Seismic performance and prediction equations of sandwich beam-column joints subjected to skew cyclic loads

To study the seismic performance of sandwich beam-column joints constructed with high strength concrete column and normal strength concrete floor system and joint regions, four specimens with different column to beam concrete strength ratios (α) were tested under skew cyclic loads. The performance indices of the specimens including the failure mode, ductility, energy dissipation were compared and analyzed. The results show that the failure modes of the sandwich joints are in form of joint shear failure after yielding of the beam, while the ductility coefficient is found to be greater than 3.0. Compared to the joints with low concrete strength ratios α, the specimen with a high concrete strength ratio α features larger deformation at the joint. Based on the softened strut-and-tie model, a set of shear strength prediction equations for the sandwich beam-column joint, taking into account the effects of the concrete strength ratio α, floor slabs and plastic region of beams, is proposed. Comparison of the present tests against the published literature confirms that the shear strength of the sandwich joints can be well predicted by the proposed model.     

A comparison of engineered cementitious composites versus normal concrete in beam-column joints under reversed cyclic loading

Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) are a class of high-performance fiber reinforced cementitious composite with strain hardening and multiple cracking properties. For a reinforced concrete member, substitution of conventional concrete with ECC can significantly improve the deformation characteristics in terms of reinforced composite tensile or shear strength and energy dissipation ability. In this paper, a number of RC/ECC composite beam-column joints have been tested under reversed cyclic loading to study the effect of substitution of concrete with ECC in the joint zone on the seismic behaviors of composite members. The experimental parameters include shear reinforcement ratio in the joint zone, axial load level on the column and substitution of concrete with ECC or not. According to the test results, for the specimens without shear reinforcement in the joint zone, substitution of concrete with ECC in the joint zone cannot change the brittle shear failure in the joint zone, but can significantly increase the load capacity and ductility of the beam-column joint specimens, as well as the energy dissipation ability due to high ductility and shear strength of ECC material. For the specimens with insufficient or proper shear reinforcement ratio, substitution of concrete with ECC in the joint zone can lead to failure mode change from brittle shear failure in the joint zone to a more ductile failure mode, i.e. flexural failure at the base of the beam, with increased load capacity, ductility and energy dissipation ability. Increase of axial load on column and shear reinforcement in the joint zone have little effect on seismic behaviors of the members when they failed by flexural failure at the base of beam. In a word, the substitution of concrete with ECC in the joint zone was experimentally proved to be an effective method to increase the seismic resistance of beam-column joint specimens.     

Comparative performance of sub-standard interior reinforced concrete beam–column connection with various joint reinforcing details

This paper discusses the effect of some important parameters on cyclic behavior of sub-substandard interior beam–column connection. The objective is to investigate the effect of joint shear stress, anchorage bond of longitudinal beam bar within the joint and horizontal joint reinforcements on the joint performance. The experiment consisted of five half-scale beam–column specimens. The control specimen (J1) represented a typical non-ductile beam–column joint in mid-rise RC buildings constructed in low seismic zone. In specimen J2, the bond between concrete and longitudinal bars was completely removed initially. In specimen J3A and J3B, a substantial amount of horizontal joint reinforcement was provided in joint core. In specimen J4, the column size was enlarged to reduce shear stress in joint. The experimental result demonstrated brittle joint shear failure in control specimen (J1), specimens J3A and J3B, beam splitting failure in specimen J2 and ductile flexural failure in specimen J4. Based on experimental results, it was found that the initial lost of bond did not cause a substantial reduction in joint capacity. Moreover, provision of substantial horizontal joint reinforcements in specimen J3A and J3B did not produce a comparable improvement in the seismic performance. With increased column size in specimen J4, the energy dissipation characteristics were greatly improved as indicated by large spindle-shaped cyclic loops.     

双向荷载作用下空间夹心节点受力性能试验研究

节点核心区采用同梁等强的低强度混凝土浇筑的夹心节点和采用同柱等强的高强度混凝土浇筑的传统节点相比,施工简单且易保证质量,但是我国规范对其规定过于简单,没有明确的验算方法。通过三组不同混凝土强度等级差的空间夹心节点和传统节点对比试件的双向低周往复性能试验研究,对比分析了二者破坏形式、延性、耗能、变形和承载力等方面的差异,结果表明:中低剪压比夹心节点的整体抗震性能稍弱于传统节点,但相差不明显;中低轴压比、剪压比条件下,当柱与梁混凝土强度等级之比小于1.5时,节点区可直接采用与梁相同强度等级的混凝土浇筑,当柱与梁混凝土强度等级之比大于1.5时,其破坏形式可转变为节点核心区剪切破坏,需采取相应的加强措施。最后在此基础上,给出了与试验结果吻合较好的夹心节点抗剪承载力计算公式。     

内置角钢改进夹心节点抗震性能研究与抗剪承载力计算

梁柱采用不同强度混凝土的节点核心区通常采用同柱等强的高强度混凝土浇筑（传统节点）,而采用同梁等强的低强度混凝土浇筑（夹心节点）可简化施工过程,但同时降低了节点的抗震性能。为研究内置角钢改进夹心节点的可行性,通过一个空间夹心节点和一个内置角钢空间夹心节点试件进行双向等幅低周往复试验研究,对比分析了破坏模式、延性、耗能、刚度、应变和抗剪承载力等方面的差异。结果表明:采取改进和不采取改进措施节点破坏模式均以梁端屈服后的节点破坏为主,但采取改进措施的试件延性和抗剪承载力明显提高,耗能能力、刚度退化和变形能力有一定改善,表明改进措施改善了节点的抗震性能。最后在此基础上,给出了与该文和其他文献试验结果吻合较好的采取或者不采取改进措施夹心节点抗剪承载力计算公式。     

Strengthening of non-seismically detailed reinforced concrete beam–column joints using SIFCON blocks

This article aims to propose a novel seismic strengthening technique for non-seismically detailed beam–column joints of existing reinforced concrete buildings, typical of the pre-1975 construction practice in Turkey. The technique is based on mounting pre-fabricated SIFCON composite corner and plate blocks on joints with anchorage rods. For the experimental part three 2/3 scale exterior beam–column joint specimens were tested under quasi-static cyclic loading. One of them was a control specimen with non-seismic details, and the remaining two with the same design properties were strengthened with composite blocks with different thickness and anchorage details. Results showed that the control specimen showed brittle shear failure at low drift levels, whereas in the strengthened specimens, plastic hinge formation moved away from column face allowing specimens to fail in flexure. The proposed technique greatly improved lateral strength, stiffness, energy dissipation, and ductility.     

Use of FRP for RC Frames in Seismic Zones: Part II. Performance of Steel-Free GFRP-Reinforced Beam-Column Joints

The use of FRP as reinforcement in concrete structures has been growing rapidly due to its advantages over conventional steel reinforcement (e.g., corrosion resistance, light weight, magnetic neutrality). A potential application of FRP reinforcement is in structural concrete frames. However, current seismic design standards and detailing criteria for beam-column joints were established for steel reinforcement and may be unsuitable for FRP reinforcement due to its different mechanical properties. During recent earthquakes, many structural collapses were initiated or caused by beam-column joint failures. Since there are no detailed specifications for the application of FRP reinforcement in seismic zones, research is needed to gain a better understanding of the behaviour of FRP-reinforced concrete under seismic loading. In this study, two full-scale beam-column joint specimens reinforced with steel and GFRP, respectively, were tested in order to investigate their performance in the event of an earthquake. The control steel-reinforced specimen is detailed according to the Canadian Code (CSA A23.3-94) recommendations. The GFRP-reinforced specimen is detailed in a similar scheme but using a GFRP grid. The behaviour of the two specimens under reversed cyclic loading, their load-storey drift envelope relationship and energy dissipation ability were compared. The GFRP-reinforced specimen showed a predominantly elastic behaviour up to failure. While its energy dissipation was low, its performance was acceptable in terms of total storey drift demand.     

考虑梁轴向约束效应的RC梁柱节点受力机理及抗震性能试验研究

钢筋混凝土（RC）框架梁受弯损伤会发生轴向伸长,周边构件（抗侧力构件、现浇板）对梁伸长的约束作用会在梁中产生不可低估的轴力,从而影响梁柱构件和节点的抗震性能以及结构的强震破坏模式。分析了梁中约束轴力对节点抗剪受力机理的影响,设计了6个1/2比例的RC梁柱子结构试件,采用可直接量测约束轴力的等效约束装置代替周边构件对梁伸长的约束作用,通过低周往复加载试验考察了梁轴向约束效应对节点抗剪需求、抗剪承载力以及损伤破坏模式的影响。结果表明,约束轴力对抗剪需求的影响比抗剪承载力的影响明显,梁轴向约束效应产生的轴力较大,且随梁弯曲变形的增大而增加。与无约束试件相比,考虑梁轴向约束效应的试件节点抗剪需求增大了1.14~2.22倍,节点区斜裂缝宽度较大,损伤情况更加严重。     

预应力钢带加固RC框架节点抗震性能试验研究

在对现有节点加固技术分析研究的基础上,该文提出预应力钢带加固RC梁柱节点技术。为验证预应力钢带加固技术的有效性,对4个预应力钢带加固试件和1个未加固试件在水平低周反复荷载作用下的抗震性能进行了试验研究。研究节点核心区钢带间距、邻近核心区的梁端钢带间距和预应力钢带加固位置对加固后节点抗震性能的影响,并对各试件的破坏形态、滞回性能、耗能和延性性能等抗震性能指标进行分析。试验结果表明:预应力钢带能有效抑制节点核心区裂缝的开展,减小节点核心区的剪切变形,提高节点核心区抗剪承载能力,实现破坏位置和破坏形态的改变,加固试件的破坏形态由未加固试件的梁端弯曲－节点剪切破坏变为梁端弯曲破坏,加固后试件的承载力、耗能、延性和刚度退化等抗震性能指标均有明显提高。     

节点区柱钢管非连续式方钢管混凝土柱-梁节点受剪性能研究

为研究节点区柱钢管非连续式钢管混凝土柱-梁节点的受剪性能,对5个柱-梁中节点试件进行低周反复荷载试验。对节点的破坏形态和骨架曲线进行分析,结果表明随着节点面积增大系数(节点面积/柱面积)和相对配筋系数(节点体积配筋率/梁配筋率)的增大,节点的受剪承载力和延性逐渐改善。基于修正斜压场(MCFT)的基本理论,并对节点的受力边界进行简化,建立该节点在剪、压复合作用下的抗剪承载力计算方法;采用该文的简化方法计算得到的节点峰值剪应力与试验结果进行对比,二者吻合良好。     

预期损伤部位采用FRC梁柱组合件层间剪力-变形计算模型研究

通过分析梁柱组合件层间变形与梁端变形、柱端变形和节点核心区剪切变形之间的关系,梁端、柱端弯矩与曲率之间的三折线关系及节点核心区剪力与柱顶剪力之间的关系,提出预期损伤部位采用纤维增强混凝土（FRC）梁柱组合件层间剪力-变形计算模型;以节点核心区剪切破坏为主要破坏模式,分析FRC梁柱组合件在开裂点、屈服点和峰值点处的层间剪力、梁端变形、柱端变形和节点核心区剪切变形及各部分变形引起的层间变形占层间总变形中的比例及变化规律。将模型计算结果与试验结果进行比较,结果表明:提出的层间剪力-变形理论计算模型可较好地反映FRC梁柱组合件在地震作用下的层间剪力-变形关系。     

装配式短肢剪力墙低周反复荷载试验

对2个预制装配式和1个现浇短肢剪力墙试件进行了低周反复荷载试验。与现浇试件对比,掌握预制装配式剪力墙的强度、位移延性及耗能能力等。试验结果表明:装配式试件破坏形态与现浇试件明显不同,水平拼缝为薄弱部位,变形集中。上部预制墙体基本保持完好,破坏主要集中在下部墙体,并表现为剪切破坏,与理论分析一致。有限元分析表明增加装配式短肢剪力墙中部连接钢筋,可增加水平拼缝混凝土接触面面积,减小其剪应力,从而有效改善墙体受力性能,提高墙体的承载能力和变形能力。     

局部采用纤维增强混凝土梁柱节点抗震性能试验研究

为了提高梁柱节点受剪承载力、变形能力及耗能能力,同时避免节点钢筋拥挤而导致的施工困难,采用纤维增强混凝土(FRC)代替普通混凝土作为节点核心区基体材料,考虑轴压比和节点核心区配箍率的影响,进行了7个FRC梁柱节点和1个钢筋混凝土(RC)梁柱节点对比试件的拟静力试验,分析其破坏形态、承载力、变形能力、耗能能力、节点核心区剪应力-剪应变曲线和梁端塑性铰区弯矩-转角曲线。结果表明,在节点核心区主斜裂缝出现前,试件已具有很高的受剪承载力和变形能力;当轴压比试验值为0.07~0.28时,随着轴压比增大,FRC试件的受剪承载力、侧向变形能力、耗能能力及节点核心区的剪切强度和剪切变形能力增加;增加节点核心区配箍率,承载力退化有所减缓;FRC试件梁端塑性铰转动能力有较大提高。     

Hysteretic behavior of RC shear walls strengthened with CFRP strips

The purpose of this study was to investigate the hysteretic behavior of shear deficient reinforced concrete (RC) walls that were strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips. Totally, ½ scale five specimens with 1.5 aspect ratio walls were constructed. One of them was tested without any retrofitting as a reference specimen and four of them were retrofitted specimens with CFRP strips. All of the specimens were tested under cyclic lateral loading. CFRP strips with different configurations were tested like X-shaped, horizontal and parallel strips or combinations of them. All of the CFRP configurations were symmetrically bonded to both sides of the shear wall and were anchoraged to the wall. The research focuses on the effect of using CFRP strips for enhancing strength and increasing ductility of the non-seismic detailed shear walls. Test results shows that all of the CFRP strip configurations significantly improves the lateral strength, energy dissipation and deformation capacity of the shear deficient RC walls. The specimen that was strengthened with X-shaped CFRP strips was failed with premature shear failure. The specimen that was strengthened with horizontal strips was showed flexural hysteretic behavior and plastic hinge was developed at the wall base. CFRP strips were controlled shear crack propagation and resulted in improvement of displacement capacity.     

The Effect of Steel Plates with Shear Studs for Weak Column–Strong Beam Connections in the Reinforced Concrete Structures under Earthquake Effect

Abstract: In this study, the effect of steel plates with shear studs used in the weak column–strong beam connections was investigated both experimentally and analytically. Five RC specimens were tested under cyclic loading in the experimental programme. Steel plates with shear studs in the column were used along the connection area. The specimens were derived from the exterior joint of a frame. As the main parameters, the width of shear stud heads and their spacing on the steel plates were changed to investigate their effects on the weak column. The test results confirmed that shear studs improved the strength and stiffness of the specimens. The control specimen collapsed because of joint failure, while the other four specimens collapsed because of bending at the bottom of the beam showing ductile behaviour. The comparison of experimental results with the analytical results obtained from ANSYS finite element programme showed similar outputs from the aspects of behaviour.     

钢框架装配式再生混凝土墙结构抗震性能试验研究

为研究钢框架内填预制再生混凝土墙结构的抗震性能,对3榀单层单跨1∶3缩尺的模型试件进行了拟静力试验。通过对钢框架是否设置预制墙板及不同梁柱节点连接形式的对比,深入分析了钢框架内填预制再生混凝土墙结构的破坏形态、传力机理、承载力、延性及耗能能力等指标。结果表明:设置预制再生混凝土墙板后,结构的承载力和抗侧刚度明显提高,与纯框架相比,极限承载力提高1.44倍,抗侧刚度提高了3倍;结构位移延性系数在2.81~2.86,预制墙板的设置略微降低了结构的延性;当层间位移角为1/50时,结构承载力退化系数仍大于0.90,表明该结构具有较高的安全储备;两种梁柱连接节点下峰值荷载仅相差4%,说明梁柱节点刚度对结构承载力的影响很小;从破坏形态看,两试件均在预埋件与墙板连接处形成水平贯通裂缝,发生剪切破坏,设计中预埋件的连接构造应引起足够重视。     

局部采用高延性混凝土装配式框架梁-柱节点抗震性能试验研究

为了提高装配式梁柱节点的变形及耗能能力,同时简化节点核心区构造避免节点核心区钢筋拥挤而导致的施工困难,在节点局部采用高延性混凝土（HDC）代替普通混凝土。考虑轴压比和节点核心区配箍率的影响,进行了5个局部采用HDC的装配式梁柱节点和1个钢筋混凝土（RC）装配式梁柱节点的拟静力试验,分析了其破坏形态、滞回特性、变形能力、刚度退化、耗能能力和节点核心区剪切变形。结果表明:节点核心区采用HDC,破坏由节点核心区转移到梁端,实现了强节点设计原则,有效提高了框架节点的变形能力和耗能能力;节点核心区和梁端均采用HDC,梁柱节点的破坏转移到柱端,需对柱端适当加强;节点核心区采用HDC的装配式梁柱节点,可以减少甚至免去箍筋的用量。     

Experimental study of RC beam–column joints strengthened using CFRP composites

This paper presents an experimental study to strengthen the shear capacity of non-seismic joints using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) materials. Eight exterior RC beam–column joint specimens including a non-seismic specimen, a seismic specimen and six retrofitted specimens with different configurations of CFRP sheets were developed and tested to find out an effective way to improve the seismic performance of the joints in terms of the lateral strength and ductility. The different configurations of CFRP sheets considered were the T-shape, L-shape, X-shape and strip combinations. The research focused on the effect of using CFRP sheets for enhancing strength and increasing ductility of the non-seismic beam–column joints. The test results showed that appropriately adding CFRP composites to the non-seismic specimen significantly improved the lateral strength as well ductility of the test specimens. Especially, the X-shaped configuration of wrapping, the strips on the column and two layers of the CFRP sheets resulted in a better performance in terms of ductility and strength.     

反复荷载下型钢混凝土异形柱空间角节点的破坏机理及损伤分析

为了研究反复荷载作用下型钢混凝土(SRC)异形柱空间角节点的破坏机理及其损伤演变过程,设计9个试件进行低周反复荷载试验,考虑了柱截面配钢形式、轴压比、加载角度和梁的形式4个变化参数。观察其裂缝发展形态,揭示其破坏机理,获取了荷载-应变滞回曲线、节点核心区剪切变形和梁截面平均曲率。基于能量守恒定律,分析了反复荷载下试件的损伤规律,并分析了各变化参数对其累积损伤的影响。研究结果表明:反复荷载作用下SRC异形柱空间角节点发生的是弯曲、剪切斜压破坏为主、扭转伴随粘结破坏为辅的破坏形态。破坏时节点核心区钢材大部分已屈服,并且型钢应变、核心区剪切角、梁截面平均曲率均随柱肢角度的增加而减小。破坏时试件的累积损伤指标介于0.69~0.84,槽钢桁架试件各级位移下的累积损伤最大;45°加载实腹配钢试件较30°加载实腹配钢试件损伤更加严重;与45°加载试件相比,0°加载试件各级位移下累积损伤程度最高增加30%;轴压比对试件的损伤影响不大;与带钢梁试件相比,带型钢混凝土梁试件累积损伤有较大程度的缓解。     

预应力钢带加固钢筋混凝土框架抗震性能试验研究

预应力钢带加固技术是一种新型加固技术,采用预应力钢带加固技术对钢筋混凝土框架梁端、柱端和节点核心区进行约束加固,可以有效提高钢筋混凝土框架结构抗震性能。对一榀采用预应力钢带加固的1/2比例的单跨三层钢筋混凝土框架试件进行低周反复加载拟静力试验,结合试验研究结果,对预应力钢带加固钢筋混凝土框架试件的破坏形态、荷载-位移滞回曲线、骨架曲线、层间位移角、位移延性系数、耗能性能和刚度退化等抗震性能进行了深入分析。研究结果表明,试件最大层间弹塑性位移角可以达到1/28.8,预应力钢带加固钢筋混凝土结构具有良好的延性和耗能性能,是一种切实可行、效果良好的抗震加固技术。