基于自抗扰控制的直流微电网双向Buck-Boost变换器控制策略研究

为了降低直流微电网母线电压的波动,提出基于自抗扰控制的双向Buck-Boost变换器控制策略。运用直流母线电压外环、直流变换器电感电流内环的控制方法实现直流微电网与储能系统之间的能量双向流动。进一步提出基于扩张状态观测器观测输出总扰动,包括负载电流和母线电压的变化,在负载扰动电流影响系统的直流母线电压最终输出前,主动从外环被控对象的输入信号电感电流或输出信号母线电压中提取扰动信息,然后尽快用控制信号将其消除,从而大大降低其对被控量的影响,以有效抑制暂态直流母线的电压波动和冲击,在母线电压产生波动时能够快速恢复到正常的工作状态。仿真验证表明:储能系统可以通过控制策略实现能量的双向传递,并且当母线产生功率波动和电流冲击时,储能系统可以使直流母线电压稳定,提高了系统的可靠性。     

煤矿电压暂降成因与治理

随着煤矿行业生产机械化程度越来越高,变频器和大功率直流提升机等含有电力电子器件的设备大量运用于煤矿行业,煤矿电网中非线性和冲击性负载比例逐渐增加,直接导致了煤矿电网的电压质量下降,尤以电压暂降问题突出。文章针对电压暂降对煤矿生产的影响,并结合具体电压暂降事件,经过现场测试,确定发生电压暂降的原因,提出相应的治理措施,为煤矿行业该类事件的治理提供借鉴和参考。     

家庭直流微电网设计探究

家庭储能直流微电网是现代家庭未来配电发展方向之一,目前的家用电器和设备逐步向使用直流电或含有直流环节的电能变换器,例如IT设备、照明灯具LED、电子设备等均采用了直流电,而大型的家用电器,例如打印机、洗衣机和空调等旋转类的设备使用含有直流环节的变频器也成为当下的发展趋势。为此,家庭储能直流微网系统具有很强的研究价值。     

变频器的安装应用

<正>最初开发的变频器的根本目的并非为了节能,主要是交流传动代替直流传动,并满足过程化控制的要求。变频器技术是当今自动化技术中比较成熟、比较先进的技术,是电力技术、微电子技术、控制技术高度发展的产物。变频器主要由整流(交流变直流)、滤波、再次整流(直流变交流)、制动单元、驱动单元、检测单元微处理单元等组成的。其实变频器的原理都是一样的,不论牌子。应用也基本相同,就是改变电压的频率(国际标准现为50/60HZ)。电机转速公式:ns=60f/p,其产生的目的就是通过改变频率来控制电机的转速。最终达到节能,降耗,对电机保护或延长寿命等效果。     

基于LabVIEW的DC/DC变换器自动测试系统

针对目前实验室DC/DC变换器测试项目增多、检测工作量大、较为繁琐且人为操作误差较大的现状,在LabVIEW环境下控制GPIB接口仪器开发了DC/DC变换器的自动测试系统(ATE).根据虚拟仪器的设计思想,把系统中具有各功能作用的仪器通过GPIB接口卡连接起来,在模块化、层次化的软件控制和处理下,自动实现DC/DC变换器直流、开关和交流三大类参数的测试和数据处理,结合具体型号的DC/DC变换器验证了ATE的功能实现.系统功能完善、操作简单、扩展性强,能很好满足DC/DC变换器测试的需要.     

直流母线系统闪光装置故障分析

直流控制系统中＋SM是声光装置供电母线，它起着故障回路的声光报警信号作用，是电气二次控制回路中必不可少的直流电源。1闪光回路故障现象某热电厂7#机调试过程中，有一回路发生事故跳闸。故障回路指示灯不闪耀，只是变暗一些，用万用表测量母线电压时，＋SM对地电压近似为0V     

电力滤波器直流母线电压抗扰动的研究

针对传统直流母线电压PI控制时,有源电力滤波器直流母线电压受负载扰动影响较大的问题,本文提出了电压环采用双模控制结构：模糊控制器和PI控制器。直流母线电压在大范围内采用模糊控制,在小偏差范围内转换成PI调节。仿真结果表明：与传统的PI控制相比,双模控制明显的降低负载扰动情况下母线电压的波动性能。     

变比为3的交-交升压型开关电容变换器研究

提出了一种变比为3的交流-交流升压型开关电容变换器.该变换器结构十分简单,输出效率高,功率密度大,而且其开关元件的PWM控制方式简单,主要基于开关电容原理实现电能转换.文中给出了该变换器电路的工作过程和控制驱动方法,对交-交变换时的电压变比进行了基于工作过程中暂态方程的理论建模分析,建立了等效内阻的数学模型,分析了稳态电压变比,并建立电路参数和变换器性能之间的函数关系.搭建了原型样机,通过实验验证理论的正确性.     

变电站直流系统寄生回路的排查方法研究

变电站的直流系统为其正常运行提供负荷、继电保护、不间断供电电源等,直流系统一旦产生寄生回路,将会影响到电力系统的正常稳定运转。本文针对变电站直流系统寄生回路的产生原因进行分析,并提出几种寄生回路的排查方法,供同行参考借鉴。     

变电站直流系统接地故障的分析与处理

直流系统的用电负荷极为重要，供给继电保护、控制、信号、计算机监控、事故照明、交流不间断电源等，对供电的可靠性要求很高。直流系统的可靠性是保障变电所安全运行的决定条件之一。     

Design and implementation of PV-based three-phase four-wire series hybrid active power filter for power quality improvement

This paper proposes a Photovoltaic (PV)-based three-phase four-wire Series Hybrid Active Power Filter (SHAPF), it comprises of a Series Active Power Filter (SAPF) and an LC shunt passive filter. The proposed system eliminates both the current and voltage harmonics and compensates reactive power, neutral current and voltage interruption. A SAPF demands a source of energy for compensating the voltage sag/swell. This system found a new topology for SHAPF which utilizes the PV with DC–DC boost converter as a source of DC power for the series active filter. The compensation current reference evaluation is based on the twin formulation of the vectorial theory of electrical power theorem with Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC). The PV array/battery managed DC–DC boost converter is employed to step up the voltage to meet the DC bus voltage requirement of the three-leg Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). The foremost benefit of the proposed system is that, it will provide uninterrupted compensation for the whole day. This system utilizes the renewable energy; accordingly saves the energy and provides the uninterruptable power supply to critical/sensitive load, through the PV array/battery bank during both day time and night time. An experimental model was established and results were obtained, which indicated the capability of the proposed control scheme.     

Control of a converter system for an asymmetrical parameter type two-phase induction motor drive operating in motoring and generating modes

The control of a converter system is presented and discussed for an asymmetrical parameter type two-phase induction machine drive that is operating in motoring and generating modes. The proposed system consists of back-to-back voltage source converters. For a machine side, a three-leg voltage source converter provides both unbalanced and balanced two-phase output voltages with a scalar V/F control based on a carrier space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique. For a front end, a single-phase AC/DC doubled voltage converter with hysteresis current control is used to keep DC-link voltage constant, thus resulting in a bi-directional power flow operation for the motoring and generating modes. A closed-loop design for the DC-link voltage is fully given and also included is a review of carrier-based SVPWM for two-phase three-leg VSI. The proposed drive system was both simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK and implemented on digital microcontrollers. The comparative performance evaluation of the whole system between balanced and unbalanced two-phase voltages for the machine is given. The simulation and experimental results show that the unbalanced phase voltage offers better performance for the whole system.     

Advanced control for PWM converter and variable-speed induction generator

The paper describes a simple control structure for a vector-controlled stand-alone induction generator (IG) used to operate under variable speeds. Deadbeat current control is developed for a voltage source PWM converter and the three-phase variable speed squirrel-cage IG to regulate DC-link and generator voltages with newly designed phase-locked-loop circuit. The required reactive power for the variable-speed IG is supplied by means of the PWM converter and a capacitor bank to build up the voltage of the IG without the need for a battery and to reduce the rating of the PWM converter with the need for only three sensors. This proposed scheme can be used efficiently for variable speed wind or hydro energy conversion systems. The measurements of the IG system at various speeds and loads are given and show that this proposed system is capable of good AC and DC voltages regulation     

Feedforward simple control technique for on-chip all-digital three-phase AC/DC power-MOSFET converter with least components

A novel simple control technique for on-chip all-digital three-phase alternating current to direct current (AC/DC) power-metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFET) converter with least components, which is employed to obtain small current and DC output voltage ripples as well as excellent performance, and using a feedforward simple control method for DC output voltage regulation is proposed. The proposed all-digital feedforward controller has the features of low cost, simple control, fast response, independence of load parameters and the switching frequency, it has no need for compensation, and high stability characteristics; moreover, the proposed controller consists of three operation amplifiers and few digital logic gates that are directly applied to the three-phase converter. The power-MOSFETs are also known as power switches, whose control signals are derived from the proposed all-digital feedforward controller. Instead of thyristors or diodes, the application of power-MOSFETs can reduce the loss of AC/DC converter that is proper to the power supply system. The input stage of an AC/DC converter functions as a rectifier and the output stage is a low pass inductor capacitor (LC) filter. The input AC sources may originate from miniature three-phase AC generator or low-power three-phase DC/AC inverter. The maximum output loading current is 0.8 A and the maximum DC output ripple is less than 200 mV. The prototype of the proposed AC/DC converter has been fabricated with Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.35 mum 2P4M complementary MOS (CMOS) processes. The total chip area is 2.333 1.960 mm². The proposed AC/DC converter is suitable for the following three power systems with the low power, DC/DC converter, low-dropout linear regulator and switch capacitor. Finally, the theoretical analysis is verified to be correct by simulations and experiments.     

Design and control of single-phase dynamic voltage restorer

Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is a custom power device used in electrical distribution system for power quality improvement. It ensures regulated voltage supply to the sensitive loads, even in case of voltage sag and swell disturbances in the distribution network. It is a series connected device and compensates voltage sag and swell by injecting a voltage with the help of a series transformer. The injection of an appropriate voltage component in the event of a voltage disturbance requires a certain amount of real and reactive power. Conventionally, DVR consists of an energy storage device, which supplies the required power over the limited duration of the sags. Large magnitude and long duration of sags lead to heavy financial investment in energy storage unit. To overcome this limitation, a single-phase back-to-back converter-based DVR is implemented in this work, which eliminates energy storage requirement. The integration of series and shunt converter makes the DVR capable of bidirectional flow of energy. Therefore, the key advantage of this topology is its capability to compensate for long-term voltage sag and swell. Modelling of the DVR and its controller design is included in this paper. The effectiveness of control schemes, protection schemes and starting sequence of operation of DVR is verified through detailed simulation studies. A scaled down laboratory prototype of DVR is developed. The viability of these schemes is confirmed by the experimental results generated from the laboratory prototype. Various challenges faced during the prototype development and corresponding solutions are also discussed in this paper.     

程控三相中频电源的研制

全面分析了三相程控中频电源的原理,深入讨论了其信号源电路、功率放大电路以及接口控制电路的实现方法,提出了三相程控中频电源的详细设计方案.     

Design and analysis of dynamic voltage restorer for deep voltage sag and harmonic compensation

A dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) to compensate deep voltage sags and harmonics is proposed. The DVR consists of shunt and series converters connected back-to-back through a DC-to-DC step up converter. The presence of the DC-to-DC step converter permits the DVR to compensate deep voltage sags for long duration. The series converter is connected to the supply side whereas the shunt converter is connected to the load side. With this configuration, there is no need for large DC capacitors. A design procedure for the components of the DVR is presented under a voltage sag condition. The control system of the proposed DVR is based on hysteresis voltage control. Besides voltage sag compensation, the capability of compensating load voltage harmonics has been added to the DVR to increase the power quality benefits to the load with almost negligible effect on the sag compensation capability. The proposed DVR is modelled and simulated using SIMULINK/MATLAB environment. Time domain simulations are used to verify the operation of the DVR with linear and non-linear loads.     

A portable multifunctional power box

In this study, we used a microcontroller to provide and control power to multiple sources using the highly efficient energy storage provided by the direct current (DC) bus of a lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) battery. Through multiple loops, high-efficiency buck and boost conversion, and DC-to-alternating current (AC) conversion, the power box can quickly and simultaneously provide three sets of voltage outputs, 5-V DC, 19–22-V DC, and 110-V AC, to different electronic devices. Multiple sets of conversion output voltages were achieved using multiple sets of conversion circuits, in parallel to the DC bus. Compared with a single conversion output voltage, the multiple sets of conversion output voltages from the energy storage battery had a higher practicability. For a single output voltage, the battery provided a suitable voltage to different electric devices via a substage converter, thus lowering the overall conversion efficiency. For practical applications such as camping, blackouts, long journeys, emergencies, and rescues, the multiple sets of converted voltage outputs offer substantial functional convenience. For safety control, we used a single-chip controller to quickly detect various overcurrent situations.     

Integrated power management circuit for piezoelectronic generator in wireless monitoring system of orthopaedic implants

Piezoelectric (PZT) materials are capable of converting the mechanical energy of compression into electrical energy. With the recent advent of extremely low-power electrical devices, PZT generators have become attractive in many kinds of applications, especially for biomedical applications. Piezoelectronic generators are used in a wireless monitoring system of orthopaedic implants. Due to their poor source characteristics, the efficiency of PZT generator is low. A hybrid direct current (DC)?DC, comprising a switched capacitor (SC) DC?DC converter and a low dropout (LDO) linear voltage regulator, is presented to improve conversion efficiency. A bandgap reference (BGR) circuit which works in sub-threshold region is also presented. Because SC DC?DC converter works in the highest voltage region in this system, small power supply current, including supply current through BGR and other auxiliary modules, means low power consumption. BGR?s power supply voltage can be varied from 3 to 16 V. Its supply current is only 3.2 μA at 125 C and its temperature coefficient is 46 ppm. Stacked switches technique is proposed to reduce leakage current in switching process of SC converter. Simulation results show that the efficiency of SC?s converter can reach 88%, that of LDO can reach 80% and that of the overall system can reach 66%, including power consumption of all auxiliary components, which is far higher than previous work.     

三端背靠背柔性直流输电的虚拟同步发电机控制策略及其在配电网中的应用

探讨了一种在10 kV配电网中引入三端背靠背（back-to-back,BTB）柔性直流输电（voltage source converter based HVDC,VSC-HVDC）系统的接线方案,通过VSC-HVDC的控制实现提高供电可靠性和抑制环流的目的。VSC-HVDC系统中换流站在传统控制模式下几乎没有转动惯量,难以有效地参与电网调节。为了提高电网受端系统频率的稳定性,改善系统发生故障后的运行特性,在中压（10 kV）交流配电网的背景下,提出了虚拟同步发电机（virtual synchronous generator,VSG）控制策略在三端BTB VSC-HVDC系统中的应用。首先在10 kV系统中加入三端BTB VSC-HVDC互联装置建立交直流混合配电网,建立换流站在传统控制和VSG控制下的数学模型,然后通过PSCAD/EMTDC平台进行仿真,在2种控制方式下得到系统在受到扰动和发生故障时的运行特性。结果表明,三端BTB VSC-HVDC系统受端换流器使用VSG控制能有效地参与电网调节,增加系统惯性,改善系统的暂态特性,提高电网运行的可靠性。