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运用煤燃烧及NOx生成的详细化学反应机理,通过搭建一维化学反应器网络(1D-CRN),对一个新型双流化床(DCFB)内燃料型N转化为NOx的基元化学反应进行了敏感性分析并讨论了反应温度、过量空气系数以及一、二次风配比对燃料型NOx生成的影响。研究发现,在相同条件下,循环流化床炉膛出口的NOx排放值为224.48 mg·m-3,而双流化床炉膛出口的NOx排放值为97.29 mg·m-3,双流化床对于燃料型NOx的减排幅度达到了56.66%。此外,促进NOx生成的基元反应主要有R398(NH2+O?HNO+H)、R1-N-1(N-Vol?NH3+HCN)、R569(NCO+O2?NO+CO2)、R17(H+O2?O+OH)等反应,而抑制NOx生成的反应包括R411(NH2+NO?N2+H2O)、R412(NH2+NO?NNH+OH)、R570(NCO+NO?N2O+CO)、R571(NCO+NO?N2+CO2)以及R5(Char+NO?Char+N2+O2)和R6(Soot+NO?n Soot+N2+CO)等反应。这说明反应区域氧气浓度是影响NOx生成的关键,低氧浓度可抑制燃料N向NOx转化。另外,NOx生成值随着反应温度的升高而降低,但随着过量空气系数和一次风所占比例的增大而增加。 相似文献
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An unsteady state heat conduction model with a convective boundary condition is proposed for the drying of low-rank, high-porosity coals, such as lignites, during fluidized-bed combustion. The drying front is assumed to be the receding surface of a wet core. The solution technique for this moving boundary problem is based on the heat balance integral approach with immobilization of the moving boundary by a change in space variable. The governing cubic equation describing the drying curve in dimensionless form may be solved easily by the Newton—Raphson method. The model predictions are compared with experimental data for Mississippi lignite with excellent agreement. A correlation for estimation of total drying time is proposed. The temperature profiles obtained may be used for the study of the coupled drying and devolatilization in fluidized-bed combustors. The profiles could also be of importance in the study of formation of fissures/cracks in lignites subjected to intense heating conditions encountered during fluidized-bed combustion. 相似文献
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Regulating characteristics of loop seal in a 65 t/h oil shale-fired circulating fluidized bed boiler
In this paper, an industrial cold experiment was conducted for studying regulating characteristics of a loop seal in a 65 t/h oil shale-fired circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. The starting characteristic of the loop seal, and the effect of the supplying air and the fluidizing air in the loop seal were investigated. Compared with other regulating modes, the combined regulating mode of keeping the fluidizing air rate constant and regulating the supplying air rate can make the loop seal obtain better regulating quality, and offer more reliable guarantee for steady operation of the CFB boiler as well. In order to prevent circulating material depositing and slagging at the bottom of the loop seal, it was suggested that the fluidizing air rate and the supplying air rate is 2-3 and 1.2-1.5 times of the minimum fluidizing velocity of circulating material, respectively. These experimental results may be used as a reference for regulating the loop seal of the 65 t/h CFB boiler in hot condition and designing a new loop seal. 相似文献
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油页岩经低温干馏可以得到页岩油,因生产工艺限制,干馏炉无法使用粒径12 mm以下的油页岩,同时会产生大量副产品(页岩半焦)。为提高副产品的利用能力,实现资源利用最大化。通过在1 MW_(th)CFB燃烧试验台对小颗粒页岩及页岩半焦进行试烧试验,研究小颗粒页岩及页岩半焦的理化特性、着火特性、燃尽特性、结焦特性。试验结果表明,控制床温在720~850℃内,由油页岩小颗粒和半焦掺混而成的设计燃料在试验台采用CFB方式能够稳定燃烧,试验各工况灰渣含碳量均低于1.81%,试验燃料较易燃尽。CFB锅炉适合油页岩小颗粒与半焦掺烧利用,且燃烧效率高,燃烧稳定性较好。 相似文献
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Characterisation of some Australian oil shale using thermal, X-ray and IR techniques 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transforms Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used in conjunction to characterise oil shale samples from an Australian Tertiary oil shale deposit. Results from these techniques were compared with conventional Modified Fisher Assay (MFA) data. DRIFTS and TGA results showed clear correlations with each other as well as with the MFA values. DRIFTS results indicated that most of the kerogen is in aliphatic hydrocarbon form. It was evident from TGA analysis that the weight loss in the 450-550 °C temperature region has a strong and direct correlation with the amount of oil in the samples, as determined by the MFA method. Calibration curves were generated in which oil content can be predicted from TGA and DRIFTS data. The combination of TGA and DRIFTS is mostly useful in examining organic matter in oil shale while DRIFTS and XRD combination is useful in examining the minerals phases. XRD and DRIFTS showed good agreement in identifying the presence of minerals such as quartz, clay and carbonates. Combination of these three techniques can provide an alternative and inexpensive method to the MFA analysis in determining the kerogen content, while overcoming the limitations of each other. 相似文献
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The characteristic feature of the oil shale ashes produced by fluidized bed combustion (700-800 °C) in PAMA's demonstration power plant is the large amount of amorphous phases, Ca-Al-silicates and Al-silicates, together with anhydrite and lime. Practically all the S and heavy metals in the oil shales are retained in the ash, which, from an ecological point of view, is important. Two kinds of ashes were examined: industrial ashes produced at PAMA's demonstration plant and ashes produced in laboratory experiments. Three different types of ash are produced at the demonstration plant. Ash Cooler (AC), which is comparable to bottom ash in coal power plants. This ash is produced from oil shale subjected to the lowest temperatures and is the most coarse-grained. It contains relatively larger quantities of unaltered minerals (calcite, clays, apatite, etc.) than the other two. The two other ashes Boiler Bank (BB) and Fly Ash (FAS) are not much different from each other and both may be compared to fly ash in coal power plants. Both BB and FAS ashes contain more authigenic (formed in the boiler) phases than AC. The results of the laboratory experiments show that the main factor in the raw material controlling the mineralogy and chemistry of the oil shale ashes is the Al2O3 concentration (clay content), and not the organic matter concentration. 相似文献
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在固定床吸附反应器内对两台300MW等级燃煤发电机组循环流化床锅炉和煤粉锅炉飞灰样品进行气相零价汞吸附实验,通过改变实验工况研究温度、入口汞浓度和入口气体流量对飞灰汞吸附能力的影响。采用颗粒内扩散模型、准一阶和准二阶动力学模型、耶洛维奇(Elovich)模型对实验数据分别进行拟合,从动力学的角度探讨两种锅炉飞灰对气相零价汞吸附的影响机制以及两种锅炉飞灰与气相零价汞之间吸附动力学行为差异。结果表明:相同工况下循环流化床锅炉飞灰汞吸附过程的穿透时间和平衡吸附量远大于煤粉锅炉飞灰。吸附温度为150℃时,两种锅炉飞灰对气相零价汞的平衡吸附量最大。由于外扩散阻力随气体入口流量的增加而减小,入口汞浓度的增加可提高传质推动力,飞灰对汞的吸附得以增强。动力学分析表明飞灰的零价汞吸附由外扩散、内扩散和表面化学吸附共同控制,其中表面化学吸附是该吸附过程中的控制步骤;准二阶动力学模型和Elovich动力学模型更适合于描述该吸附过程。相同实验条件下,循环流化床锅炉飞灰吸附过程拟合所得的颗粒内扩散系数、准一阶动力学常数和初始吸附速率均大于煤粉锅炉飞灰。 相似文献
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Timahdit oil shale was used as a porous medium to characterize the structure of a combustion front propagating with co-current downward air supply. A new 1D experimental device was first calibrated using a model porous medium. With the model porous medium, the front propagates as a plane and horizontal surface while using oil shale the front propagates as an inclined curved surface. The peak temperature was 1100 °C; despite the relatively large diameter of the cell (91 mm) and the good thermal insulation, the heat losses were estimated at 42% of the heat released by the combustion. The thickness of the front was characterized using a new gas micro-sampling system: the char oxidation and the carbonate decarbonation zones are approximately 10 and 15 mm thick, respectively. The oil formed during the pyrolysis is adsorbed in the porous medium in the course of the experiment, and expulsed from the cell by the end. 相似文献
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In this paper, a 65 t/h oil shale-fired circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler was put into commercial operation in Huadian of China in 1996 and industrial hot experiment was done for studying the flow structure and combustion characteristic of CFB dilute phase regime. Flow structure and solid flux of dilute phase regime were investigated along both vertical direction and horizontal direction under different boiler loads. Particle-size distribution and carbon content of oil shale combustion residues were obtained. Experimental investigation shows that SO2 concentration decreases with increasing the furnace height, and NOX emission can be reduced by adopting staged combustion technology, low-temperature combustion and circulating combustion. Experimental results are valuable for adjusting the 65 t/h boiler and designing large-scale oil shale-fired CFB boiler. At the same time, the experiment lays a foundation for modeling the flow structure, combustion, heat transfer and abrasion of oil shale-fired CFB dilute phase regime. 相似文献
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Co-current combustion of oil shale - Part 1: Characterization of the solid and gaseous products 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Co-current combustion front propagation in a bed of crushed oil shale (OS) leads to the production of liquid oil, of a flue gas and of a solid residue. The objective of this paper was to provide a detailed chemical characterization of Timahdit oil shale and of its smoldering combustion products. The amount of fixed carbon (FC) formed during devolatilization is measured at 4.7% of the initial mass of oil shale whatever the heating rate in the range 50-900 K min−1. The combustion of oil shale was operated using a mix of 75/25 wt. of OS/sand with an air supply of 1460 l min−1 m−2. In these conditions, not all the FC is oxidized at the passage of the front, but 88% only, with a partitioning of 56.5% into CO and the rest into CO2. A calorific gas with a lower calorific value of 54 kJ mol−1 is produced. Approximately 52% of the organic matter from OS is recovered as liquid oil. The front decarbonates 83% of carbonates. 相似文献
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A method for calculation of the composition of Estonian oil shale and its combustion products is based on the various correlations governing the composition of this oil shale, and relations between its components. To understand better the properties of oil shale and the influence of mining conditions on oil shale quality, a general characterisation of Estonian oil shale is first presented. This unique fuel is utilized for power production, by direct firing in boilers. This paper presents calculations useful for the boiler design engineer for estimating the average characteristics of received oil shale as well as the possible deviations from these mean values.
The calculations in this part allow finding the composition of oil shale and the composition of combustion products of oil shale based only upon its heating value. Various considerations in performing oil shale combustion calculation are presented. A calculational example is presented in the appendix of this part. Part 2 of this study extends the method, given the availability of additional fuel analysis data. 相似文献
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国内大部分中小型黄磷企业受制于矿、电因素无法连续稳定生产,给黄磷尾气的净化和规模化综合利用造成很大困难。为适应这一工况,提高黄磷尾气的利用率,分析黄磷尾气对热工设备的腐蚀机制,在降低投资和净化成本的基础上,探索出在循环流化床锅炉中掺烧黄磷尾气的方法,并辅以脱硫固磷、超音速喷涂等防腐蚀措施,并对防腐机理进行分析。锅炉近十年运行安全平稳,达到了节能减排的目的。 相似文献
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K.O. Davidsson L.-E. Åmand A.-L. Elled B. Leckner 《Chemical engineering science》2008,63(21):5314-5329
The purpose of this work was to study different ways to mitigate alkali-related problems during combustion of biomass in circulating fluidized beds. Wood chips and wood pellets were fired together with straw pellets, while the tendency to agglomerate and form deposits was monitored. In addition to a reference case, a number of countermeasures were applied in related tests. Those were addition of elemental sulphur, ammonium sulphate and kaolin to a bed of silica sand, as well as use of olivine sand and blast-furnace slag as alternative bed materials. The agglomeration temperature, composition and structure of bed-ash samples were examined. The flue-gas composition, including gaseous alkali chlorides, was measured in the hot flue gases and in the stack. Particles in the flue gas were collected and analysed for size distribution and composition. Deposits were collected on a probe in hot flue gases and their amount and composition were analysed. Addition of kaolin was found to be the best method to counteract the agglomeration problem. The deposition problem is effectively counteracted with addition of ammonium sulphate, while kaolin is too expensive to be used commercially against deposits, and sulphur is less effective than ammonium sulphate. 相似文献
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Kinetics of pyrolysis and combustion of oil shale sample from thermogravimetric data 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Shabbar Syed 《Fuel》2011,90(4):1631-1637
Thermogravimetric (TG) data of oil shale obtained at MI (Waste to Energy laboratory) were studied to evaluate the kinetic parameters for El-Lujjun oil shale samples. Different heating rates were employed simulating pyrolysis reaction using Nitrogen as purging gas up to ∼800 °C. The extent of char combustion was found out by relating TG data for pyrolysis and combustion with the ultimate analysis. Due to distinct behavior of oil shale during pyrolysis, TG curves were divided into three separate events: moisture release; devolatization; and evolution of fixed carbon/char, where for each event, kinetic parameters, based on Arrhenius theory, were calculated. Three methods were used and compared: integral method; direct Arrhenius plot method; and temperature integral approximation method. Results showed that integral method is closer to the experiment, while no relationship was observed between activation energy and the heating rate. 相似文献
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Yang Meng Peng Jiang Yuxin Yan Yuxin Pan Xinyun Wu Haitao Zhao Nusrat Sharmin Edward Lester Tao Wu Cheng Heng Pang 《中国化学工程学报》2021,32(4):393-407
This study investigates the potential of solid fuel blending as an effective approach to manipulate ash melting behaviour to alleviate ash-related problems during gasification, thus improving design, operabil-ity and safety. The ash fusion characteristics of Qinghai bituminous coal together with Fushun, Xinghua and Laoheishan oil shales (and their respective blends) were quantified using a novel picture analysis and graphing method, which incorporates conventional ash fusion study, dilatometry and sintering strength test, in a CO/CO2 atmosphere. This image-based characterisation method was used to monitor and quan-tify the complete melting behaviour of ash samples from room temperature to 1520 ℃. The impacts of blending on compositional changes during heating were determined experimentally via X-ray diffraction and validated computationally using FactSage. Results showed that the melting point of Qinghai coal ash to be the lowest at 1116 ℃, but would increase up to 1208 ℃, 1161 ℃ and 1160 ℃ with the addition of 30%–50% of Laoheishan, Fushun, and Xinghua oil shales, respectively. The formation of high-melting anorthite and mullite structures inhibits the formation of low-melting hercynite. However, the sintering point of Qinghai coal ash was seen to decrease from 1005 ℃ to 855 ℃, 834 ℃, and 819 ℃ in the same blends due to the formation of low-melting aluminosilicate. Results also showed that blending directly influences the sintering strength during the various stages of melting. The key finding from this study is that it is possible to mitigate against the severe ash slagging and fouling issue arising from high calcium and iron coals by co-gasification with a high silica-alumina oil shale. Moreover, blending coals with oil shales can also modify the ash melting behaviour of fuels to create the optimal ash chemistry that meets the design specification of the gasifier, without adversely affecting thermal performance. 相似文献
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神华煤极易着火、燃尽,燃烧性能优良,且煤中氮、硫含量低,使神华煤在低氧和低氮结合的燃烧条件下,保持了较高的燃尽性能和较一般烟煤偏低的NOx生成量。神华煤的低硫特性保证了在贫氧(没有足够的氧气保证充分燃烧)条件下,炉内H2S含量不是太高,没有明显的高温腐蚀倾向。采用低氮燃烧后,燃烧器区燃烧强度降低,缓解了炉内结渣,部分锅炉屏区的结渣也有所缓解,提高了具有严重结渣倾向的神华煤的掺烧比例。神华煤采用低氧燃烧和低氮燃烧相结合的技术,保证了锅炉的燃烧经济性、安全性和低NOx生成特性,指标明显优于国内其他典型烟煤。 相似文献
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Chun Yang Yin Sharifah Aishah Syed Abdul KadirYing Pei Lim Sharifah Nawirah Syed-AriffinZurinawati Zamzuri 《Fuel Processing Technology》2008
Ash derived from combustion of Malaysian oil palm biomass (empty fruit bunches consisting of fibers) was physically and chemically characterized in order to provide a comprehensive understanding of its specific properties in terms of toxicity, compositions and reusability. Principal analyses conducted include particle size distribution, scanning electron microscopy, elemental dispersive X-ray, elemental analysis, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) as well as thermogravimetric, X-ray diffractometry and Fourier-transform infrared analyses. TCLP result indicated that the oil palm ash (OPA) should not be classified as toxic wastes in terms of heavy metal leachability since leachable copper, cadmium, lead and nickel concentrations were detected below the stipulated leachability limits. It was determined that the OPA contained high amount of potassium as well as presence of silica which implied its suitability to be reused as crude fertilizer or cement replacement material. 相似文献