Wind power smoothing using fuzzy logic pitch controller and energy capacitor system for improvement Micro-Grid performance in islanding mode

The need of reducing CO₂ emissions in electricity generation field for solving global warming problems has led to increase interest in Micro-Grid (MG) especially the one with renewable sources such as solar and wind generations. Wind speed fluctuations cause high fluctuations in output power of wind turbine which cause fluctuations in fr and voltages of the MG in the islanding mode and originate stability problems. In this study, a new fuzzy logic pitch controller and an energy storage ultra capacitor are proposed and developed to smooth the output power of wind turbine and enhance MG's performance in islanding mode. These two proposed controllers are compared with the conventional PI pitch controller, which is usually used to control wind generation system when the wind speed exceeds a rated value. Obtained results proved that our two proposed strategies are effective for the MG performance improvement during islanding mode. All models and controllers are developed using Matlab^® Simulink^® environment.     

参与电网调频的风电机组线性变参数变桨控制策略

风电机组参与调频时其输出功率的调整将改变风电机组变桨动作的风速范围,同时由于桨距角调节气动功率的灵敏度随风况变化,使得传统PI变桨控制难以适用于风电机组参与调频时的复杂工况,出现风电机组转速振荡问题。提出一种基于线性变参数(Linear Parameter Varying, LPV)系统的风电机组变桨控制方法,对风电机组模型进行线性化,根据风速和桨距角的变化范围进行凸分解,得到其具有四面体结构的LPV模型,通过求解不同平衡点处的线性矩阵不等式(Linear Matrix Inequality, LMI)设计出相应的变桨控制器。仿真结果表明:与传统PI变桨控制相比,LPV变桨控制能有效减小转速的波动,降低低速轴载荷以及减小桨距角的波动程度,验证了该控制策略的有效性和先进性。     

A fuzzy logic pitch angle controller for power system stabilization

In this article the design of a fuzzy logic pitch angle controller for a fixed speed, active‐stall wind turbine, which is used for power system stabilization, is presented. The system to be controlled, which is the wind turbine and the power system to which the turbine is connected, is described. The advantages of fuzzy logic control when applied to large‐signal control of active‐stall wind turbines are outlined. The general steps of the design process for a fuzzy logic controller, including definition of the controller inputs, set‐up of the fuzzy rules and the method of defuzzification, are described. The performance of the controller is assessed by simulation, where the wind turbine's task is to dampen power system oscillations. In the scenario simulated for this work, the wind turbine has to ride through a transient short‐circuit fault and subsequently contribute to the damping of the grid frequency oscillations that are caused by the transient fault. It is concluded that the fuzzy logic controller enables the wind turbine to dampen power system oscillations. It is also concluded that, owing to the inherent non‐linearities in a wind turbine and the unpredictability of the whole system, the fuzzy logic controller is very suitable for this application. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.     

Output power control for large wind power penetration in small power system

Nowadays, wind turbine generator (WTG) is increasingly required to provide control capabilities regarding output power. Under this scenario, this paper proposes an output power control of WTG using pitch angle control connected to small power systems. By means of the proposed method, output power control of WTG considering states of power system becomes possible, and in general both conflicting objectives of output power leveling and acquisition power increase are achieved. In this control approach, WTG is given output power command by fuzzy reasoning which has three inputs for average wind speed, variance of wind speed, and absolute average of frequency deviation. Since fuzzy reasoning is used, it is possible to define output power command corresponding to wind speed condition and changing capacity of power system momentarily. Moreover, high performance pitch angle control based on output power command is achieved by generalized predictive control (GPC). The simulation results by using actual detailed model for wind power system show the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

极端风况下双转子风力机降载复合控制策略

为降低双转子风力机在极端风况下的大波动载荷,基于双转子风力机气动与控制仿真系统,提出了基于独立变桨自抗扰控制器和偏航模糊控制器的降载复合控制策略,并分析了正常风况和极端风况下该策略的控制效果。结果表明：与传统PID独立变桨控制相比,在极端运行阵风和极端湍流模型下,独立变桨自抗扰控制方法使叶根挥舞弯矩标准差减小18%以上;与传统恒速偏航控制相比,在极端风向变化下,偏航模糊控制方法使偏航轴承滚动力矩标准差减小约27%。降载复合控制策略有效降低了极端风况下双转子风力机的大载荷,抑制了功率波动。     

Output power leveling of wind turbine Generator for all operating regions by pitch angle control

Wind energy is not constant and windmill output is proportional to the cube of wind speed, which causes the generated power of wind turbine generators (WTGs) to fluctuate. In order to reduce fluctuation, different methods are available to control the pitch angle of blades of windmill. In a previous work, we proposed the pitch angle control using minimum variance control, and output power leveling was achieved. However, it is a controlled output power for only rated wind speed region. This paper presents a control strategy based on average wind speed and standard deviation of wind speed and pitch angle control using a generalized predictive control in all operating regions for a WTG. The simulation results by using actual detailed model for wind power system show the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

An integrated control method for a wind farm to reduce frequency deviations in a small power system

Output power of wind turbine generator (WTG) is not constant and fluctuates due to wind speed changes. To reduce the adverse effects of the power system introducing WTGs, there are several published reports on output power control of WTGs detailing various researches based on pitch angle control, variable speed wind turbines, energy storage systems, and so on. In this context, this paper presents an integrated control method for a WF to reduce frequency deviations in a small power system. In this study, the WF achieves the frequency control with two control schemes: load estimation and short-term ahead wind speed prediction. For load estimation in the small power system, a minimal-order observer is used as disturbance observer. The estimated load is utilized to determine the output power command of the WF. To regulate the output power command of the WF according to wind speed changing, short-term ahead wind speed is predicted by using least-squares method. The predicted wind speed adjusts the output power command of the WF as a multiplying factor with fuzzy reasoning. By means of the proposed method, the WF can operate according to the wind and load conditions. In the WF system, each output power of the WTGs is controlled by regulating each pitch angle. For increasing acquisition power of the WF, a dispatch control method also is proposed. In the pitch angle control system of each WTG, generalized predictive control (GPC) is applied to enhance the control performance. Effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the numerical simulations.     

基于模糊控制的风电机组独立变桨距控制

在额定风速以上时,通常采用变桨距控制技术调节大型风电机组来稳定其输出功率.由于风力发电系统的数学模型具有高度非线性、多变量、强耦合的特点,风速又具有多变性,因此文章在分析传统的PID变桨距控制技术优缺点的基础上,提出了基于三维模糊自适应PID控制的独立变桨距控制技术,并且引入风速的模糊前馈控制技术.对1 MW风电机组进行仿真,结果表明,在额定风速以上时,该方法不仅能稳定风电机组的输出功率,而且可以减小桨叶的拍打振动.     

大型风力发电机组独立桨叶控制系统

设计出独立桨叶控制系统的机构方案，依据空气动力学分析，提出模糊控制结合以桨叶空间方位角作为主体因素的加权系数的控制策略，建立了系统模型，仿真结果表明，在风速高于额定风速时，作用在桨叶上的负载波动大为减小，输出功率维持在额定功率附近。     

Output power dispatch control for a wind farm in a small power system

Nowadays, a wind turbine generator (WTG) is required to provide control capabilities as the output power of WTG fluctuates. Under this scenario, this paper proposes an output power control method of a wind farm (WF) connected to a small power system using pitch angle control. In this control approach, the WF output power control is achieved by two control levels: central and local. In the central control, the WF output power command is determined by considering the frequency deviations and wind speeds using a fuzzy function. Then, the local output power commands for each of the WTGs are based on the proposed dispatch control. In the proposed dispatch control, the output commands of each WTG are determined by considering wind conditions for each of the WTGs. The simulation results by using an actual detailed model for the wind power system show the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

双时间尺度下风电主导的微电网频率控制方法

文章提出了利用风电输出特征对微电网进行频率控制的方法.该方法首先对电网一、二次调频的双时间尺度特征进行了阐述,分析了风机虚拟惯性与桨距角调整两种输出控制方法,并讨论了此两种方式在时间尺度上与电网一、二次调频的对应关系.在此基础上,设计了风机虚拟惯性参与系统一次调频,桨距角调整参与二次调频的混合频率控制方法.最后以风、光...     

Design of a wind turbine pitch angle controller for power system stabilisation

The design of a PID pitch angle controller for a fixed speed active-stall wind turbine, using the root locus method is described in this paper. The purpose of this controller is to enable an active-stall wind turbine to perform power system stabilisation. For the purpose of controller design, the transfer function of the wind turbine is derived from the wind turbine's step response. The performance of this controller is tested by simulation, where the wind turbine model with its pitch angle controller is connected to a power system model. The power system model employed here is a realistic model of the North European power system. A short circuit fault on a busbar close to the wind turbine generator is simulated, and the dynamic responses of the system with and without the power system stabilisation of the wind turbines are presented. Simulations show that in most operating points the pitch controller can effectively contribute to power system stabilisation.     

Dynamic contribution of variable-speed wind energy conversion system in system frequency regulation

Frequency regulation in a generation mix having large wind power penetration is a critical issue, as wind units isolate from the grid during disturbances with advanced power electronics controllers and reduce equivalent system inertia. Thus, it is important that wind turbines also contribute to system frequency control. This paper examines the dynamic contribution of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine in system frequency regulation. The modified inertial support scheme is proposed which helps the DFIG to provide the short term transient active power support to the grid during transients and arrests the fall in frequency. The frequency deviation is considered by the controller to provide the inertial control. An additional reference power output is used which helps the DFIG to release kinetic energy stored in rotating masses of the turbine. The optimal speed control parameters have been used for the DFIG to increases its participation in frequency control. The simulations carried out in a two-area interconnected power system demonstrate the contribution of the DFIG in load frequency control.     

Controller design for an induction generator driven by a variable-speed wind turbine

This paper presents the modeling, controller design and a steady-state analysis algorithm for a wind-driven induction generator system. An output feedback linear quadratic controller is designed for the static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and the variable blade pitch in a wind energy conversion system (WECS) in order to reach the voltage and mechanical power control under both grid-connection and islanding conditions. A two-reference-frame model is proposed to decouple the STATCOM real and reactive power control loops for the output feedback controller. To ensure zero steady-state voltage errors for the output feedback controller, the integrals of load bus voltage deviation and dc-capacitor voltage deviation are employed as the additional state variables. Pole-placement technique is used to determine a proper weighting matrix for the linear quadratic controller such that satisfactory damping characteristics can be achieved for the closed-loop system. Effects of various system disturbances on the dynamic performance have been simulated, and the results reveal that the proposed controller is effective in regulating the load voltage and stabilizing the generator rotating speed for the WECS either connected with or disconnected from the power grid. In addition, proper steady-state operating points for an isolated induction generator can be determined by the proposed steady-state analysis algorithm. Constant output frequency control using the derived steady-state characteristics of the isolated induction generator is then demonstrated in this paper.     

风电机组的功率模糊控制系统研究

变桨距风电机组是一个高阶、非线性、强耦合、多变量时变的系统,其控制系统是综合性控制系统。在额定风速以上采用功率反馈的模糊控制策略,通过对桨距角的控制,改变气流对叶片的攻角,使风力机吸收的风能在一个相对的稳定值,从而实现发电机恒功率输出。仿真结果表明,模糊控制方法更具优越性,在风力发电系统中能取得较好的控制效果,系统具有较强的抗扰性和快速性。     

大型风电机组模型预测独立变桨控制器设计

针对恒转速运行时,大型风电机组承受的不平衡载荷问题,提出一种多输入多输出的风电机组模型预测(MPC)独立变桨控制策略.首先,建立风电机组旋转坐标系下的状态空间模型,经过坐标变换得到固定坐标系下的平均周期模型,分析表明模型在非对角存在无法忽视的耦合;然后,计算所需观测器和控制器的参数,进一步设计基于Kalman状态观测器...     

风电机组模糊PI控制与前馈控制相结合的变桨控制

针对经典PID变桨距控制器超调量大、波动剧烈等缺陷,提出了一种采用模糊PI控制与前馈控制相结合的控制器来控制浆距角,进而使机组功率稳定在额定功率附近的控制思路。通过对某1.5MW风力发电机组进行仿真,结果表明,该控制器控制效果优于经典PID变桨距控制器。     

Power optimization of wind turbines with data mining and evolutionary computation

A data-driven approach for maximization of the power produced by wind turbines is presented. The power optimization objective is accomplished by computing optimal control settings of wind turbines using data mining and evolutionary strategy algorithms. Data mining algorithms identify a functional mapping between the power output and controllable and non-controllable variables of a wind turbine. An evolutionary strategy algorithm is applied to determine control settings maximizing the power output of a turbine based on the identified model. Computational studies have demonstrated meaningful opportunities to improve the turbine power output by optimizing blade pitch and yaw angle. It is shown that the pitch angle is an important variable in maximizing energy captured from the wind. Power output can be increased by optimization of the pitch angle. The concepts proposed in this paper are illustrated with industrial wind farm data.     

改进灰狼优化算法在变桨距自抗扰控制中的应用

风电机组模型的不确定性以及风等外部干扰严重影响风电机组输出功率的稳定性,因此,将自抗扰控制器(ADRC)引入到风电机组变桨距控制中。当风速高于额定风速时,通过自抗扰变桨距控制策略有效调节桨距角,保证风电机组输出功率的稳定性。但ADRC参数繁多,仅靠专家经验进行整定比较困难。因此,文章提出将改进灰狼优化算法应用到ADRC中,完成参数的自寻优整定过程。仿真结果证明,经改进灰狼优化算法进行参数整定后的变桨距自抗扰控制系统能够对桨距角进行精确调整,并将输出功率快速稳定到额定值附近,具有较快的响应速度以及较好的抗扰动能力。     

风电场采用健康系数与变下垂输出系统参与电网调频研究

针对风电场参与电网调频导致备用功率冗余的问题,建立了风电场基于健康系数的备用功率分配系统与变下垂系数的备用功率输出的系统。为了分配风机备用功率与控制风机备用功率输出,采用了ARMA风功率预测法对风电场5台风机的历史功率数据进行处理,得到风机的能量密度和功率预测准度,再通过模糊逻辑系统求得风机健康系数,并按照健康系数进行备用功率分配。当频率响应系统检测到频率误差后,控制风机变下垂功率输出系统进行功率补偿,稳定电网频率。仿真结果表明,基于健康系数的功率分配系统与变下垂功率输出系统增加了风电参与电网调频的能力,减少了系统备用功率的冗余。