxseed oil). α‐Tocopherol degraded faster in less unsaturated lipids and a linear correlation between the iodine value (x) and the residual tocopherol content (y) was obtained after 2 h of heating at 240 °C (y = 3.72x + 137.5, R2 = 0.9463). The formation of polar oxidation products was established and the results were explained by a non‐selective oxidation of unsaturated fatty acyls and α‐tocopherol by highly reactive alkoxyl and hydroxyl radicals generated by decomposition of hydroperoxides. 相似文献
18.
The impact of a moderate Zn deficiency on growth and plasma and liver lipids was investigated in two 4-week experiments with
male weanling rats fed fat-enriched diets. Semisynthetic, approximately isocaloric diets containing 3% soybean oil were supplemented
with either 7 or 100 mg Zn/kg diet and with 22% beef tallow (BT) or sunflower oil (SF). In Experiment 1, which compared the
dietary fat level and the fat source in a factorial design of treatments, all diets were fed ad libitum to 6 × 8 animals,
whereas intake of the high-Zn BT and SF diets was restricted in Experiment 2 (5 × 6 rats) to the level of intake of the respective
low-Zn diets. The low-Zn SF diet consistently depressed food intake and final live weights of the animals to a greater extent
than the other low-Zn diets, while intake and growth were comparable among the animals fed the high-Zn diets. The marginal
Zn deficit per se did not alter plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations nor hepatic concentrations of triglyceride,
cholesterol and phospholipids. The fatty acid pattern of liver phospholipids did not indicate that chain elongation and desaturation
of fatty acids was impaired by a lack of zinc. It was concluded that dietary energy and fat intake, and fat source have a
greater effect on plasma and liver lipids than a moderate Zn deficiency. Marginally Zn-deficient diets enriched with sunflower
oil as a major energy source cause a greater growth retardation than diets rich in carbohydrates or beef tallow. 相似文献
19.
Summary 1. Dilatometric curves between 0°C. and their melting points have been obtained for the following fats: lard, butterfat, cottonseed
oil, peanut oil, a commercial margarine oil, a commercial all-hydrogenated vegetable shortening, three samples of soybean
oil hydrogenated to different degrees, a hard butter fractionally crystallized from hydrogenated peanut oil, a mixture of
tristearin and soybean oil, and a synthetic fat containing equal molar proportions of stearic and oleic acids.
2. The dilatometric curves, of volume change in the fat against temperature, were in every case composed of a series of straight
lines, separated by sharp breaks or transition points.
3. The number of linear sections in the dilatometric curves corresponded in a general way with the known degree of complexity
in the glycerides of the fats, and varied from two in the case of the relatively simple stearic-oleic glyceride mixture, to
at least seven in the case of the all-hydrogenated shortening. Since each break in the curve must correspond to the disappearance
of a distinct class of solid glycerides or glyceride complexes, the application of dilatometry to the qualitative and quantitative
determination of glyceride composition in fats is suggested.
4. Only two of the fats examined, the mixture of tristearin and soybean oil, and the synthetic stearicoleic glyceride mixture,
exhibited polymorphism, even after rapid solidification in ice water.
Presented before the American Oil Chemists’ Society Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 10 to 12, 1944.
This is one of four regional research laboratories operated by the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural
Research Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 相似文献
20.
L. deMan J. M. deMan B. Blackman 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1989,66(12):1777-1780
Fully hydrogenated soybean oil, beef fat, rapeseed oil, a rapeseed, palm and soybean oil blend, cottonseed oil and palm oil
were characterized by fatty acid composition, glyceride carbon number and partial glyceride content, as well as melting and
crystallization properties. The latter were established by differential scanning calorimetry. Polymorphic behavior was analyzed
by X-ray diffraction of the products in the flake or granulated form and when freshly crystallized from a melt. The hard fats
were dissolved in canola oil at levels of 20, 50 and 80% and crystallized from the melt. Palm oil had the lowest crystallization
temperature and the lowest melting temperature; rapessed had the highest crystallization temperature and soybean the highest
melting temperature. All of the hard fats crystallized initially in the =00 form. When diluted with canola oil, only palm
oil was able to maintain β′ stability. 相似文献