风力发电运行价值分析

不对风电并网产生的影响作深入的分析,就不能确定风力发电的实际效益。风力发电价值的计算需要综合考虑发电收益、发电成本、辅助服务成本、环保效益等各方面因素。文章采用可靠性评估的方法,分析了风电并网引起的电力系统辅助服务成本的变化,在此基础上,给出了风电运行价值的详细表达式,并讨论了风电穿透功率、风能预测误差、备用容量价格、风电场容量系数等因素对风电运行价值的影响。     

风电场及储能装置对发输电系统可靠性的影响

随着风电渗透率的逐步增大,针对风电功率的随机性和间隙性,建立了考虑风速时序性和自相关性的自回归–滑动平均风速预测模型,并结合储能装置在电力系统中的应用情况,采用序贯蒙特卡罗仿真方法,分析评估了风电场、储能装置及燃气轮机备用容量对发输电系统可靠性的影响。将风机和储能装置接入IEEE-RTS79系统进行仿真,综合考虑常规机组的强迫停运率、输电元件的故障率、输电网络线路过负荷等因素,仿真结果表明采用该模型和方法能够量化各种因素对发输电组合系统可靠性的影响。     

Generated output increase control with consideration of the influence of wake for wind farm

Presently, many wind turbine generators (WTGs) are connected to the power grid. While the penetration of wind power to the power system is increasing, FIT price is decreasing. Therefore, wind generation companies want to increase the electric power output from wind farms (WFs). In this article, we propose a control technique to reduce the influence of the wake by changing a power coefficient of each WTG in a WF for the purpose of improving electric power output of WFs. We showed the optimization technique of a power coefficient of each WTG and the effect of reducing the influence of the wake using measurement data from WFs. In addition, we formulated the wake effect as a function of distance between WTGs. We verified 1% improvement of generated energy in a year compared to the conventional control method by simulation. Furthermore, we quantified the improvement of generated energy output, using the distance between WTGs and the occurrence rate of the direction of the wind as a variable.     

考虑大规模风电并网的电力系统旋转备用容量优化模型

随着风电穿透功率的增加,电力系统的运行风险不断提高,传统的确定性旋转备用容量配置方法存在较大的局限性。在研究风电出力概率分布特点的基础上,建立了风电机组可靠性模型;计及风电出力预测偏差、负荷预测偏差、常规发电机组故障停运等不确定因素,兼顾系统运行的经济性和可靠性,提出了考虑大规模风电并网的电力系统旋转备用容量优化模型。通过算例分析验证了该模型的合理性和有效性。对含风电场的电力系统运行具有一定的参考价值。     

大规模风电接入下风电机组切机措施研究

风电接入比例增加,使得电力系统在某些严重故障下必须考虑风电(wind turbine generator,WTG)的切机措施。分析了风电机组和常规火电机组与系统电磁耦合关系的差异性;基于此,分析了风机和常规火电机组切机措施在保持系统稳定效果上的差异性。结果表明常规火电机组获得的加速能量大于风电机组(主要是双馈式风机),所以从保证切机后的功角稳定出发,应适当增加火电机组的切机量。对风电机组的频率和电压控制能力的分析表明：为保持故障后系统的正常运行,常规火电机组的切机比例也不宜过高;此外,风电机组出力的波动特性也将不可避免地影响切机措施的效果,为解决该问题,提出了考虑风电切机的切机措施的实时调整策略。     

计及风险备用约束的含风电场电力系统动态经济调度

为解决风电的不确定性给电网调度带来的问题,必须开展含风电场的经济调度问题研究。通过引入风速和负荷预测误差的概率分布函数来描述系统中存在的不确定性因素,提出了一种基于风险备用约束的含风电场电力系统动态经济调度新模型。在目标函数中采用惩罚的方式对风电计划出力相对于实际出力的偏差所造成的备用成本加以考虑。该模型采用收敛特性稳定的非线性预估–校正原对偶内点法进行求解。通过含有一个风电场的10机组系统算例,验证了所提调度模型的可行性。分析表明,该模型可以在保证系统可靠性要求的基础上,实现经济性最优的目标。     

Reserve margin planning in a wind-hydro-thermal power system

A method for studying the effect of wind power on power system reserve margins, need of extra resources, etc. is presented. A conventional model for short-term operation planning for a hydrothermal power system is supplemented with a wind power model. The wind power model includes the forecast of total wind power generation and the uncertainty of the forecast. The conventional hydro-thermal model is extended to take into account load forecast uncertainty and reserve margins of the generation units. The requirements of instantaneous, fast, and slow reserves, depending on possible forced outages of thermal units and uncertain load and wind speed forecasts etc., are calculated together with the available capacities of the corresponding reserve type. The results include an estimation of whether there is a deficit or excess of instantaneous, fast, or slow reserves during each hour of the planning period. A numerical example shows an application of the method to the Swedish power system     

A new approach to quantify reserve demand in systems with significant installed wind capacity

With wind power capacities increasing in many electricity systems across the world, operators are faced with new problems related to the uncertain nature of wind power. Foremost of these is the quantification and provision of system reserve. In this paper a new methodology is presented which quantifies the reserve needed on a system taking into account the uncertain nature of the wind power. Generator outage rates and load and wind power forecasts are taken into consideration when quantifying the amount of reserve needed. The reliability of the system is used as an objective measure to determine the effect of increasing wind power penetration. The methodology is applied to a model of the all Ireland electricity system, and results show that as wind power capacity increases, the system must increase the amount of reserve carried or face a measurable decrease in reliability.     

高渗透率风电接入对区域电网小信号稳定性的影响

风电接入对区域电网小信号稳定性的影响是清洁能源发电领域需要研究的重要问题,文中研究了提高风电渗透率的方式对系统阻尼比的影响。首先对常用的双馈风电机组七阶小信号模型进行了分析并加以改进,以此为基础对高渗透率风电并网后区域电网的小信号稳定性进行了仿真分析。仿真过程中对火电机组减出力和切机2种提高风电渗透率的方式分别进行了仿真计算,并在减出力方式下计及旋转备用容量的影响。仿真结果表明,在减少火电机组出力来提高风电渗透率的方式下,系统阻尼比并非单调变化,而在切除部分火电机组提高风电渗透率的方式下,系统阻尼比则随渗透率的提高而不断下降。     

江苏电网风力发电系统可行性研究

电力市场的发展和能源问题的关注,都促进了分布式发电和储能技术的发展。大电网与分布式电源相结合的方式,在提高供电可靠性、减小系统旋转储备和有效利用能源等方面都颇具优势。本文将新兴的发电技术风力发电引入传统的电力系统,在风力发电机详细数学模型的基础上,通过仿真详细分析了风力发电系统的动态性能,及其对配电系统的影响,证实了发展风力发电的可行性,并展望了今后研究工作的方向。     

含风电电力系统机组组合的量子离散差分进化方法

风电具有天然的不可控性和随机性,大量并网给电力系统调度计划带来困难,在电力系统日前机组组合计划中计及风电出力的不确定性,有利于提高电力系统优化运行的精细度.文中通过系统旋转备用将风电出力的预测误差纳入机组组合的数学模型中,为求解含风电的机组组合问题,设计了双层求解方法,外层采用量子离散差分进化法优化传统火电机组的启停状...     

基于多时间尺度协调机组组合的含风电系统 旋转备用优化研究

考虑风电出力的预测误差和负荷功率的预测误差具有随预测时间尺度的缩短而减小的特点,以及电力系统旋转备用容量的配置离不开机组组合,建立了多时间尺度下协调机组组合的含并网风电电力系统旋转备用预留容量的优化模型。对该模型的求解,先采用优先顺序法求取各机组的启停机顺序,再通过粒子群算法滚动计算求解得出不同等效旋转备用容量水平下所对应的系统最经济调度计划。通过利用不断更新的风电出力预测和负荷预测结果信息来调整调度计划,在保障系统可靠性达到要求的前提下,减少含风电电力系统旋转备用容量的配置,从而提高风电并网后电力系统运     

风火联合系统不同备用模式的风险调度策略研究

电侧的需求响应以及蓄电设备运行灵活,可以作为虚拟备用资源,保障含风电等间歇性新能源发电的电力系统安全。为衡量虚拟备用资源给系统经济性和环保性的影响,分别建立传统火电备用和虚拟快速备用这2种含风电并网的电力调度模型。并考虑新能源输出功率、电力市场、机组参数等不确定因素给系统优化带来的风险,将区间两阶段随机优化模型与CVaR风险规避相结合,利用区间数、概率数对系统供给侧和需求侧的不确定因素与优化函数有效结合,同时体现决策者风险偏好。算例分析表明,此混合优化算法能够对含风电并网的电力系统不同旋转备用模式进行优化,权衡系统成本与系统风险。算例结果表明充分利用蓄电池、需求响应作为虚拟备用资源能有效降低系统成本和CO2排放。     

含高渗透率风电的电力系统备用影响及配置研究

系统备用的确定是目前新能源发电优先调度及常规机组发电计划制定中的关键因素。传统的备用配置原则未考虑新能源发电的影响,无法满足系统运行可靠性要求,而当下较为保守的配置方法又过于粗略,挤压了新能源发电的消纳空间。通过分析大规模高渗透率风电接入对系统备用的影响,同时兼顾系统安全经济运行和新能源发电优先调度、充分消纳的双重要求,提出一种考虑风电功率预测及中国电网调度运行实际的系统调节备用、旋转备用影响分析及确定方法,并通过某省级电网实际运行数据验证了其有效性。     

Combining the Wind Power Generation System With Energy Storage Equipment

With the advancements in wind turbine technologies, the cost of wind energy has become competitive with other fuel-based generation resources. Due to the price hike of fossil fuel and the concern of global warming, the development of wind power has rapidly progressed over the last decade. The annual growth rate has exceeded 26% since the 1990s. Many countries have set a goal for high penetration levels of wind generation. Recently, several large-scale wind generation projects have been implemented all over the world. It is economically beneficial to integrate very large amounts of wind capacity in power systems. Unlike other traditional generation facilities, using wind turbines presents technical challenges in producing continuous and controllable electric power. A distinct feature of wind energy is its nature of being “intermittent.” Since it is difficult to predict and control the output of wind generation, its potential impacts on the electric grid are different from the traditional energy sources. At a high penetration level, an extrafast response reserve capacity is needed to cover the shortfall of generation when a sudden deficit of wind takes place. To enable a proper management of the uncertainty, this paper presents an approach to make wind power become a more reliable source on both energy and capacity by using energy storage devices. Combining the wind power generation system with energy storage will reduce fluctuation of wind power. Since it requires capital investment for the storage system, it is important to estimate the reasonable storage capacities for the desired applications. In addition, an energy storage application for reducing the output variation during the gust wind is also studied.      

基于净负荷分步建模的旋转备用优化确定风险分析方法

由于采用净负荷预测误差模型描述风电和负荷共同预测误差,优化系统旋转备用配置的多场景概率风险分析方法尚难以全面考虑风电的不确定性,如从网络安全和经济性方面必须考虑的弃风因素以及风电功率预测误差存在的非正态分布情况。为此,基于分步建模的策略改进多场景概率风险分析方法中净负荷预测误差模型,使其在计算系统失负荷风险时能够计及弃风和考虑不同类型概率分布的风电功率预测误差,并将弃风惩罚成本引入机组组合优化模型的目标函数中,以实现风电功率的合理消纳和系统旋转备用的优化确定。采用混合整数线性规划方法,对含风电场的IEEE-RTS 26机测试系统进行仿真分析,验证了改进模型的有效性。     

Reliability and economic evaluation of demand side management programming in wind integrated power systems

In this paper, security constrained unit commitment (SCUC) is employed for simultaneous clearing of energy and reserve markets. Spinning reserve of generation units and interruptible loads (IL) are assumed as system operating reserves. In the proposed method, the unit commitment program is done with considering the wind power uncertainty. So, modeling the wind uncertainty has been done by a two-stage stochastic programming. Also, the economic evaluation of wind power uncertainty is discussed and the impacts of IL and wind farm locations have been studied on the system reliability. Expected energy not supplied (EENS) is considered as criterion for undesirable load shedding of power system. Finally, the proposed model is applied to the IEEE reliability test system (IEEE-RTS) to demonstrate its effectiveness.     

风能资源及测风数据整理技巧

风电场区域范围内的风能资源蕴藏状况，是开发风力发电项目最基础的组成因素，能否充分地掌握其完整而可靠的资料，将是工程顺利的保证，项目成功和避免投资风险的关键所在。然而，预选风电场的风能资料，必须经历布点测风、数据(包含场外相关资料)收集、分析整理和汇总过程。如果某个环节出现缺陷和差错，资料的可靠性即将降低，项目的风险就大大增高，这是人们不愿意看到的结果，为此，从定义、要求、不利因素及技巧方面进行讨论，期望从根本上提高风力发电项目的可靠性和项目效益。     

含流域梯级水电的水火风互补发电系统联合运行优化

大规模水电和风电并网后,来水和风速的随机性降低了发电的可控性,如何科学地在多元电源系统联合运行中确定旋转备用容量,更好地协调系统经济性与可靠性,是市场化背景下亟需解决的理论和现实问题。在分析水电和风电的自然与技术互补特性的基础上,建立考虑水流滞时效应的梯级水电水量平衡关系。通过结合传统梯级水电联合调度模型与火电、风电的经济调度模型,引入水力发电的水资源费用成本,综合考虑梯级水电能量转换、水量耦合、库容限制、水流滞时和风电穿透率等多类复杂约束,在分析电能市场与备用市场顺序决策经济意义的基础上,构建以运行成本最小为目标的考虑梯级水电的水火风互补发电系统短期优化运行模型。采用外点罚函数法将模型转化为无约束优化问题,基于加惯性权重的粒子群优化算法,运用MATLAB软件编程实现优化功能。4个梯级水电、3个常规火电、2个大型风电场构成的算例系统验证了所提模型的有效性和适用性。     

多场景概率机组组合在含风电系统中的备用协调优化

备用配置是系统抵御风险、提高运行可靠性的重要手段,也是系统运行安全与经济协调决策的问题。提出了基于状态转移的概率机组组合方法,该方法将风电的运行场景离散化,通过对风电预测误差进行概率表达,并在时间尺度上考虑状态的转移矩阵组成多场景的方法,以场景发生的概率协调系统在场景下的调度决策,并以实时校正备用作为正常和误差场景之间机组的调整限制。通过安全与经济的协调,能够自动为风电出力的波动配置适宜的备用,且模型中考虑了网络安全约束对机组组合和备用决策的影响。最后对含风电系统进行了实例仿真分析,结果表明模型的有效性和可行性,对风电的调度和规划具有指导意义。