燃烧合成Al2O3/YSZ复合陶瓷显微结构、强化与原位增韧

通过在铝热剂中引入ZrO2与Y2O3混合粉末,借助燃烧合成及远离平衡态下的共晶生长,制备出以t-ZrO2纳微米纤维成排镶嵌于其上、长径比为12.0～15.0且具有不同生长取向的Al2O3棒晶为基体的Al2O3/YSZ共晶复合陶瓷.相比于定向凝固Al2O3/YSZ共晶复合陶瓷,因本试验具有的高共晶生长速率,导致Al2O3棒晶上的ZrO2正方相纳微米纤维平均尺寸及相间距均下降至150nm,使棒晶基体上的残余压应力高于定向凝固Al2O3/YSZ共晶复合陶瓷,从而在棒晶内高密度低能异相界面的支持下,复合陶瓷得以强化;同时,也正因高强度棒晶及高密度、大角度晶界的存在,在裂纹扩展中诱发棒晶裂纹桥接、拔出及α-Al2O3片晶摩擦互锁增韧机制,材料又得以明显韧化,其断裂韧度高出定向凝固共晶复合陶瓷172%～240%.     

ZrO2(Y2O3)对燃烧合成A12O3/YSZ自生复合陶瓷显微结构与力学性能的影响

在铝热剂中引入不同量ZrO2(3Y)微米粉末,以燃烧合成技术,制备出A12O3/10%、17%、21%、27%、33%ZrO2(3Y)系列成分自生复合陶瓷棒材.XRD分析与SEM观察显示:具有亚共晶成分的陶瓷熔体因以离异共晶方式生长,使得凝固后的陶瓷基体主要由α-A12O3片晶、t-ZrO2枝晶或块晶组成;而随ZrO2(3Y)添加量的增多,陶瓷晶体生长方式又由离异共晶向共生共晶生长发生转化,共晶棒晶体积分数增多,使得A12O3/33%ZrO2(3Y)的陶瓷基体以微米、亚微米t-ZrO2纤维镶嵌其上的A12O3共晶棒晶和少量α-A12O3片晶构成.经力学性能测试,系列陶瓷棒材的硬度与断裂韧度随ZrO2(3Y)添加量增多而逐渐升高,陶瓷棒材硬度最高值达15.7GPa,断裂韧度最高可达10MPa·m1/2.     

添加Y2O3的ZrO2增韧Al2O3陶瓷抗钢液腐蚀性能的研究

采用工业ZrO2和AlO3为原料,以Y2O3作为稳定剂,通过适当工艺制备出ZrO2增韧Al2O3(ZTA)陶瓷.主要研究了ZrO2和Y2O3稳定剂对ZTA陶瓷烧结性和抗钢液腐蚀性能的影响.实验结果表明:机械混合法引入的Y2O3在改善ZTA陶瓷的烧结性的同时,可以提高材料的抗钢液腐蚀性能;随ZrO2含量的增加,ZTA陶瓷的抗钢液腐蚀性能增强;材料中大量微裂纹的存在可以提高材料的韧性,但抗钢液腐蚀性能有所下降.     

Al2O3陶瓷自增韧研究进展

阐述自增韧Al2O3陶瓷的增韧原理及增韧机制,综述近年来Al2O3陶瓷的自增韧研究现状.指出Al2O3陶瓷的自增韧方式可以分为引入添加剂和引入晶种2种,并详细论述了不同添加剂、不同晶种及引入方式对Al2O3晶粒异向生长及其力学性能的影响,分析了不同条件下Al2O3晶粒的显微结构及其异向生长机理.最后对下一步的研究方向进行了展望.     

纳米/微米Al2O3-ZrO2内衬复相陶瓷的自蔓延高温合成

采用SHS重力分离技术制备出内衬Al2O3-ZrO2复相陶瓷.复相陶瓷基体主要由纤维状(Al2O3+ZrO2)共晶体组成,其中共晶体的ZrO2纤维直径达到纳米/微米尺度.经Vickers压痕法测试其断裂韧度为15.96MPa·m1/2,SEM观察和陶瓷材料断裂韧度测试得出裂纹的扩展主要受共晶体中Al2O3-ZrO2纳米/微米相增韧机制控制,迫使裂纹沿共晶体边界或层片共晶体Al2O3-ZrO2相界偏转,从而维持了该复相陶瓷较高的断裂韧度.     

Al2O3-40%TiO2陶瓷涂层残余应力的有限元分析

为分析大气等离子喷涂Al2O3-40%Ti O2复合陶瓷涂层在冷却过程中涂层崩裂的现象,本文采用有限元方法,研究了涂层内部残余应力分布情况,探讨了涂层厚度、孔隙、裂纹等因素对残余应力的影响。结果表明:基体与粘结层和粘结层与涂层的界面边缘处出现了应力集中区域,随着X尺寸(模型水平方向的距离)的增加,涂层及粘结层内部应力由压应力转变为拉应力;涂层厚度只对残余应力值有影响,对应力分布状态影响较小,随着涂层厚度的增加,X向(径向)应力逐渐增加,Y向(轴向)应力及剪切应力在界面边缘处急剧变化;大孔隙、纵向裂纹对涂层残余应力影响较大。有限元模拟分析较好的解释了涂层在冷却过程中涂层层状崩裂的现象。     

颗粒补强锆英石复相陶瓷的增韧行为与其残余应力的关系

采用X射线衍射方法测定了颗粒补强锆英石基复相陶瓷基体中残余应力的大小,并结合力学性能测试和显微结构观察讨论了残余应力与增韧行为之间的关系。结果表明:在基体热膨胀系数小于补强颗粒的情况下,适当增大补强颗粒与基体间热膨胀失配能够提高复相陶瓷的增韧效果。其增韧机制主要为补强颗粒所引起的裂纹偏转和分支。利用残余应力场增韧模型计算得到的复相陶瓷断裂韧性增量与实际值能够较好地吻合。     

超高重力场燃烧合成TiC-TiB_2的组织变质与断裂行为

采用超高重力场燃烧合成工艺,并从500 g到2 500 g每间隔500 g依次增大超重力场加速度,制备系列TiC-TiB2凝固陶瓷。经XRD、FESEM和EDS分析,发现陶瓷显微组织均由片晶的TiB2基体相、不规则的TiC第二相及少量的Al2O3夹杂与Cr基金属相组成。增大超重力场加速度,反应熔体内部各组份之间的对流(Stokes)加强,可加快Al2O3液滴的上浮与分离,促进TiC-TiB2-Me液相成分均匀化,使陶瓷显微组织得以细化,且当超重力场加速度超过2 000 g时,出现TiB2片晶厚度小于1μm的超细晶组织,同时随陶瓷基体上Al2O3夹杂量降低、TiB2片晶异常长大弱化,陶瓷组织均匀性提高。经FESEM断口形貌与裂纹扩展观察,发现TiB2基体相的裂纹桥接与拔出,并耦合晶间Cr基延性相增韧构成陶瓷的复合增韧机制,且随超重力场加速度增大,陶瓷的致密性与组织均质性得以提升,不仅促进TiB2基体相裂纹桥接与拔出,而且可增大Cr基延性对陶瓷增韧的贡献,使得陶瓷弯曲强度与断裂韧性分别同时达到最大值(975±16)MPa和(16.8±1.2)MPa·m1/2。     

浅析α—Al2O3的制备技术现状

高铝陶瓷因其具有的优良性能受到广泛应用。本文介绍了高铝陶瓷的原料。α-Al2O3的结晶形态及其制备工艺,阐明了影响由工业Al2O3向α-Al2O3晶型转变的相变机理,以及一些具体的工艺参数对该转变的影响。     

Al2O3/ZrO2(Y2O3)共晶复合陶瓷晶体生长机理

基于国外定向凝固氧化物/氧化物共晶复合陶瓷的晶体生长动力学行为的研究成果,阐述其动力学机制,分析动力学因素对微观结构形态的影响,探讨晶体生长热力学、动力学行为与微观结构形态之间的关系,同时结合以燃烧合成、快速凝固技术制备的新型高强韧Al2O3/ZrO2(Y2O3)共晶复合陶瓷,探讨共晶复合陶瓷在快速凝固条件下的晶体生长动力学行为.结合定向凝固与快速凝固两种晶体生长机制,得知过冷度、凝固界面前沿的温度梯度是影响晶体生长方式的重要因素,且受二者决定的凝固速率(即晶体生长速率)则决定材料的最终微观结构与形态.     

TiCp/3Al2O32SiO2复合材料的强韧化与低温冷处理

研究了TiC粒径与TiCp/3Al2O32SiO2基复合材料的横向断裂强度和断裂韧度之间的关系,探讨了低温冷处理对复合材料性能的影响.研究结果表明,添加适宜粒径的TiC颗粒能够提高3Al2O32SiO2材料的横向断裂强度和断裂韧度,TiC颗粒增韧的粒径范围为14～26μm;增强的粒径范围为＜14μm.低温冷处理不仅可以进一步提高复合材料的强度和韧性,而且可以改变增韧的粒径范围,使增韧和增强的粒径范围部分重合,这为正确进行材料的强韧化设计和合理制定强韧化工艺提供了依据.     

Investigation on strengthening and toughening mechanisms of Ce-TZP/Al2O3 nanocomposites

The strengthening and toughening mechanisms of hot-pressed Ce-TZP/Al₂O₃ ceramics were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. The results show that the contributions to the strength and toughness mainly come from the hindrance of the growth of Al₂O₃ grains by ZrO₂ nanoparticles and the transformation from tetragonal ZrO₂ to monoclinic ZrO₂. Additionally, TEM observations show that the dislocation structures formed both in the Al₂O₃ and on the Al₂O₃ grain boundary have a certain contribution, because the dislocation agglomeration and fixation by ZrO₂ nanoparticles could deflect cracking or stop cracking development. Meanwhile, it was found that the mechanical properties and microstructures of samples were preferential when ZrO₂ contents in the sample reached 20 pct.     

Ductile-phase toughening in V-V3Si in situ composites

This article describes the room-temperature fracture behavior of ductile-phase-toughened V-V₃Si in situ composites that were produced by arc melting (AM), cold-crucible induction melting (IM), and cold-crucible directional solidification (DS). Composites were produced containing a wide range of microstructures, interstitial impurity contents, and volume fractions of the ductile V-Si solid solution phase, denoted (V). The fracture toughness of these composites generally increases as the volume fraction of (V) increases, but is strongly influenced by the microstructure, the mechanical properties of the component phases, and the crystallographic orientation of the (V) phase with respect to the maximum principal stress direction. For eutectic composites that have a (V) volume fraction of about 50 pct, the fracture toughness increases with decreasing “effective” interstitial impurity concentration, [I]=[N]+1.33 [O]+9 [H]. As [I] decreases from 1400 ppm (AM) to 400 ppm (IM), the fracture toughness of the eutectic composites increases from 10 to 20 MPa √m. Further, the fracture toughness of the DS eutectic composites is greater when the crack propagation direction is perpendicular, rather than parallel, to the composite growth direction. These results are discussed in light of conventional ductile-phase bridging theories, which alone cannot fully explain the fracture toughness of V-Si in situ composites.     

CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3渣系脱磷行为

利用Factsage软件计算了Al2O3含量对CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3四元渣系熔点和黏度的影响,并通过实验研究了在1 400℃时,CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3四元渣系对高磷铁水脱磷行为的影响.结果表明:渣中Al2O3的质量分数在3％～6％之间时,随着A12O3含量的增加,渣系的熔化温度迅速降低,进一步增加渣中的A12O3含量,渣系的熔化温度逐渐增加;Al2O3对CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3渣系的黏度影响不大;渣中Al2O3的质量分数在3％～6％之间变化时,渣系脱磷能力变化不是很大,脱磷率维持在91％左右,进一步增加渣系中A12O3的量,脱磷率逐渐下降;Al2O3对脱磷率产生影响可能是其改变了炉渣中液相所占比例,进而影响磷从铁水中向液相渣的传质过程.     

Al_2O_3La_2O_3Y_2O_3/Cu复合材料的电弧侵蚀特性研究

采用喷射沉积和内氧化法制备出Al2O3La2O3Y2O3/Cu复合材料,研究该材料在直流20 V/20 A的工作条件下触点的电弧侵蚀特性,并与Al2O3/Cu材料进行了对比分析.利用电子天平、扫描电镜等方法分析电弧侵蚀后触点的质量变化和表面微观结构.结果表明,通过添加Y2O3、La2O3稀土氧化物颗粒,可有效降低触头材料的材料转移量.Al2O3La2O3Y2O3/Cu材料的抗熔焊性和抗烧损性优于Al2O3/Cu材料的性能.在直流阻性负载条件下Al2O3La2O3Y2O3/Cu阳极触头表面形成凹坑,阴极触头表面形成凸起,触点表面显示出浆糊状凝固物和喷发坑等电弧侵蚀形貌特征.     

机械合金化3Y_2O_3-5Al_2O_3粉末的研究

研究了转速,球磨时间等球磨工艺对3Y2O3-5Al2O3机械合金化过程的影响。结果表明:在较低的转速下(250r/min),提供的球磨能量很低,只会细化粉体颗粒;提高转速(400r/min),会促使Y2O3发生晶型转变,由稳定的立方晶转变成非稳态的单斜晶;继续提高转速(500r/min),还会使混合粉体发生合成反应,生成YAlO3(YAP)。在转速为500r/min,球料比为20∶1的球磨条件下,3Y2O3-5Al2O3粉体发生固相反应的过程可分为两个阶段:第一阶段,Al2O3颗粒晶格畸变,快速细化;同时,高能球磨促使Y2O3发生了晶型转变。第二阶段,Y2O3晶型转变基本完成,并呈无定形化,Y2O3和Al2O3发生合成反应,生成YAlO3(YAP)。但在球磨条件下,难以合成Y3Al5O12(YAG)、Y4Al2O9(YAM)。     

Bridge toughening enhancement in double-notched MoSi2/Nb model composites

Single-ply composites containing both laminate and continuous Nb fiber reinforcement coated with A1₂O₃ debond coatings in an MoSi₂ matrix are used as model systems for investigating bridge toughening concepts for various precrack configurations. When cracks are introduced symmetrically on either side of the ductile phase with zero crack offset spacing (S = 0), a minimum amount of energy is expended in plastic deformation and the local rupture process in the metal, as measured by the area of the force displacement curve in tension. For asymmetric precracks introduced on either side of the ductile reinforcement, as the offset spacing,S, was varied from 1 to 20R (R being the ductile phase half-thickness), the overall extension continuously increased within the bridging ligament. The effective ligament gage length was nearly equal to the crack spacing in the limiting case of a weak interface. However, the ductile Nb phase developed a Nb₅Si₃ reaction layer on its surface which was strongly bonded to the Nb and was found to undergo periodic cracking, leading to numerous shear bands within the ductile phase. This unique and previously unreported mode of metal deformation in shear loading has been analyzed using a simple geometric model. The results indicate that the profusion of shear bands is the primary source of toughening enhancement in the case of asymmetric crack geometry, which was not recognized in prior work of this type. This article is based on a presentation made at the “High Temperature Fracture Mechanisms in Advanced Materials” symposium as a part of the 1994 Fall meeting of TMS, October 2-6, 1994, in Rosemont, Illinois, under the auspices of the ASM/SMD Flow and Fracture Committee.     

O2/N2与O2/CO2气氛下Fe2O3与K2CO3对无烟煤催化燃烧反应性的影响

利用综合热分析仪研究了O2/N2与O2/CO2气氛下Fe2O3与K2CO3对无烟煤催化燃烧反应性的影响。结果表明,在O2/CO2气氛下,Fe2O3与K2CO3均可以催化无烟煤粉的燃烧,但其催化作用要弱于O2/N2气氛,且在低氧气浓度的O2/CO2气氛下对Fe2O3与K2CO3的抑制作用大于高氧气浓度。氧气浓度为20%~80%时,K2CO3在O2/N2气氛下催化煤粉前期燃烧使燃烧由反应控制转变为扩散控制,Fe2O3则只在氧气浓度为20%时能改变煤粉前期燃烧的控制步骤;而Fe2O3与K2CO3在O2/CO2气氛下均只能在氧气浓度为20%时改变煤粉前期燃烧的控制步骤,由反应控制转变为扩散控制。     

Viscosity and Structure Changes of CaO-SiO2-Al2 O3-CaF2 Melts with Substituting Al2 O3 for SiO2

During the smelting process of the high Al steels,the reaction between SiO_2 in molten slag and dissolved aluminum in liquid steel always takes place.This aluminathermic reduction reaction will lead to the substitution of 1mol SiO_2 for 2/3mol Al_2O_3.Therefore,the investigations about the influence of the ratio of Al_2O_3 to SiO_2on viscosity and structure changes of mould flux during this process are very necessary.The viscosity variation of CaO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3-CaFv2 melts was studied by changing compositions considering the aluminathermic reduction reaction.It was found that viscosity increased monotonously with gradually increasing the substitution extent.According to the Raman analysis,the substitution of Al_2O_3 for SiO_2 leads to the decrease of non-bridging oxygen but the increase of bridging oxygen.Therefore,degree of polymerization and viscosity increase as the substitution extent increases.By comparing the measured viscosities with the model calculated values,it was found that both the recently developed Zhang′s model and Roboud model could describe the viscosity variation behavior of CaO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3-CaF_2 melts very well.