利用肿瘤与表面相对距离预估调强放射治疗皮肤表面的剂量

在使用词强技术治疗某些部位的肿瘤时,皮肤的急性毒性反应比传统的治疗方式严重,而治疗另外一些部位的肿瘤时却得到相反的结果.为了探讨调强技术治疗不同部位肿瘤引起不同皮肤反应的原因,本工作利用-个固体水体模,设计了一系列的调强治疗计划研究肿瘤与表面相对距离对皮肤表面剂量的影响,结果表明,肿瘤部位与表面的相对距离是一个明显的影响表面剂量分布的参数.使用调强治疗技术,肿瘤的部位越浅,需要的机器跳数(Monitor unit,Mu)就越多,表面的剂量也越高,越有可能对皮肤造成辐射损伤.     

Meta分析保乳术后三维适形与调强技术剂量学比较

探讨调强放疗(Intensity-modulated radiotherapy,IMRT)在早期乳腺癌放疗中的剂量学优势,以期得到有价值的循证医学证据以指导临床应用。使用计算机检索Pub Med、EMbase、Sciencedirect、中国知网、维普、万方数据库,同时辅助其它检索,收集关于早期乳腺癌保乳术后三维适形技术(Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy,3D-CRT)与IMRT剂量学比较的文献,应用Rev Man 5.2.0软件对满足条件的15项(263例患者)数据进行Meta分析。结果表明,与3D-CRT相比,IMRT显著降低了患侧肺V20(p=0.004)、V30(p=0.008)、V40(p=0.000 8)、Dmax(p=0.001)和心脏V30(p=0.002)、V40(p=0.000 01);降低了计划靶区Dmax(p0.000 01);对V95(p=0.05)、V105(p0.000 1)、V110(p0.000 01)覆盖更好;均匀指数HI及适形指数CI也较好,p=0.02;但却增加了患侧肺V5(p=0.000 5)、V10(p=0.05),心脏V5(p0.000 1)、V10(p=0.000 7),健侧肺V5(p=0.002)、Dmen(p=0.000 4)和健侧乳腺V3(p=0.000 6)。计划靶区V100、Dmean、Dmin、患侧肺Dmean、心脏V20、Dmax、Dmean、健侧乳腺Dmean,IMRT与3D-CRT相似,差异不显著。结果提示,在早期乳腺癌保乳术后放疗中,IMRT对靶区覆盖好且剂量分布均匀,并可以减少高剂量照射区正常组织的剂量,保护正常组织,但却增加了低剂量照射区组织的剂量。     

反应堆退役三维辐射场实时计算及可视化

本文基于DELMIA和VIRTOOLS平台开发的反应堆退役三维仿真原型系统,提出了仿真系统、数据库和计算内核既相互独立又集成统一的三维辐射场计算和可视化技术方案。利用点核积分算法建立了三维辐射场计算模型,得到了能量的对数与转换系数的多项式拟合公式,考虑了设备屏蔽和自吸收效应。采用VS语言和SQL server软件平台编制了三维辐射场计算程序,经验证,在关键点处的辐射水平计算值与测量值的比值小于10,并嵌入了仿真系统,实现了退役场景三维辐射场的实时计算和数据更新。提出了基于行走路径的人员受照剂量计算方法,并实现了可视化显示。     

Quantifying lateral penumbra advantages of collimated spot-scanning beam for intensity-modulated proton therapy

Intensity-modulated proton therapy(IMPT) is becoming essential for proton therapy and is under rapid development. However, for IMPT, the lateral penumbra of the spot-scanning proton beam is still an urgent issue to be solved. Patient-specific block collimators(PSBCs), which can block unnecessary doses, play a crucial role in passive scattering delivery technology but are rarely used in spot scanning. One objective of this study is to investigate the lateral penumbra variations of intensity-modulated spot scanning with and without a PSBC. For fields with varying degrees of sharpness and at varying depths in a water phantom, the lateral penumbral widths were calculated using a Monte Carlo-based dose engine from RayStation 6.The results suggest that the lateral penumbral widths can be reduced by more than 30% for uniform target volumes,regardless of whether a range-shifter is used, and that the maximum dose beyond the field edges can be reduced significantly. The results of patient cases show that the doses in organs-at-risk near the edge of the target volume decrease if a PSBC is implemented. This study demonstrates that intensity-modulated spot scanning with a PSBC can effectively reduce the lateral penumbra and block unnecessary doses and is therefore promising for clinical applications in spot-scanning proton therapy.     

鼠脑神经网络的同步辐射3D成像研究

探讨同步辐射吸收衬度成像技术在观察高尔基-考克斯染色小鼠脑显微神经网络3D成像中的应用。将12只正常C57小鼠随机分为A、B两组,进行灌注取脑,A组不做染色处理,B组鼠脑进行高尔基-考克斯染色处理,并于梯度乙醇中脱水,标本在上海光源(Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility,SSRF)X射线成像与生物医学应用光束线站(BL13W1)进行扫描,用Amira等软件处理数据。成像结果显示,X射线吸收衬度成像技术作为一种先进的显微神经网络立体呈现方式,图像精准呈现了小鼠小脑神经网络结构以及单个神经元形态,为小鼠脑神经元的形态学研究提供了三维可视化的新方法、新思路。同步辐射可实现高精度3D神经成像,克服了传统染色2D组织学需要切片对样本造成破坏等劣势,本方法与高尔基-考克斯染色结合,可对局部脑区的显微神经网络构筑进行无损研究且保留了脑部的完整性。     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

Comparison of 3D OS-EM and 4D MAP-RBI-EM reconstruction algorithms for cardiac motion abnormality classification using a motion observer

Using a heart motion observer, we compared the performance of two image reconstruction techniques, a 3D OS-EM algorithm with post Butterworth spatial filtering and a 4D MAP-RBI-EM algorithm. The task was to classify gated myocardial perfusion (GMP) SPECT images of beating hearts with or without regional motion abnormalities. Noise-free simulated GMP SPECT projection data was generated from two 4D NCAT beating heart phantom models, one with normal motion and the other with a 50% motion defect in a pie-shaped wedge region-of-interest (ROI) in the anterior-lateral left ventricular wall. The projection data were scaled to clinical GMP SPECT count level before Poisson noise was simulated to generate 40 noise realizations. The noise-free and noisy projection data were reconstructed using the two reconstruction algorithms, parameters chosen to optimize the tradeoff between image bias and noise. As a motion observer, a 3D motion estimation method previously developed was applied to estimate the radial motion on the ROI from two adjacent gates. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were computed for radial motion magnitudes corresponding to each reconstruction technique. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated as an index for classification of regional motion. The reconstructed images with better bias and noise tradeoff were found to offer better classification for hearts with or without regional motion defects. The 3D cardiac motion estimation algorithm, serving as a heart motion observer, was better able to distinguish the abnormal from the normal regional motion in GMP SPECT images obtained from the 4D MAP-RBI-EM algorithm than from the 3D OS-EM algorithm with post Butterworth spatial filtering.     

皮秒和飞秒直线加速器的准直测量方案比较

皮秒直线加速器主要利用测微准直望远镜进行准直,而飞秒直线加速器主要用激光跟踪仪进行准直,从两种方案精度、效率及费用的比较中,可以看出激光跟踪仪测量技术的优点.     

Optimizing the beam parameters of linear electron accelerators for some radiation processes

A. M. Gor'kii Khar'kov State University. Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 70, No. 4, pp. 243–245, April, 1991.     

线阵CCD总剂量辐照效应离线测量系统设计

建立了线阵CCD器件总剂量辐照效应离线测量系统,并利用该系统对一种商用线阵CCD进行了辐照效应研究,给出了暗电流输出电压信号和饱和电压信号的变化曲线。结果表明,该测量系统能够满足线阵CCD辐照试验要求。     

线性集成电路的辐照响应和电离辐射损伤评估

利用用于电离辐射效应研究的运算放大器计算机测试系统以及测试分析和数据处理软件对十几种运算放大器进行了~(60)Coγ射线、1.5MeV电子的电离辐射损伤试验及其室温和加温退火特性研究。同时,探讨了运算放大器电离辐射损伤水平的评估方法和损伤机制。     

SCALE5.1程序系统中蒙特卡罗方法模块与离散纵坐标模块在乏燃料运输容器屏蔽计算中的比较分析

以某型乏燃料运输容器为计算模型,分别利用SCALE5.1程序系统中的一维离散纵标法程序和三维蒙特卡罗方法程序对运输容器进行了屏蔽计算,计算结果表明,两种方法的总当量剂量率结果相对偏差在10%以内。最后对两个模块的应用特点及差异进行了比较分析,为其在乏燃料容器屏蔽计算中的应用提供参考。     

电子调强放射治疗中多叶准直器的研究

电子调强放射治疗浅表肿瘤优于光子调强放射治疗,但光子调强放射治疗中光子的多叶准直器不适用,需专门的电子多叶准直器EMLC。用Monte Carlo模拟计算研究EMLC叶片的材料、厚度、端面形状和宽度等对剂量的影响。计算结果表明,W比Pb、Fe、Cu更适合做EMLC材料,且厚度2cm时足以挡住大部分电子,并产生相对较少的轫致辐射;直立端面作EMLC叶片端面时会产生较小剂量半影,并在射野边缘有更好平坦度;电子束通过宽度5mm的EMLC叶片比1cm的射野边缘剂量明显增加,但宽度太大不利于准确控制子野形状,因此选择1cm作EMLC叶片宽度较优。     

Comparison of computational results obtained with different programs for radiation transfer

Main Science Center of the Russian Federation — Institute of High-Energy Physics. Translated from Atomnaya énergiya, Vol. 79, No. 4, pp. 269–279, October, 1995.