花生油和玉米油中多组分真菌毒素高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法的建立

建立花生油和玉米油中黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、单端孢霉烯族化合物等13种真菌毒素的高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。样品经乙腈-水提取、Multi Sep 226多功能净化柱净化后,分别用电喷雾正离子模式和负离子模式检测。经优化,正离子模式流动相为含2 mmol/L甲酸铵的0.1%甲酸-甲醇溶液,负离子模式流动相为0.1%氨水-乙腈溶液。该方法对花生油和玉米油中13种真菌毒素的检出限为0.05~3.00μg/kg,定量限为0.10~10.00μg/kg,平均加标回收率为66.6%~114.9%。所建方法操作简单、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于花生油和玉米油中多组分真菌毒素的协同测定。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定甘蔗中11种多酚类物质

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)测定甘蔗中11种多酚类物质含量的方法.样品经甲醇超声提取,采用UPLC-MS/MS进行分析检测,电喷雾负离子电离(ESI-),多反应监测(MRM)检测,外标法定量.该方法在5～200μg/L范围内线性良好(r2>0.999),检出限为0.5～17.0μg/kg.在样...     

Evaporative light scattering: a novel detection method for the quantitative analysis of humic-like substances in aerosols

The chemical composition of organic atmospheric aerosols is only poorly understood. Although a significant fraction of organic aerosols consists of humic-like substances (HULIS), only little is known about this class of compound, and accurate quantification remains difficult, partly due to the lack of appropriate standards. Here, evaporative light-scattering detection (ELSD) was applied for the first time to quantify water-soluble HULIS in aerosol particles smaller than 1 microm. This detection method was shown to be suitable for the quantification of compounds with unknown structures and lacking appropriate quantification standards. As compared to organic carbon determination of isolated HULIS, no organic carbon/organic mass (OC/OM) conversion factor needs to be applied with ELSD and therefore eliminates this significant uncertainty factor of the OC/OM method, which is frequently used to quantify HULIS. Solid-phase extraction and size-exclusion chromatography were applied to separate inorganic ions and low molecular weight compounds from HULIS before ELSD quantification. The ELSD itself provides an additional separation step where low volatility HULIS are separated from high volatility, small compounds. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to identify the molecular weight range of the compounds quantified with ELSD. The most intensive peaks were in the range of m/z 200-500, with some masses upto m/z800. We showed that UV detection using fulvic acid as surrogate quantification standard underestimates the HULIS concentration by a factor of 1.1 to 2.5, which is in agreement with earlier studies. During a 6 week winter 2005-2006 campaign at a suburban site near Zurich, Switzerland, an average of 1.1 microg/m(3) HULIS was found, which is about4-6% of the total particle mass smaller than 1 microm (PM1) and 10-35% of the organic matter in PM1.     

Separation and characterization of phenolic compounds in argan fruit pulp using liquid chromatography–negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectroscopy

Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to negative electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was used for the sensitive identification of phenolic compounds in argan fruit pulp. Sixteen compounds were identified, mainly flavonoid glycosides and flavonoid aglycons.     

Identification of the flavonoid fraction in saffron spice by LC/DAD/MS/MS: Comparative study of samples from different geographical origins

The flavonoid fraction in saffron spice has been analysed, for the first time, by LC-DAD-MS/MS ESI and five kaempferol derivatives have been found. Compounds such as kaempferol-3-sophoroside, kaempferol-3-sophoroside-7-glucoside and kaempferol-3,7,4′-triglucoside were tentatively identified, whereas other compounds, such as kaempferol tetrahexoside and kaempferol-3-dihexoside were detected. Saffron samples from different geographical origins were clearly separated by their kaempferol 3-sophoroside contents that were able to explain 100% of the variance when a discriminant test was carried out.     

Hygroscopic properties of two model humic-like substances and their mixtures with inorganics of atmospheric importance

Water-soluble macromolecular polyacids can play a potentially important role in the hygroscopic properties of atmospheric aerosols. These acids have molecular structures similar to natural fulvic acids (FA) (or humic acids) and are referred to as humic-like substances (HULIS). In this study, the hygroscopicity of HULIS and the mixture of HULIS and sodium chloride (NaCl) and that of HULIS and ammonium sulfate (AS) aerosols at a mass ratio of 1:1 are studied using two natural FA: the Nordic Aquatic Fulvic Acid (NAFA) and the Suwannee River Fulvic Acid (SRFA) as model compounds in an electrodynamic balance. NAFA and SRFA both absorbed and desorbed water reversibly without crystallization and retained water at a relative humidity (RH) < 10%. NAFA and SRFA have a mass growth ratio of 1.25 and 1.45 from RH = 10% to RH = 90%, respectively. However, these results are different from those of another natural FA (the Nordic River Fulvic Acid Reference) in the literature. The differences are possibly due to the differences in the chemical composition of the natural FA, which depends on their sources and the isolation methods. These results suggest that a standardization of the isolation methods of HULIS is needed for better understanding of their atmospheric properties and environmental impacts. In general, the deliquescence and crystallization RH of FA-inorganic mixtures are comparable with those of their respective pure inorganic species. Since FA are less hygroscopic than NaCl and AS, all mixtures absorb less water compared to their respective pure inorganic species of equal particle mass. The FA-AS mixtures have a larger water uptake than the sum of those of the FA and AS individually following a simple additivity rule as noninteracting species at RH = 90%. This enhancement effect increases as the RH decreases. There is no such enhancement effect for the FA-NaCl mixtures until RH is below 90%. These results reveal that the effect of the interactions between FA and inorganic species on the water uptake of the mixtures, in general, is a function of RH.     

Methyl-nitrocatechols: atmospheric tracer compounds for biomass burning secondary organic aerosols

Detailed chemical analysis of wintertime PM?? collected at a rural village site in Germany showed the presence of a series of compounds that correlated very well with levoglucosan, a known biomass burning tracer compound. Nitrated aromatic compounds with molecular formula C?H?NO? (M(w) 169) correlated particularly well with levoglucosan, indicating that they originated from biomass burning as well. These compounds were identified as a series of methyl-nitrocatechol isomers (4-methyl-5-nitrocatechol, 3-methyl-5-nitrocatechol, and 3-methyl-6-nitrocatechol) based on the comparison of their chromatographic and mass spectrometric behaviors to those from reference compounds.Aerosol chamber experiments suggest that m-cresol, which is emitted from biomass burning at significant levels, is a precursor for the detected methyl-nitrocatechols. The total concentrations of these compounds in the wintertime PM??were as high as 29 ng m?3, indicating the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) originating from the oxidation of biomass burning VOCs contributed non-negligible amounts to the regional organic aerosol loading.     

Secondary organic aerosol: a comparison between foggy and nonfoggy days

Carbonaceous species, meteorological parameters, trace gases, and fogwater chemistry were measured during winter in the Indian city of Kanpur to study secondary organic aerosol (SOA) during foggy and clear (nonfoggy) days. Enhanced SOA production was observed during fog episodes. It is hypothesized that aqueous phase chemistry in fog drops is responsible for increasing SOA production. SOA concentrations on foggy days exceeded those on clear days at all times of day; peak foggy day SOA concentrations were observed in the evening vs peak clear day SOA concentrations which occurred in the afternoon. Changes in biomass burning emissions on foggy days were examined because of their potential to confound estimates of SOA production based on analysis of organic to elemental carbon (OC/EC) ratios. No evidence of biomass burning influence on SOA during foggy days was found. Enhanced oxidation of SO(2) to sulfate during foggy days was observed, possibly causing the regional aerosol to become more acidic. No evidence was found in this study, either, for effects of temperature or relative humidity on SOA production. In addition to SOA production, fogs can also play an important role in cleaning the atmosphere of carbonaceous aerosols. Preferential scavenging of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) by fog droplets was observed. OC was found to be enriched in smaller droplets, limiting the rate of OC deposition by droplet sedimentation. Lower EC concentrations were observed on foggy days, despite greater stagnation and lower mixing heights, suggesting fog scavenging and removal of EC was active as well.     

Evidence for the existence of organosulfates from beta-pinene ozonolysis in ambient secondary organic aerosol

The formation of organosulfates from the gas-phase ozonolysis of beta-pinene in the presence of neutral or acidic sulfate particles was investigated in a series of indoor aerosol chamber experiments. The organosulfates were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to electrospray ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MS) in parallel to ion trap MS. Organosulfates were only found in secondary organic aerosol from beta-pinene ozonolysis in the presence of acidic sulfate seed particles. One of the detected organosulfates also occurred in ambient aerosol samples that were collected at a forest site in northeastern Bavaria, Germany. beta-Pinene oxide, an oxidation product in beta-pinene/O3 and beta-pinene/NO3 reactions, is identified as a possible precursor for the beta-pinene-derived organosulfate. Furthermore, several nitroxy-organosulfates originating from monoterpenes were found in the ambient samples. These nitroxy-organosulfates were only detected in the nighttime samples, suggesting a role for nighttime chemistry in their formation. Their LC/MS chromatographic peak intensities suggest that they represent an important fraction of the organic mass in ambient aerosols, especially at night.     

高效液相色谱- 串联质谱法快速测定鱼肉中4 种氟喹诺酮类药物残留

建立快速测定鱼肉中4 种氟喹诺酮类药物残留的高效液相色谱- 串联质谱方法。采用酸性乙腈提取样品中的氟喹诺酮药物残留,然后用正己烷脱脂,氮吹浓缩定容后,用反相液相色谱分离,以液相色谱- 串联质谱仪测定,外标法定量。该法对4 种氟喹诺酮类药物的线性范围为2～40μg/kg,相关系数(r2)大于0.997,在4、10、20μg/kg 3 个添加水平范围内的回收率为79.9%～98.1%,相对标准偏差为2.7%～8.7%,检出限为0.1～0.4μg/kg,定量限为0.3～1.0μg/kg。结果表明,该方法简便快速、灵敏度高、重现性好、选择性强,适用于鱼肉中氟喹诺酮类药物残留的定量测定。     

Direct determination of phenolic compounds in Sicilian wines by liquid chromatography with PDA and MS detection

Phenolic compounds in Sicilian wines were directly detected using an HPLC with a PDA detector coupled on-line with a MS system equipped with Electrospray Ionisation (ESI) source operated in the negative-ion mode and a quadrupole mass analyzer. In this work, MS spectra were recorded at different voltage, to obtain structural elucidations in addition to molecular mass informations. The different response of the compounds identified has been also evaluated. MS characteristics of cis- and trans-piceid were determined on the basis of the response obtained with the ESI interface.     

高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱技术非靶向快速筛查荔枝花、蜂巢和蜂蜜中农药

利用高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱结合QuEChERS前处理技术,建立荔枝花、蜂巢和蜂蜜中未知农药残留的非靶向快速筛查方法。样品均由乙腈溶液提取,经无水硫酸镁、N-丙基乙二胺和十八烷基键合硅胶吸附剂净化,采用Xbridge BEH C18色谱柱分离,以甲酸溶液-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,在电喷雾离子源、化学电离源和正反监测模式条件下进行检测。利用目标化合物特征离子的精确质量数、同位素匹配、二级碎片信息和保留时间进行数据库匹配,筛查可疑未知农药,在Targeted MS/MS模式下,通过相应碰撞能量下的离子碎片信息进一步确证,以基质匹配标准溶液法定量。结果显示：共计筛选出嘧菌酯、吡唑醚菌酯及其代谢物BF 500-3、苯醚甲环唑、多菌灵、毒死蜱、除虫脲和灭幼脲8 种农药,在1～1 000 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r2均大于0.99,方法的检出限为0.03～0.50 μg/kg,定量限为0.4～0.8 μg/kg。8 种农药在荔枝花、蜂巢和蜂蜜中的平均加标回收率为80%～96%,相对标准偏差为1.2%～6.1%。该法快速、简便、灵敏,可用于荔枝花、蜂巢和蜂蜜样品中未知农药的筛查和鉴定。     

Formation of nitrogen-containing oligomers by methylglyoxal and amines in simulated evaporating cloud droplets

Reactions of methylglyoxal with amino acids, methylamine, and ammonium sulfate can take place in aqueous aerosol and evaporating cloud droplets. These processes are simulated by drying droplets and bulk solutions of these compounds (at low millimolar and 1 M concentrations, respectively) and analyzing the residuals by scanning mobility particle sizing, nuclear magnetic resonance, aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS), and electrospray ionization MS. The results are consistent with imine (but not diimine) formation on a time scale of seconds, followed by the formation of nitrogen-containing oligomers, methylimidazole, and dimethylimidazole products on a time scale of minutes to hours. Measured elemental ratios are consistent with imidazoles and oligomers being major reaction products, while effective aerosol densities suggest extensive reactions take place within minutes. These reactions may be a source of the light-absorbing, nitrogen-containing oligomers observed in urban and biomass-burning aerosol particles.     

Generation of reactive oxygen species mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols

Particulate matter (PM)-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation has been implicated in health effects posed by PM. Humic-like substances (HULIS) are an unresolved mixture of water-extracted organic compounds from atmospheric aerosol particles or isolated from fog/cloudwater samples. In this study, we use a cell-free dithiothreitol (DTT) assay to measure ROS production mediated by HULIS. The HULIS samples are isolated from aerosols collected at a rural location and a suburban location in the Pearl River Delta, China. In our experiments, ROS activities by residue metal ions in the HULIS fraction are suppressed by including a strong chelating agent in the DTT assay. Under conditions of DTT consumption not exceeding 90%, the HULIS-catalyzed oxidation of DTT follows the zero-order kinetics with respect to DTT concentration, and the rate of DTT oxidation is proportional to the dose of HULIS. The ROS activity of the aerosol HULIS, on a per unit mass basis is 2% of the ROS activity by a reference quinone compound, 1,4-naphthoquinone and exceeds that of two aquatic fulvic acids. The HULIS fraction in the ambient samples tested exhibits comparable ROS activities to the organic solvent extractable fraction, which would contain compounds such as quinones, a known organic compound class capable of catalyzing generation of ROS in cells. HULIS was found to be the major redox active constituent of the water-extractable organic fraction in PM. It is plausible that HULIS contains reversible redox sites, thereby serving as electron carriers to catalyze the formation of ROS. Our work suggests that HULIS could be an active PM component in generating ROS and further work is warranted to characterize its redox properties.     

超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱法快速筛查水产品中16 种激素残留

建立改良的QuEChERS前处理方法,结合超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱快速筛查水产品中16?种激素残留。样品均质后经体积分数1%乙酸-乙腈提取,氯化钠和无水硫酸镁盐析,正己烷脱脂和十八烷基键合硅胶吸附剂（C18）净化后,采用BEH?C18色谱柱分离,以0.1%甲酸溶液和甲醇为流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾正离子模式检测。16?种激素在1～100?μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数（r2）为0.990?6～0.999?9,4?种不同水产品（南美白对虾、大黄鱼、梭子蟹、草鱼）在3?个添加水平下,回收率为53.6%～135.2%,相对标准偏差为0.93%～10.9%。方法检出限为0.2～2.7?μg/kg,方法定量限为0.8～8.2?μg/kg。建立的方法快速、准确,适用于水产品中激素的快速筛查。     

Antioxidant activity of grape products and characterization of components by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Grapes are known for their health benefits and high antioxidant activity due to phenolic content. Our work provides metabolic fingerprints of three grape products, namely grape juice (GJ), grape juice concentrate (GJC) and grape skin extract powder (GSE). Using direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI–MS) and evaluating the relationship between total lphenolic content and antioxidant activity, it is possible to compare which product has the best effectiveness. Fingerprints of GJC and GSE showed similar characteristic distributions of resveratrol and pterostilbene in relatively significant abundances. GJC provided higher antioxidant activity/phenolic ratio; therefore, the identified phenolic compounds from GJC may offer enhanced antioxidant potential when compared to the other two samples (GJ and GSE).     

Characterization of Brazilian green propolis throughout the seasons by headspace GC/MS and ESI-MS

BACKGROUND: A screening of the chemical composition of eight commercial classes of raw Brazilian green propolis throughout the seasons was carried out. A multivariate exploratory analysis of chemical composition obtained by gas chromatography associated with mass spectrometry with headspace extraction (HS‐GC/MS), and by mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (ESI‐MS) was carried out using principal component analysis (PCA). RESULTS: Differences in the volatile and polyphenolic profiles of propolis samples were verified during the seasons. Within each season, the high quality commercial classes of propolis presented similar characteristics, while the low quality classes presented distinct compositions. In spring and summer, propolis of the trimming class, commonly considered of low quality by beekeepers, presented a composition similar to the superior quality propolis. CONCLUSION: Seasonality influences the chemical composition of the commercial classes of raw Brazilian green propolis. Headspace‐GC/MS and ESI‐MS assisted by PCA are effective to characterize volatile and non‐volatile compounds of the propolis samples, and to correlate it to the seasons. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Levels of ochratoxin A in wheat and maize bread from the central zone of Portugal

Ochratoxigenic fungi are natural contaminants of cereal and the produced toxins are harmful to humans and animals. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is among the most important mycotoxins, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies it as possibly carcinogenic to humans (group 2B). A total of 61 samples of bread from the central zone of Portugal were analysed for OTA by liquid chromatography (LC) with fluorescence detection (FD). For confirmation two procedures were applied, methyl ester derivatization with boron trifluoride-methanol and liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI/MS/MS). As far as we know, this is the first report where on-line LC/electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was used for OTA analysis in bread. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.015 and 0.03 ng/g, using LC-FD, and 0.03 and 0.09 ng/g by LC-MS/MS. The incidence of OTA was 12.9% and 70.0% for wheat and maize bread, respectively. The highest OTA levels were obtained for maize bread, having one sample exceeded the European maximum limit established for OTA in cereal products. The estimate daily intake (EDI) was below the tolerable daily intake.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定肉品中氯噻啉药物残留

采用液相色谱-串联质谱（liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS）法测定肉 品中氯噻啉药物残留。肉样经过酸化乙腈提取后,采用N-丙基乙二胺和C18吸附剂净化,然后在BEH-C18柱 （2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7 μm）上用乙腈和体积分数为0.1%的甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速0.30 mL/min。 样品经电喷雾离子源正离子模式电离后,在多反应监测模式下定性及定量。结果表明：该方法在10～400 ng/mL范 围内线性关系良好,方法检出限为5.0 μg/kg,回收率为91.41%～93.51%,相对标准偏差在2.4%～3.2%之间。该方 法结合了QuEChERS（quick,easy,cheap,effective,rugged,safty）和LC-MS/MS的优点,操作简便、分析速度 快、灵敏度高、重现性好,可以用于肉品中氯噻啉残留的检测。     

Evidence for organosulfates in secondary organic aerosol

Recent work has shown that particle-phase reactions contribute to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), with enhancements of SOA yields in the presence of acidic seed aerosol. In this study, the chemical composition of SOA from the photooxidations of alpha-pinene and isoprene, in the presence or absence of sulfate seed aerosol, is investigated through a series of controlled chamber experiments in two separate laboratories. By using electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, sulfate esters in SOA produced in laboratory photooxidation experiments are identified for the first time. Sulfate esters are found to account for a larger fraction of the SOA mass when the acidity of seed aerosol is increased, a result consistent with aerosol acidity increasing SOA formation. Many of the isoprene and alpha-pinene sulfate esters identified in these chamber experiments are also found in ambient aerosol collected at several locations in the southeastern U.S. It is likely that this pathway is important for other biogenic terpenes, and may be important in the formation of humic-like substances (HULIS) in ambient aerosol.