Industrialization of LHC main quadrupole cold masses up to series production

Whereas the prototypes of the main quadrupoles had been pursued at CEA Saclay under contract with CERN, the contract to build all MQ magnets and the complete cold masses had been placed with ACCEL Instruments GmbH. After careful evaluation of design concepts and fabrication processes some revisions have been introduced to ease an industrial fabrication of the 400 MQ magnets and cold masses to be delivered to CERN. First batches of magnets were successfully cold tested. We report about the upgrading of the fabrication facility including the MQ specific layout of all machinery, the upgrading and qualifying of personnel resources and processes, the technical performance of the products and main activities and experiences on the way to series production.     

Molecular electronics: the first steps towards a new technology

Limitations of classical semiconductor physics motivate the study of information storage and information transfer in molecular structures. Fundamental aspects for the construction of possible future molecular electronic devices are discussed and elementary excitations which can serve as molecular information carriers are studied.     

国外制造业携生产、采购与研发向中国转移

种种迹象表明，海外制造业向我国加速转移过程出现了新的变化，目前已不仅仅是生产设备的转移，而是包括采购、研发等在内的一体化转移。     

Axilens透镜的设计、加工和实验

给出了一种用Axilens透镜产生线焦的方法。导出了Axilens透镜的面形微分方程及其近似解;对Axilens的衍射特性进行了理论分析和数值计算;分析了面形方程近似解的误差;给出了面形方程的傅里叶级数表达式;实验结果表明,所设计及直接用Taylor Hobson Nanoform 300超精密车床制造的两个Axilens确实形成了所需的线焦。     

Outdoor evaluation of concentrator photovoltaic systems modules from different manufacturers: first results and steps

For the behavior of concentrator photovoltaic systems technology under real conditions to be understood, different modules from different manufacturers were measured in a new research center in Jaén. The influence in the power and the efficiency of irradiation levels, air temperature, and the influence of air mass were under study for 6 months. P_max shows a linear behavior with direct normal irradiance, and efficiency was constant to a first approximation for a wide range of irradiance levels. The effect of air temperature was negligible for the temperatures under study. At the same time, efficiency shows a maximum around AM1.5 and decreases aside this point. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Results of 3-dimensional structural FE-modeling of the coilend-regions of the LHC main dipoles

The transition region between the straight part and the ends of the coils of the LHC model and prototype dipole magnets are often identified as the origin of training quenches. In order to study how the discontinuities in the material properties of these regions affect coil pre-stress and possibly gain more insight in the quench behavior, a program was set up at CERN to analyze by 3D-FEM these particular regions. The ACCEL team, who performed a similar analysis for the main quadrupoles of the Superconducting Supercollider SSC, is entrusted with this program. In this paper we report on the results of 3D-modeling and analysis of the coil return end region, including the complete coil mass, of a 1-m single bore model magnet. This magnet represents all relevant features of the “two-in-one” LHC main dipole design concerning the winding configuration, the collar pack, the yoke, and the outer shell representing the He-vessel. The transition region between coil ends and straight section is modeled by slicing the magnet down to individual collar laminations per elementary level. The two-layer winding pack is represented with all individual conductor blocks, wedges, end spacers, and the interlayer spacer. Results will be presented for load cases with pre-stress after assembly at room temperature, after cool-down, and under operation at maximum current. Critical stress locations were identified in the transition into the pole free section of the magnet and in the bent part. Shimming of the coils, as well as impact from material choices and suitable alternatives are discussed     

Lead-free 0201 manufacturing, assembly and reliability test results

The trend towards smaller, faster and cheaper electronic devices has led to an increase in the use of 0201 (L  0.02 in.; W  0.01 in.) and even smaller sized passive components. The size advantages of the 0201 component make it a popular choice among design engineers but not among manufacturing engineers. From a manufacturing perspective, the size of the 0201 package poses significant challenges to the printed circuit board (PCB) assembly process. The many challenges with 0201 assembly can be attributed to the solder paste volume, pad design, aperture design, board finish, type of solder paste, pick-and-place and reflow profile. If these factors are not optimized, they will introduce undesirable manufacturing defects. The small size of 0201 packages and undetected manufacturing defects will also raise concerns about their second level interconnect reliability, especially for lead-free solder alloys and surface finishes, with new processes and higher reflow requirements. To determine the optimum conditions, a design-of-experiment (DOE) study was carried out to investigate the effects of these parameters on assembly defects and solder joint reliability.This paper presents the test results and comparative literature data on the influence of a few key manufacturing parameters and defects associated with the 0201 component using lead-free and tin–lead solder alloys. Data pertaining to component shear strength before and after isothermal aging at 150 °C and intermetallic growth up to 500 h of aging are presented. A number of test vehicles were also subjected to thermal cycling (1500 cycles) in the range of −55/100 °C to determine the solder fatigue behavior. Shear test results for test vehicles subjected to thermal cycling is also presented. In addition, optical microscopy analysis of solder joint behavior during thermal cycling showing the progress of the solder damage and cross-sectional photos taken at 1500 cycles is included.     

Production follow-up of the LHC main dipoles through magnetic measurements at room temperature

In this paper, we review the tools used for controlling the production of the LHC main dipoles through warm magnetic measurements. For the collared coil measurements, control limits are based on the statistics relative to the pre-series production. For the cold mass, the difference between collared coil and cold mass is considered, allowing a very stringent test. In both cases, measurements are split in straight part average, variations and coil ends contributions. Two different alarm levels exist in case the measured field is out of limits. The analysis can be carried out at the manufacturer and allows detection of anomalies in the measured magnetic field. These can be either due to wrong measurements or caused by assembly defects. Techniques used to work out information on the magnet assembly from the field harmonics are outlined. We summarize the experience gathered on about 180 collared coils and 120 cold masses, pointing out the bad cases and investigating the reliability of the measurements.     

Design and assembly of the pre-series quadrupoles for the LHC insertions

The LHC insertions are equipped with several different types of individually powered superconducting quadrupoles. These units comprise several quadrupole magnets and orbit correctors, and range in length from 5.3 m to 11.3 m. In spite of the variety of types and interface requirements, the design of the quadrupoles is based on the same principle where two welded half-shells provide the rigidity and alignment of the magnets and serve as a helium pressure vessel. In this paper we present the mechanical design of the LHC insertion quadrupoles, describe the initial experience in the assembly of the pre-series units, and report on the alignment measurements.     

Correlations between field quality and geometry of components in the collared coils of the LHC main dipoles

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) (1995), a proton-proton superconducting accelerator, will consist of about 8400 superconducting magnet units, all operating in superfluid helium at a temperature of 1.9 K. The design of the superconducting main dipole magnets for the LHC is guided by the requirement of an extremely high field quality in the magnet aperture which is mainly defined by the layout of the superconducting coil and the position of the conductors. In order to avoid conductor movements within the magnet cross-section, the superconducting coils are held in place by surrounding stainless steel collars. In this paper, we review the dependence of field harmonics in the LHC main dipoles on dimensions of the hardware components of the collared coils. An analysis of the dimensional measurements of these components which are used in the collared coils produced so far is given. Sensitivity tables which are worked out through a coupled magneto-static model give the variation of the multipoles on collars, copper wedge dimensions and cable geometry. A Monte Carlo method is used to simulate the effects of possible errors on the multipoles.     

Design, manufacture and evaluation of a scalable high-performanceneural system

The authors describe a scalable neural system, HyperNet, based on a probabilistic RAM-based architecture and using a custom VLSI IC. A system using five HyperNet VLSI ICs and capable of realising up to 10240 neurons has been designed, manufactured and demonstrated to have the potential to learn more than three orders of magnitude faster than simulations on current workstations     

Measurement and analysis of axial end forces in a full-lengthprototype of LHC main dipole magnets

A full-length, twin aperture prototype (MBP2N1) dipole magnet for the LHC project was assembled at CERN with collared coils delivered by industry. The design of this prototype is close to that foreseen for the dipole series manufacture as far the coil geometry and that of the yoke components are concerned. The bolts that transfer the axial magnetic forces from the coil ends to the cold mass end plates were instrumented to verify the axial coil support. These axial forces were initially measured after partial assembly, during a standard and an accelerated cool down introduction to 1.9 K, and during magnet excitation up to 9.2 T. High force levels were observed, triggering a comparison with analytical models and measurements routinely made on 1-m single aperture dipole models. The prototype magnet was re-assembled with lower initial axial force settings and with additional instrumentation, to monitor these forces during the entire assembly process, and re-tested, to possibly correlate axial forces with training behaviour. This paper reports about the experimental observation and provides models towards their understanding     

L波段线路放大器的设计和制作

1999年,安徽电视台要安装近10副天线,以便接收亚太地区上空的大部分上星信号。为避开地面C波段通信及微波某些频段的干扰,天线阵不得不放置在远离机房的天井中,虽然三面高墙有效地阻挡了干扰信号,但由于该处远离机房,采用优质电缆,其L波段的高频端损耗也达30 dB。为此加装了L波段线路放大器。下面就碰到的有关问题分析计算如下。1　 用Φ 3 m天线接收MPEG-2／DVB-SFDMA方式的信号功率估算以接收亚2卫星为例,亚2卫星C波段转发器以SCPC方式工作时,其[EIRPS] ＝ 39 dBw。当5套符号率相同的符合MPEG-2／DVB-S标准的SCP…     

Design,manufacture, and clamping operation of a 4-DOF piezoelectric micro-gripper

To improve the operational flexibility of the piezoelectric microgripper, a new four-degree-of-freedom piezoelectric microgripper was designed and fabricated. The clamp fingers can move both along the clamping direction and along its vertical direction. Also, clamping experiments were conducted on a φ 300 μm × 20 mm micro-shaft. Based on the transverse inverse piezoelectric effect of two groups of vertical intersections, a new configuration of a four-degree-of-freedom piezoelectric micro-gripper is designed. It can produce micro-displacement along the clamping direction and vertical clamping direction simultaneously. According to the Euler-Bernoulli beam equation, the Lagrangian function method and Hamilton variational principle are used to model the four-degree-of-freedom piezoelectric micro-gripper. Then, based on the optimization of the geometric parameters of the fingers, the static and dynamic characteristics of the microgripper are analyzed by the finite element method. After that, the micro-gripper is made using lithography, gluing, and laser cutting. Finally, the piezoelectric microgripper's static and dynamic characteristics and the micro-shaft's clamping operation are tested by experiments. The experimental results show that the maximum displacement, response time, and natural frequency of the designed micro-gripper along and perpendicular to the clamping direction agree well with the finite element simulation. The designed microgripper exhibits a promising prospect in practical micromanipulation applications.     

Quench performance and mechanical behavior of the first Fermilab-built prototype high gradient quadrupole for the LHC interaction regions

As part of the US LHC program to provide high gradient superconducting quadrupoles for the LHC interaction regions, a 5.5 meter long prototype magnet has been built and tested horizontally in a production type cryostat at Fermilab. This prototype magnet was used to validate the mechanical and magnetic design, production fabrication and assembly tooling. The first prototype magnet has met the LHC requirements of operating at 215 T/m with excellent magnetic field harmonics. This paper summarizes the test results of this magnet, including quench tests and mechanical behavior over several thermal cycles.     

AOI设备在PCB和SMT主要生产环节中的应用

总结了用在PCB和SMT主要生产环节的AOI设备,分析了几种AOI的结构及相关技术要素,以及AOI设备的发展前景。     

直线型交叉耦合介质窄带滤波器的设计与制作

为了减小滤波器的体积和提高阻带衰减,研究了直线型交叉耦合介质窄带滤波器。介质滤波器由三个TE_(01δ)介质谐振器和两根倾斜45°或135°的金属杆组成,中间谐振器与两端谐振器互相垂直,金属杆位于相邻谐振器之间。分析了两根平行金属杆和正交金属杆产生传输零点的工作原理,并用传输路途相位差的方法来判断零点产生的位置。用HFSS仿真软件详细讨论了谐振频率、耦合系数和外部Qe值与滤波器结构参数的关系,优化了滤波器的结构参数。采用相对介电常数为45的介质陶瓷制作了两个三级介质滤波器,滤波器的中心频率分别为3.76 GHz和3.74 GHz,3 d B带宽分别为50 MHz和64 MHz,插入衰耗分别为0.77 d B和0.51 d B,传输零点分别位于低端和高端,偏离中心频率大约100 MHz,其衰减大于63 d B,测试的各项性能均达到了设计要求。     

倒车语音提示系统的设计与实现

详细介绍了一种集超声波测距技术与单片机技术为一体的倒车语音提示系统,它能在汽车倒车时自动检测并显示车尾与最近障碍物之间的距离,并对距离进行判断,当距离达到设定距离时,它会根据不同距离发出不同的声音报警。声音报警共分3段:倒车,请注意;小心;危险,请停车。     

Offner凸面光栅超光谱成像仪的设计与研制

传统的平面或凹面光栅分光的光谱成像仪受像差校正的限制,数值孔径较小,能量利用率低,难以实现高的光谱和空间分辨率.用一块凸面光栅代替全反射式Offner中继系统中的凸面反射镜.构成的Offner凸面光栅超光谱成像仪具有固有像差小的优点.凸面光栅的制作采用全息记录的方法.通过优化设计全息记录参数和光栅槽形,可获得高的衍射效率.优化设计并研制得到的凸面光栅超光谱成像仪结构紧凑、像差校正能力强、数值孔径大、集光本领高,可同时获得高的光谱和空间分辨率.