Energy performance of a cooling plant system using the inverter chiller for industrial building

The purpose of this paper is to clarify energy performance of the cooling plant system in the industrial building using actual measured operating data and numerical simulation analysis. One aspect of industrial buildings is that they have large energy consumption for manufacturing and air-conditioning compared with office and commercial buildings. Some examples of high-efficiency technologies installed in this particular cooling plant system are inverter chillers, integrated cooling towers and a free-cooling system. The inverter chiller which has been put on the market recently is state-of-the-art technology. The maximum COP of the inverter chiller reaches about 18 under certain conditions and integrated cooling towers make lower temperature cooling water as the whole capacity is large. Actual operating data indicates satisfied values for chiller and system COP during the running period and the simulation results show that the cooling plant system can cut down annual electric power consumption by about 48% compared with conventional cooling system.     

风机盘管空调系统冷水最佳供回水湿度的计算

在空调房间空调效果不变的情况下,为了使冷水系统运行时的能耗最小,应对风机盘管空调冷水系统在一定条件下的最佳供回水温度进行计算.本文首先以传热学和流体力学理论为基础,对风机盘管、冷水机组和水泵在不同冷水供回水温度下运行时的能耗进行了计算,得到了不同冷水供回水温度和不同水泵扬程工况下的冷水系统单位制冷量能耗计算表达式,而后绘制了相应的能耗变化曲线.分析可知:在本文的计算条件下,当水泵扬程为147、196、245和294 kPa(15、20、25和30 mH2O)时,系统单位制冷量的能耗随温差的增大而增加;当水泵扬程为343和392 kPa(35和40 mH2O)时,系统单位制冷量的能耗在供回水温度为6.14/12.14℃时最小,该数值与设计时的7/12℃不同.因此,为了使系统运行时的能耗最小,应根据冷水机组的实际运行工况、系统的阻力损失,以及所要达到的空调效果来确定冷水的供回水温度.     

Numerical simulation and performance assessment of an absorption solar air-conditioning system coupled with an office building

To minimize environmental impact and CO₂ production associated with air-conditioning, it is reasonable to evaluate the prospects of a clean energy source. Solar energy, via thermal collectors can provide a part of the heating needs. Moreover, it can drive absorption chiller in order to satisfy the cooling needs of buildings. The objective of the work is to evaluate accurately the energy consumption of an air-conditioning system including a solar driven absorption chiller. The complete simulation environment includes the absorption chiller itself, the cooling tower, the solar collectors field, heater, storage devices, pumps, heating-cooling distribution, emission system and building. A decrease of primary energy consumption of 22% for heating and cooling is reached when using a solar air-conditioning system instead of classical heating and cooling devices. The modelling of each subsystem is detailed. TRNSYS software modular approach provides the possibility to model and simulate this complete system.     

北京某商业建筑温湿度独立控制空调系统的全年能耗分析

以北京某一商业建筑为模拟对象,对其空调冷负荷进行模拟,并在此基础上计算普通空调系统和温湿度独立控制空调系统的能耗.经过对能耗的比较和分析表明,温湿度独立控制空调系统的能耗比普通空调系统的能耗降低了16.4%,冷水机组全年平均性能系数提高了13%.结果表明温湿度独立控制空调系统具有很好的应用前景.     

冷水机组容量的选择对建筑全年能耗的影响

本文通过对一幢建筑进行全年能耗模拟,分析了建筑全年能耗的基本构成和影响因子。同时根据该建筑的空调负荷情况,分别选用了三组容量不同的冷水机组,利用能耗分析软件将三组空调制冷系统所产生的能耗进行了对比,指出制冷机组的选型过大是造成建筑全年能耗过大的一个重要因素。     

区域供冷系统的技术与经济性分析

探讨了区域供冷系统的应用条件,要有足够的地方建设制冷机房及允许敷设冷水输送管道,区域内建筑冷负荷密度及年冷负荷较大。结合工程实例,对区域供冷系统的经济性进行了分析。对于气候炎热地区的新建小区,区域供冷系统的经济性优于传统的集中式空调系统。以电制冷主机 蒸汽吸收式制冷主机作为冷源的方案的经济性优于单纯以电制冷主机作为冷源的方案。     

蒸发冷却与溶液除湿复合空调系统的应用

根据长江流域高温高湿的气候条件,构建了两级蒸发冷却与溶液除湿相结合的复合空调系统。介绍了复合空调系统的流程,根据该地区的气候条件和相关的空调设计参数,比较了复合空调系统与一次回风空调系统的能耗。在设计工况下,复合空调系统的能效比为2.6,相比于一次回风空调系统的节能率为47.2%。     

某卷烟厂空调控制系统节能改造后的节能量测试分析

本文介绍了某卷烟厂空调系统采用2种控制方式——手动控制和自动控制模式下的实际空调效果及能耗的对比测试,给出了该空调控制系统进行节能改造后的节能量。测试结果表明:通过增加水泵和冷却塔的变频控制策略及制冷机、水泵和冷却塔的加减机控制策略,空调系统能更好地满足设计要求,能耗明显降低;节能量的多少和手动控制的水平有很大关系,制冷站的平均节电率为16.0%、水泵和冷却塔的平均节电率为32.6%、制冷机的平均节电率为8.7%;经济性分析可知,每年平均节省电费148.4万元,基本1 a就可以收回投资改造费用。     

Water-use efficiency for alternative cooling technologies in arid climates

In arid climates, evaporative cooling technologies are generally valued for their reduced energy consumption in comparison to compressor-based air conditioning systems. However, two concerns that are often raised with respect to evaporative cooling equipment are their on-site water use and the impact of poor water quality on their performance. While compressor-based systems do not use water on-site, they do consume water through their use of electricity, which consumes water through evaporation at hydroelectric power plants and cooling at thermal power plants. This paper defines a water-use efficiency metric and a methodology for assessing the water use of various cooling technologies. The water-use efficiencies of several example cooling technologies are compared, including direct evaporative, indirect evaporative in two different configurations, compressor-based systems, compressor-based systems with evaporative pre-cooling of condenser inlet air, and hybrid systems that consist of an indirect evaporative module combined with a compressor-based module. Designing cooling systems for arid climates is entwined in the close relationship between water and energy and the scarcity of both resources. The analyses presented in this paper suggest that evaporative systems that significantly reduce peak electricity demand and annual energy consumption need not consume any more water than conventional systems.     

Energy saving through evaporatively cooled condenser air in conventional air-conditioning units

A theoretical study of the feasibility of evaporative cooling of the condenser air of a conventional vapour compression air-conditioning system to upgrade the rating of an air-cooled air-conditioning unit and consequent energy saving in the Delhi climate is presented. A brief review of the heat rejection option in an air-conditioning unit has been given and a theoretical background analysis for evaporative cooling of condenser air has also been presented. For illustration, one specific air-cooled package unit, whose performance characteristics as given by the manufacturers are available, has been used for calculations. Temperature variation data for New Delhi in the months of May and June 1991, obtained from the Meteorological Department, has been used. With the basic data, the upgradation of cooling capacity, power requirement and average energy consumption with and without evaporative cooling of condenser air has been calculated and the reduction in peak load and saving in the average energy consumption was predicted. Typical calculations of the water requirements for pre-cooling of condenser air were also predicted and compared with the corresponding requirements for water-cooled and evaporative condensers. It is concluded that there is an excellent and exciting possibility of reducing energy consumption (and consequent enhanced energy saving) in air-conditioning at national level.     

Computational model for a ground coupled space cooling system with an underground energy storage tank

A computational model for determining annual periodic performance of a cooling system utilizing a ground coupled chiller and a spherical underground thermal energy storage tank is developed. An analytical solution for the transient heat transfer problem outside the storage tank is obtained by the application of complex finite Fourier transform (CFFT) technique. Analytical expressions for heat gain to the space and energy consumption of the chiller are acquired, and these expressions are coupled with the transient temperature field problem to obtain computational model. Variation of water temperature in the storage tank is calculated using the transient solution of the problem over an entire year for different soil, chiller, and storage tank characteristics. Temperature profile of earth surrounding the storage tank and the COP of the cooling unit are also investigated under various assumptions and varying system design and operating conditions. The results show that water temperature in the storage tank remains under ambient air temperature during summer months, and thus the proposed ground coupled cooling system should yield higher COP values compared to a corresponding air source system.     

香港环球贸易中心冷却水系统优化控制研究

提出了常规中央空调冷却水系统的优化控制策略.该控制策略是香港理工大学智能建筑研究所与香港新鸿基地产发展有限公司共同研究开发的中央空调系统系列智能优化控制策略之一.这一优化控制策略将应用在香港环球贸易中心.该方法可以自动设置系统冷却水的供水温度(即冷却塔的出水温度)以保证系统自适应于动态的工作条件并保持高效率.该方法在这一建筑及空调系统的虚拟环境下进行了测试和验证.     

An integrated model for the design of air-cooled chiller plants for commercial buildings

Cooling load calculation is the first step in designing the air-conditioning system of a building. The calculated cooling capacity with appropriate buffer is then used to select the number and size of chillers in the system. N + 1 is a common formula used by designers to size the chiller plants in Hong Kong buildings, where N is the actual number of chillers required and 1 is a redundant chiller provided to ensure reliability. This paper reviews the problem of excess capacity and discusses the risk exposure of chiller systems without redundant chillers. The cooling load profiles of the chiller plants of four medium-sized commercial buildings in Hong Kong are reviewed. The risk exposure of chiller systems without redundant chillers can be minimized by applying risk-based preventive maintenance. The just-in-demand design reduces capital cost of the building and frees up funds for continuous energy measurement and improving the energy efficiency of chiller plant systems. This paper presents a model for designing chiller plants that improves the energy efficiency of the plant in a cost effective and thoughtful manner. It is designed with consideration of the life cycle of the plant and real-time continuous commissioning, monitoring, measurement, comparison and execution for better energy management.     

新型排风能量回收装置的分析与研究

作者从全铝制板翅式换热器与凝结水间接蒸发冷却联合应用的试验获得的结果出发，对该换热器应用于集中空调系统的能量回收做出了计算，并且进行较为详尽的分析，计算结果表明全新风空调系统使用该能量回收装置后，可以节省机组装机容量50％，节省运行费用一半；这对需要大量新风的厂房，医院的特殊病区等有很好的节能效果；而普通的舒适性空调系统，应用该能量回收装置后也可以节省装机容量20％；这表明在集中空调系统中应用全铝制板翅式换热器既能改善室内空气品质又能回收排风能量，是集中空调系统节能和人性化行之有效的措施：     

Modelling of enhanced passive and conventional cooling systems

This study modelled a recently completed typical steel-framed speculative office development in the UK. It investigated the comparative performance of the building for various servicing regimes. These included natural and mechanical ventilation, two types of active fabric energy storage (FES) system (AirDeck and AirCore), air-conditioning (a conventional all-air system and chilled ceiling with mechanical ventilation), and mixed-mode solutions combining some of the above approaches. The assessment covered both summer and winter (heating) performance. The main objective was to evaluate overall performance of these systems in terms of thermal comfort and energy use and to compare the findings with more conventional servicing options for the same building. The study demonstrates that active FES can enhance thermal comfort while reducing energy use and emissions. In comparison with conventionally and naturally ventilated systems, the studied FES systems reduced temperature excess hours and peak temperatures, supplied cooler air as a result of overnight cooling, and reduced chiller consumption and boiler ratings as well as emissions. The annual operating costs of these active FES systems increase energy costs by only 13% over that of the naturally ventilated option. The mixed-mode solutions reduce them by over 35% when compared with all-mechanically cooled alternatives.     

Modelling of enhanced passive and conventional cooling systems

This study modelled a recently completed typical steel-framed speculative office development in the UK. It investigated the comparative performance of the building for various servicing regimes. These included natural and mechanical ventilation, two types of active fabric energy storage (FES) system (AirDeck and AirCore), air-conditioning (a conventional all-air system and chilled ceiling with mechanical ventilation), and mixed-mode solutions combining some of the above approaches. The assessment covered both summer and winter (heating) performance. The main objective was to evaluate overall performance of these systems in terms of thermal comfort and energy use and to compare the findings with more conventional servicing options for the same building. The study demonstrates that active FES can enhance thermal comfort while reducing energy use and emissions. In comparison with conventionally and naturally ventilated systems, the studied FES systems reduced temperature excess hours and peak temperatures, supplied cooler air as a result of overnight cooling, and reduced chiller consumption and boiler ratings as well as emissions. The annual operating costs of these active FES systems increase energy costs by only 13% over that of the naturally ventilated option. The mixed-mode solutions reduce them by over 35% when compared with all-mechanically cooled alternatives.     

中央空调系统变水温和变水量协调优化控制研究

通过水泵变频进行变水量调节是目前中央空调系统的主要节能手段,本文提出的基于变水温和变水量的协调优化控制策略可以取得更佳的节能效果。依据典型气象年数据,采用传递函数法,对典型房间的全年逐时空调负荷进行了计算;为了保证每个房间都能满足舒适性要求,以最不利负荷为优化计算的输入参数,根据部分负荷下表冷器的校核计算模型,在保证空调舒适性和设备安全运行的前提下,以系统能耗最低为目标函数,结合冷水机组、水泵和调节阀的变工况性能以及管路系统的水力特性,确定冷水机组的冷冻水出口温度及流量。对广州某综合大楼的实例计算表明,仅采用水泵变频,空调主机和水泵的总能耗降低17%,采用协调优化控制,则可降低22%;协调优化控制策略能够满足空调舒适性要求,且空调负荷越小,节能效果越明显,平均节能率最大值出现在12月,高达36.7%,最小值出现在7月,仅有14.5%。     

A data fusion scheme for building automation systems of building central chilling plants

Accurate and reliable building load measurement is essential for robust chiller sequencing control, building air-conditioning system performance monitoring and optimization. This paper presents a scheme adopting the data fusion technique to improve the quality of building cooling load measurement of building automation systems. The strategy uses two types of measurement information on the cooling load, i.e., “direct measurement” of building cooling load, which is calculated directly using the differential water temperature and water flow rate measurements, and “indirect measurement” of building cooling load, which is calculated using a model using the instantaneous chiller electrical power input. Capitalizing their own advantages and disadvantages, a data fusion algorithm is developed to merge these two types of data to remove outliers and system errors as well as to reduce the impacts of measurement noises. Meanwhile, a method is implemented to provide quantitative evaluation of the degree of reliability of the merged measurement. Validation of the data fusion algorithm is conducted using field data collected from a chiller plant in a high-rising building in Hong Kong.     

地铁车站冷却塔结合新、排风井的设置探讨

依据地铁车站空调系统的运行特点,结合地铁车站新、排风井的设置原则,指出地铁车站的冷却塔、蒸发式冷水机组、蒸发式冷却塔、多联机室外机等空调系统的散热设备放在地下是可行的,该方法对于地铁车站地面冷却塔等散热设备长期以来与地面占地征用协调困难、与城市景观不协调、噪音扰民等矛盾的解决具有一定的借鉴意义。     

冷水机组变流量综合节能分析与研究

为了更好地了解变流量对冷水机组节能的效果和性能的影响,将冷水机组在变流量工况下与正常工况下的热工性能进行了对比,通过建立冷水机组模型,对正常工况、变冷冻水流量工况、变冷冻水、冷却水流量工况和同时变冷冻水、冷却水、冷却风机流量工况等四种优化工况进行了对比分析与仿真计算,得出了在变冷冻水、冷却水流量工况下,在满足冷却塔正常运行前提下,系统最为节能,且在50%部分负荷率时,比正常工况节能45.54%,同时详细的分析了在变工况下,系统各参数的变化,为完善冷水机组部分负荷下变流量调节控制策略提供了依据和参考。