Lignan analysis in seed oils from fourSesamum species: Comparison of different chromatographic methods

Different chromatographic methods, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and normal- and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), were compared for their ability to separate the different lignans present in fourSesamum species,viz., S. indicum Linn.,S. alatum Thonn., S. radiatum Schum & Thonn. andS. angustifolium (Oliv.) Engl. The advantages and limitations of each method are discussed, and a combination of methods is suggested for qualitative analyses. Two-dimensional TLC was found to be a valuable qualitative technique and one-dimensional TLC is useful for preparative purposes. GC is a good supplement for qualitative analysis, but it had many limitations as a quantitative tool—it involves many preparative steps, no suitable internal standard was found to be commercially available and the various lignans had markedly different response factors. GC/MS is a necessary techniqee to confirm the identity of the lignans present. HPLC is a one-step technique suitable for quantitative analyses, and is fast and simple because it involves direct injection of oil solutions. Reversed-phase HPLC was unable to separate sesamolin and sesangolin, but a normal-phase silica column provided satisfactory separation for these two lignans. 2-Episesalation ofS. alatum, however, did not elute from the normalphase column. Once lignans are identified, a relevant HPLC method can be used for quantitative analyses. Sesamin was present in large amounts inS. radiatum, in considerable amounts inS. indicum andS. angustifolium, and in small amounts inS. alatum. Sesamolin occurred in considerable amounts inS. indicum andS. angustifolium, but only in small amounts in the other two wild species studied.Sesamum alatum was characterized by high amounts of 2-episesalatin, andS. angustifolium was characterized by high levels of sesangolin.     

Variation in fatty acid composition of the different acyl lipids in seed oils from fourSesamum species

Seeds from different collections of cultivatedSesamum indicum Linn. and three related wild species [specifically,S. alatum Thonn.,S. radiatum Schum and Thonn. andS. angustifolium (Oliv.) Engl.] were studied for their oil content and fatty acid composition of the total lipids. The wild seeds contained less oil (ca. 30%) than the cultivated seeds (ca. 50%). Lipids from all four species were comparable in their total fatty acid composition, with palmitic (8.2–12.7%), stearic (5.6–9.1%), oleic (33.4–46.9%) and linoleic acid (33.2–48.4%) as the major acids. The total lipids from selected samples were fractionated by thin-layer chromatography into five fractions: triacylglycerols (TAG; 80.3–88.9%), diacylglycerols (DAG; 6.5–10.4%), free fatty acids (FFA; 1.2–5.1%), polar lipids (PL; 2.3–3.5%) and steryl esters (SE; 0.3–0.6%). Compared to the TAG, the four other fractions (viz, DAG, FFA, PL and SE) were generally characterized by higher percentages of saturated acids, notably palmitic and stearic acids, and lower percentages of linoleic and oleic acids in all species. Slightly higher percentages of long-chain fatty acids (20∶0, 20∶1, 22∶0 and 24∶0) were observed for lipid classes other than TAG in all four species. Based on the fatty acid composition of the total lipids and of the different acyl lipid classes, it seems thatS. radiatum andS. angustifolium are more related to each other than they are to the other two species.     

Seed Lipids of Sesamum indicum,L. and Related Wild Species in Sudan I: Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols

The fatty acid composition and triacylglycerol profile of seeds of three wild species of sesame viz, Sesamum alatum, Thonn., S. radiatum, Schum & Thonn. and S. angustifolium, (Oliv) Engl. were determined by capillary gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Results were compared with those obtained for different pure line and mixed genotypes of S. indicum, Linn., the overall world wide cultivated sesame. Oleic and linoleic acids are the major fatty acids in all samples. The wild species have slightly different saturated acid composition compared to S. indicum. S. alatum contained more palmitic acid (P) while S. radiatum and S. angustifolium contained more stearic acid. S. alatum also contained higher amounts of oleic acid (O) and lower amounts of linoleic acid (L). The major triacylglycerols were: LLO (20–25%), LLL (10–20%), LOO (15–19%), PLL (8–11%) and PLO (6–10%). S. alatum was also different from the other three species in having higher percentages of PLO (10.1%) and OOO (8.7%) compared to 6.3–8.1% of PLO and 3.4–4.9% of OOO in the other three species.     

Oil and minor components of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) strains

Oil and mior components of sesamin and sesamolin were studied in 42 strains ofSesamum indicum L. The oil contents of the seed ranged from 43.4 to 58.8% and varied inversely with the percentage of hull (r=−0.804, significant at the 1% level). The hull percentage was used as a criterion to predict oil content. The percentage of sesamin in the oil ranged from 0.07 to 0.61% and that of sesamolin from 0.02 to 0.48%. There was a significant positive correlation between the oil content of the seed and the sesamin content of the oil (r=0.608, significant at the 1% level); no correlation was found between the oil and sesamolin contents. The average oil content found for the white-seeded strains was 55.0% and for the black-seeded strains 47.8%, the difference of 7.2% being significant at the 1% level. The white- and black-seed strains also differed significantly in sesamin content, but not in sesamolin content.     

Sesame seed is a rich source of dietary lignans

The variation in the contents of sesamin and sesamolin was studied in oils extracted from 65 samples of sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) from plants with shattering (n=29), semishattering (n=7), and nondehiscent (n=29) capsules. The oil content ranged from 32.5 to 50.6% and was greater in white than black seeds (P<0.001). The sesamin and sesamolin contents in seeds ranged from 7 to 712 mg/100 g (mean±SD, 163±141 mg/100 g) and from 21 to 297 mg/100 g (101±58 mg/100 g), respectively, with no difference between black and white seeds. Thus, there was a wide variation in the contents of sesamin and sesamolin, which were positively correlated (R ²=0.66, P<0.001). There were negative correlations between the contents of sesamin and the contents of sesaminol (R ²=0.37) and sesamolinol (R ²=0.36) and between the content of sesamolin and those of sesaminol (R ²=0.35) and sesamolinol (R ²=0.46) (P<0.001). Sesame seeds had an average of 0.63% lignans, making them a rich source of dietary lignans.     

Lignan contents in sesame seeds and products

Sesame seed (Sesamum indicum L.) is a rich source of furofuran lignans with a wide range of potential biological activities. The major lignans in sesame seeds are the oil‐soluble sesamin and sesamolin, as well as glucosides of sesaminol and sesamolinol that reside in the defatted sesame flour. Upon refining of sesame oil, acid‐catalyzed transformation of sesamin to episesamin and of sesamolin to epimeric sesaminols takes place, making the profile of refined sesame oils different from that of virgin oils. In this study, the total lignan content of 14 sesame seeds ranged between 405 and 1178 mg/100 g and the total lignan content in 14 different products, including tahini, ranged between 11 and 763 mg/100 g. The content of sesamin and sesamolin in ten commercial virgin and roasted sesame oils was in the range of 444–1601 mg/100 g oil. In five refined sesame oils, sesamin ranged between 118 and 401 mg/100 g seed, episesamin between 12 and 206 mg/100 g seed, and the total contents of sesaminol epimers between 5 and 35 mg/100 g seed, and no sesamolin was found. Thus, there is a great variation in the types and amounts of lignans in sesame seeds, seed products and oils. This knowledge is important for nutritionists working on resolving the connection between diet and health. Since the consumption of sesame seed products is increasing steadily in Europe and USA, it is important to include sesame seed lignans in databases and studies pertinent to the nutritional significance of antioxidants and phytoestrogens. It is also important to differentiate between virgin, roasted and refined sesame oils.     

Thin-layer chromatographic separations of seed oil unsaponifiables from fourSesamum species

A new, two-dimensional thin-layer chromatographic system was established to provide good separation of the unsaponifiable fractions from the seed oils of three wildSesamum species, [S. alatum, Thonn.;S. radiatum, Schum and Thonn.; andS. angustifolium, (Oliv.) Engl.] and of the cultivatedS. indicum, L. The system utilizes silica gel plates and n-hexane/diethyl ether (7:3, v/v) and chloroform/diethyl ether (9:1, v/v) as mobile phases in the first and second directions, respectively. The system could be used for qualitative studies and as a preparative technique for subsequent quantitative gas chromatographic separations in chemotaxonomic and related studies onSesamum spp.     

Variation of Oil,Sesamin, and Sesamolin Content in the Germplasm of the Ancient Oilseed Crop Sesamum indicum L.

Currently, genetic improvement in oil and lignan content is a major objective in sesame breeding. As a prerequisite to meet the objective, the diversity of these traits of sesame germplasm was examined. Solvent extraction of the harvested seeds demonstrated variation in oil content ranging from 39% to 49% across the sesame accessions tested. High performance liquid chromatography of oil samples showed sesamin and sesamolin as the only lignans present in the oil, with their amount in the range of 2.74–10.55 g L⁻¹ and 2.49–13.78 g L⁻¹, respectively. Coefficient of variation for oil content remained the highest in brown and black seeded accessions, whereas it remained at maximum for sesamin and sesamolin in white seeded ones. Pearson analysis showed a positive correlation between oil and lignan content. It was concluded that Indian sesame accessions exhibit considerable variation in oil and lignans content. The S. indicum varieties with a desirable composition of oil and/or lignans have been identified and recommended for incorporation in breeding programs, as well as for specific human use.     

A novel conversion of sesamolin to sesaminol by acidic cation exchange resin

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seed and its oil contain abundant lignans, including sesamin, sesamolin, sesamol, sesaminol, and their glycosides. In the present study, a novel reaction pathway, using an anhydrous solvent system, cation exchange resin catalyst, and HPLC for detection, was employed for the conversion of sesamolin into sesaminol. Under optimal conditions of 5 mL toluene, 90°C, initial sesamolin concentration of 6 mM, and catalyst dosage of 16.66 g/mmol of sesamolin, a 75.0% yield of sesaminol was achieved. The reaction mechanism was inferred to be that of a Friedel–Crafts reaction, with the catalyst showing remarkable catalytic activity and producing only slightly decreased yield after reuse in five subsequent batches. Owing to excellent reusability, low cost, and ready availability, this catalyst provides a very satisfactory option for converting sesamolin to sesaminol. Practical applications: Sesaminol is a potential natural antioxidant for use as a food additive and in medicinal applications, but it is a naturally occurring trace compound, and could be transformed from sesamolin under proper, specific conditions. The cation exchange resin 732 provides a satisfactory option for catalyzing the conversion of sesamolin into sesaminol. This suggests encouraging prospects for practical or industrial applications utilizing its notable catalytic performance, reusability, low cost, and easy availability.     

Lignans and tocopherols in Indian sesame cultivars

Lignan (sesamol, sesamin, and sesamolin) profile was determined in different cultivars (botanically identified or market samples) of sesame seeds and commercial oils procured from different parts of India. The wide variation observed in total lignans from 21 sesame seed and 9 commercial oils was attributed to variations in sesamin and sesamolin contents. Lignan content was high (18 g sesamin/kg, 10 g sesamolin/kg) in seasame cultivars obtained from the northeastern states of India. In two of the commercial oils having the Agmark label, the total lignan content was ∼12 g/kg (7.3 g sesamin, 4.7 g sesamolin), 50% of the maximum permissible levels of unsaponifiable matter. In both the seeds and commercial oils, γ-tocopherol was the only representative of tocopherol isomers identified. Sesamin and sesamolin were isolated and crystallized from high-lignan cultivars, and their purity was confirmed by HPLC and spectral (UV and fluorescence) analysis.     

Isolation of tocopherol and sterol concentrate from sunflower oil deodorizer distillate

The isolation of tocopherols and sterols together as a concentrate from sunflower oil deodorizer distillate was investigated. The sunflower oil deodorizer distillate was composed of 24.9% unsaponifiable matter with 4.8% tocopherols and 9.7% sterols, 28.8% free fatty acid (FFA) and 46.3% neutral glycerides. The isolation technology included process steps such as biohydrolysis, bioesterification and fractional distillation. The neutral glycerides of the deodorizer distillates were hydrolyzed byCandida cylindracea lipase. The total fatty acids (initial FFA plus FFA from neutral glycerides) were converted into butyl esters withMucor miehei lipase. The esterified product was then fractionally distilled in a Claisen-vigreux flask. The first fraction, which was collected at 180–230°C at 1.00 mm of Hg for 45 min, contained mainly butyl esters, hydrocarbons, oxidized products and some amount of free fatty acids. The fraction collected at 230–260°C at 1.00 mm Hg for 15 min was rich in tocopherols (about 30%) and sterols (about 36%). The overall recovery of tocopherols and sterols after hydrolysis, esterification and distillation were around 70% and 42%, respectively, of the original content in sunflower oil deodorizer distillate.     

HPLC Analysis of Seed Sesamin and Sesamolin Variation in a Sesame Germplasm Collection in China

Sesame lignans, including mainly sesamin and sesamolin, has been reported to have multiple functions beneficial to health. This study analyzed sesamin and sesamolin contents by HPLC in 215 sesame lines from a core collection in China. The results showed the core sesame germplasm in China has a broad variation from 2.49 to 18.01 mg/g with average 8.54 mg/g in total of sesamin and sesamolin. On average, sesamin contents in the lines with a white seed coat color were significantly higher than in those samples with brown, yellow and black colors (P < 0.01). The lines with a black seed coat had the highest coefficient of variation followed by those with brown, yellow and white seed coats. The correlation coefficient between sesamin and sesamolin in the sesames with different seed coat colors ranked as white (R = 0.23) < yellow (R = 0.44) < brown (R = 0.72) < black (R = 0.77). The results of this study provide valuable background information on sesame germplasm in China and identified potential genotypes for breeding high sesamin or sesamolin cultivars.     

Variation in Fatty Acid Composition in Indian Germplasm of Sesame

A germplasm collection of 33 entries comprising 22 sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivars, 4 landraces of S. mulayanum and 7 other accessions of 4 wild species were analyzed for the fatty acid compositions of their seed oil. The entries varied widely in their fatty acid compositions. The percentage content of oleic, linoleic, palmitic and erucic acids ranged between 36.7–52.4, 30.4–51.6, 9.1–14.8 and 0.0–8.0, respectively. Linolenic and arachidonic acids were the minor constituents but varied widely in wild species. Oleic and linoleic were the major fatty acids with mean values of 45.9 and 40.5%, respectively and the mean of their combined values was 86.4%. The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) compositions ranged from 30.9 to 52.5% showing high variation in PUFA in the germplasm. Linoleic acid content was very high in one landrace (47.8) and one accession each of three wild species, S. mulayanum (49.3), S. malabaricum (48.2) and S. radiatum (51.6%). Use of fatty acid ratios to estimate the efficiency of biosynthetic pathways resulted in high oleic and low linoleic desaturation ratios and consequently high linoleic and very low linolenic acid contents in seed oil. The results of this study provided useful background information on the germplasm and also identified a few accessions having high linoleic acid which can be used for developing cultivars with desirable fatty acid compositions.     

Analysis of Sesamin, Asarinin, and Sesamolin by HPLC with Photodiode and Fluorescent Detection and by GC/MS: Application to Sesame Oil and Serum Samples

New sensitive and specific analytical methods are needed for the analysis of sesamin, asarinin, and sesamolin in sesame seed oils, sesame dietary supplements, as well as in serum samples from clinical studies involving sesamin, asarinin, and sesamolin. The objective of this study was to develop a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with photodiode array and fluorescent detectors and a gas chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC/MS) method for the analysis of sesamin, asarinin (episesamin), and sesamolin in sesame oil and in serum samples. Sesame oil samples were extracted with methanol whereas the serum samples were extracted with ethyl acetate or n-hexane. The individual lignans were analyzed by HPLC using reversed phase C18 columns. Analytical recoveries of sesamin, asarinin, and sesamolin from sesame oil were 92–94?% with two extractions. Recoveries from serum ranged from 87 to 97?%. The limit of quantitation with the fluorometric detector was 0.1?ng compared to 0.1?μg with the PDA detector. The concentrations of sesamin, asarinin, and sesamolin in Orchids and Sigma sesame oil were 0.4, 0, and 0.15?% and 0.19, 0.09, and 0?%, respectively. The identities of the individual lignans obtained by HPLC were confirmed by GC/MS and the concentrations of sesamin, asarinin, and sesamolin obtained with the fluorometric detector correlated with those obtained by GC/MS (r ²?=?0.94, P?<?0.001). The HPLC and GC/MS methods permit simple and efficient procedures for the analysis of sesamin, asarinin, and sesamolin in sesame oil samples as well as in serum samples.     

Purification of tocopherols and phytosterols by a two-step <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> enzymatic reaction

The purification of tocopherols and phytosterols (referred to as sterols) from soybean oil deodorizer distillate (SODD) was attempted. Tocopherols and sterols in the SODD were first recovered by short-path distillation, which was named sODD tocopherol/sterol concentrate (SODDTSC). The SODD-TSC contained MAG, DAG, FFA, and unidentified hydrocarbons in addition to the two substances of interest. It was then treated with Candida rugosa lipase to convert sterols to FA steryl esters, acylglycerols to FFA, and FFA to FAME. Methanol (MeOH), however, inhibited esterification of the sterols. Hence, a two-step in situ reaction was conducted: SODDTSC was stirred with 20 wt% water and 200 U/g mixture of C. rugosa lipase at 30°C, and 2 moles of MeOH per mole of FFA was added to the reaction mixture after 16h. The lipase treatment for 40 h in total achieved 80% conversion of the initial sterols to FA steryl esters, complete hydrolysis of the acylglycerols, and a 78% decrease in the initial FFA content by methyl esterification. Tocopherols did not change throughout the process. To enhance the degree of steryl and methyl esterification, the reaction products, FA steryl esters and FAME, were removed by short-path distillation, and the resulting fraction containing tocopherols, sterols, and FFA was treated with the lipase again. Distillation of the reaction mixture purified tocopherols to 76.4% (recovery, 89.6%) and sterols to 97.2% as FA steryl esters (recovery, 86.3%).     

Acorn (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus</Emphasis> spp.) fruit lipids: Saponifiable and unsaponifiable fractions: A detailed study

The composition of the oils extracted from the acorn fruit of three species of Mediterranean oaks, Quercus ilex L., Q. suber L., and Q. faginea L., was characterized. Both major and minor components, including FA, TG, sterols, methyl sterols, triterpenic and aliphatic alcohols, tocopherols, and hydrocarbons, were identified by standard methods and MS. High-resolution GLC and HPLC were used for quantification. The FA profile, together with the equivalent carbon numbers and TG carbon numbers, was compared with data for other edible vegetable oils. Oil yield, expressed as wet weight, was 5% (w/w). Sterol content was remarkable for the three species (8,563–11,420 mg/kg), with β-sitosterol being the most abundant (80%). Oils were also high in tocopherol, with a wide variation between species (165–456 mg/kg) but with γ-tocopherol predominating in all three oils (90% of the total tocopherol content). Also, high terpenic alcohol contents were found (1527–2984 mg/kg), with dammaradienol and β-amyrin being the most abundant (33–60% of the total alcohol content). Bioactive properties and industrial applications of this underutilized native product are also discussed.     

Antioxidant Distributions and Triacylglycerol Molecular Species of Sesame Seeds (Sesamum indicum)

Extracted lipids from sesame (Sesamum indicum) seeds of three varieties were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for endogenous antioxidants. The molecular species and fatty acid (FA) distribution of triacylglycerol (TAG) isolated from total lipids in sesame seeds were analyzed by a combination of argentation thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography (GC), and were investigated in relation to their antioxidant distribution. γ-Tocopherol was present in highest concentration, and δ-, and α-tocopherols were very small amounts. Sesamin and sesamolin were the main lignan components. A modified argentation-TLC procedure, developed to optimize the separation of the complex mixture of total TAG, provided 12 different groups of TAG, based on both the degree of unsaturation and the total acyl-chain length of FA groups. With a few exceptions, the major TAG components were SM₂ (6.5–6.7%), SMD (19.8–20.7%), M₂D (15.0–26.3%), MD₂ (23.6–35.0%), and D₃ (7.7–10.7%) (where S denotes a saturated FA, M denotes a monoene, D denotes a diene, and T denotes a triene). It seems that the three varieties were highly related to each other based on the FA composition of the TAG as well as the distribution pattern in the different TAG molecular species. These results suggest that there are no essential differences in the oil components among the three varieties.     

Characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pentadesma butyracea sabine</Emphasis> Butters of Different Production Regions in Benin

Pentadesma butter (Pentadesma butyracea, sabine, clusiaceae) is an extract of the kernels of tree fruits in West Africa and similar to shea butter. The study of the fatty acid composition, triacylglycerols, sterols and tocopherols of Pentadesma butter was carried out on seeds collected in ten production areas in Benin. The results obtained show that the composition in fatty acids is characterized by the presence of stearic acid and oleic acid, which represent nearly 96% of the total fatty acids. The triacylglycerols profile of the different butters is marked by the overwhelming presence of the triacylglycerols SOS and SOO. The unsaponifiable fraction shows, for the sterolic composition, a predominance of stigmasterol (nearly 68% of the total sterols) whilst the β-tocopherol is the main tocopherol.     

Facile purification of tocopherols from soybean oil deodorizer distillate in high yield using lipase

Tocopherols have been purified from deodorizer distillate produced in the final deodorization step of vegetable oil refining by a process including molecular distillation. Deodorizer distillate contains mainly tocopherols, sterols, and free fatty acids (FFA); the presence of sterols hinders tocopherol purification in good yield. We found that Candida rugosa lipase recognized sterols as substrates but not tocopherols, and that esterification of sterols with FFA could be effected with negligible influence of water content. Enzymatic esterification of sterols with FFA was thus used as a step in tocopherol purification. High boiling point substances including steryl esters were removed from soybean oil deodorizer distillate by distillation, and the resulting distillate (soybean oil deodorizer distillate tocopherol concentrate; SODDTC) was used as a starting material for tocopherol purification. Several factors affecting esterification of sterols were investigated, and the reaction conditions were determined as follows: A mixture of SODDTC and water (4∶1, w/w) was stirred at 35°C for 24 h with 200 U of Candida lipase per 1 g of the reaction mixture. Under these conditions, approximately 80% of sterols was esterified, but tocopherols were not esterified. After the reaction, tocopherols and FFA were recovered as a distillate by molecular distillation of the oil layer. To enhance further removal of the remaining sterols, the lipase-catalyzed reaction was repeated on the distillate under the same reaction conditions. As a result, more than 95% of the sterols was esterified in total. The resulting reaction mixture was fractionated to four distillates and one residue. The main distillate fraction contained 65 wt% tocopherols with low contents of FFA and sterols. In addition, the residue fraction contained high-purity steryl esters. Because the process presented in this study includes only organic solvent-free enzymatic reaction and molecular distillation, it is feasible as a new industrial purification method of tocopherols. This work was presented at the Biocatalysis symposium in April 2000, held at the 91st Annual Meeting and Expo of the American Oil Chemists Society, San Diego, CA.     

Chemical Composition and Oxidative Stability of Kernel Oils from Two Current Subspecies of Pistacia atlantica in Iran

Pistacia atlantica subsp. mutica (PAM) and kurdica (PAK) kernel oils showed significantly lower unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios (6.39, 6.33, respectively) and calculated oxidizability (Cox) values (3.99, 4.13, respectively) than those of the P. vera L. cv. Ohadi (PVO) kernel oil (8.91, 4.41) samples. The highest peroxide value was observed for the PAK oil (4.07 mequiv kg⁻¹) (PAM, 1.94; PVO, 0.37) samples. Iodine values for the PAM, PAK, and PVO oils were 104.26, 104.77, and 110.66, respectively. The saponification number of the PVO oil was significantly greater than the PAM and PAK oils, which were statistically not different. The unsaponifiable contents, which were composed mainly of sterols, ranged from 5.63 to 6.14%. Statistically the total tocopherols contents of the PAM (818.58 mg α-tocopherol kg⁻¹) and PVO (815.90 mg α-tocopherol kg⁻¹) oils were significantly higher than that of the PAK oil (499.91 mg α-tocopherol kg⁻¹). Total phenolics contents differed significantly, the greatest concentration was for the PAM oil (81.12 mg gallic acid kg⁻¹), followed by the PVO (62.84 mg gallic acid kg⁻¹) and PAK (56.51 mg gallic acid kg⁻¹) oil samples. The wax contents of the oil samples were statistically in the same range, namely 5.67–6.48%. Oxidative stability data indicated that the PAM oil is the most resistant to the formation of lipid oxidation products, followed by the PAK and PVO oil samples.