微束等离子喷涂氧化锆增韧羟基磷灰石复合涂层

采用微束等离子喷涂方法,在Ti-6Al-4V基体上制备了羟基磷灰石 氧化锆(70HA-30ZrO2,质量分数,%)复合涂层.将复合涂层置于模拟体液中分别浸泡了3,7,14,28 d并观察表面磷灰石的生长情况以评价涂层生物活性.采用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析技术对涂层浸泡前后的表面形貌和相组成进行了研究.结果表明,涂层中ZrO2主要以立方相存在;喷涂过程中羟基磷灰石(HA)出现了一定的分解,产生大量的α-Ca3(PO4)2杂质相.HA涂层熔化效果很好,但涂层中有未熔化的ZrO2颗粒.涂层在模拟体液中浸泡28 d后表面可以形成磷灰石,说明涂层具有很好的生物活性.     

钛合金表面生物陶瓷覆层的制备

用CaHPO4·2H2O和CaCO3制备羟基磷灰石粉末,以钛合金Ti6A14V为基材,采用等离子喷涂在不同喷涂距离和喷涂功率下制备羟基磷灰石涂层.结果表明:(1)随着喷涂功率的提高,颗粒的熔化程度提高,涂层与基体的结合强度增强;但同时涂层中的分解程度增加,出现了Ca4(PO4)3等第二相和杂相;增大喷涂距离可使涂层非晶化增强.(2)添加稀土元素可改善涂层的组织结构和界面的结合状况,并且有利于获得细小的晶粒.     

等离子喷涂HA/(HA+TiO2)复合生物涂层的研究

用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、电子探针(EPMA)等检测手段，以大气等离子喷涂法在纯钛表面制备的羟基磷灰石HA／(HA TiO2)复合涂层及其热处理为研究对象，探讨了TiO2在羟基磷灰石复合涂层中的作用。结果表明，喷涂后的(HA TiO2)过渡层中交替分布的HA和TiO2结合致密；HA／(HA TiO2)涂层表面裂纹比对应纯HA涂层的细小，涂层内部结合致密，证实TiO2的加入具有缓和应力的作用。     

纳米缺钙羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷涂层中相组成和显微结构的控制

研究了低钙磷比溶液电沉积缺钙羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷涂层在水热合成和700℃,800℃,900℃焙烧后的相组成和显微组织结构;用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)对涂层进行分析。结果表明:在电沉积液Ca/P比1.30,沉积液温度25℃,电压4V条件下,Ti基体表面沉积了片状和条状HAP和CaHPO4·2H2O混合相涂层;在pH值为12的碱液中,150℃和200℃水热合成4h后涂层由针状纯HAP组成,Ca/P比约为1.61,且随着水热合成温度的升高,晶体结晶度提高,但晶体无明显长大趋势;700℃焙烧后,涂层仍由纯HAP组成,只是晶体因失水而发生团聚;800℃焙烧后,部分HAP发生分解,生成β-Ca3(PO4)2,且HAP与β-Ca3(PO4)2的体积比为90∶10,形貌为块状和板条状,其表面附着许多细小的针状颗粒;900℃焙烧后,β-Ca3(PO4)2的含量增加,HAP与β-Ca3(PO4)2的体积比为74∶26,小颗粒团聚成较大的块状和板条状颗粒。由此制备了对骨组织生长更有利的HAP+β-Ca3(PO4)2双相涂层结构。     

电沉积-水热合成法制备的生物陶瓷涂层与基体界面结合强度的研究

采用电沉积水热合成法和高温煅烧相结合的方法，制备了生物陶瓷涂层，研究了涂层与基体间过渡层的物相组成和界面结合强度。用X射线(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和粘接拉伸法进行分析。结果表明：水热合成后，界面结合强度较低，为7．04MPa。在空气中煅烧，700℃以下时，界面出现极薄TiO2层，同时随着煅烧温度的升高，界面结合强度提高；800℃以上时，由于厚而疏松过渡层TiN的出现，界面结合强度反而下降。为获取对骨生长有利的HAP β-Ca3(PO4)2双相结构，且界面结合强度高的涂层材料，将原始试样用NaOH碱液处理并进行电沉积水热合成，在氩气中900℃煅烧后，过渡层为薄且致密的TiO2层，界面结合强度高达22．39MPa。     

工艺参数和热处理对纯钛表面激光熔覆原位合成羟基磷灰石涂层中物相组成的影响

使用CaCO3和CaHPO4混合粉末,在纯钛表面通过激光熔覆原位合成的方法制备羟基磷灰石(Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2,HA)涂层,研究了激光功率,扫描速度和热处理对涂层物相的影响,以期提高涂层中HA的含量。结果表明,低功率下,涂层的主要组成物相为磷酸四钙(Ca4(PO4)2O,TTCP),同时有少量的HA,α-磷酸钙(α-Ca3(PO4)2,α-TCP),CaO和CaTiO3;随功率的增加,涂层中的TTCP,HA和 CaO逐渐减少,只剩下α-TCP和CaTiO3。与功率相比,扫描速度对涂层物相的影响较小。当激光功率为400 W时,不同扫描速度下涂层的物相没有发生明显的变化,主要物相均为TTCP。将涂层在800 ℃下保温5 h,然后随炉冷却,可以使涂层中的TTCP和α-TCP全部转变为HA,进而得到含HA较多的涂层。     

羟基磷灰石生物活性梯度涂层材料的界面特点

用透射电子显微镜对钛合金基体等离子喷涂羟基磷灰石 (HA)生物活性梯度涂层的界面进行了观察与分析。结果表明 :经热处理后生物活性梯度涂层的结晶程度明显提高 ,涂层中存在HA晶体、β Ca3(PO4 ) 2 晶体以及中间相CaTiO3 晶体。涂层和基体的界面结合为冶金化学结合 ,HA涂层和基体Ti间存在过渡相ZrO2 ,过渡相ZrO2 的存在有利于提高涂层和基体之间的界面结合力。     

水热电化学法制备HA／ZrO2复合涂层

采用水热电化学法成功制备了HA/ZrO2复合涂层,对涂层的组分结构、表面形貌、热稳定性进行了研究,并探讨了ZrO2的复合对涂层结合强度和生物活性的影响.结果表明当温度小于200℃时,得到缺钙磷灰石Ca10-x(HPO4)x(PO4)6-x(OH)2-x(calcium deficient hydroxyapatite,简称CDHA,0≤x≤1)和ZrO2的复合涂层,温度在200℃时,得到HA/ZrO2复合涂层;经焙烧处理后,涂层中四方晶相ZrO2(t-ZrO2)与单斜晶相ZrO2(m-ZrO2)之间发生马氏体相变;800℃焙烧后,HA部分分解为β-Ca3(PO4)2(β-TCP);当涂层中ZrO2小于35.22%(质量分数,下同)时,HA/ZrO2复合涂层的结合强度明显高于纯HA涂层;复合涂层在模拟体液中浸泡7 d后,表面即形成一层碳磷灰石层,ZrO2的复合没有降低涂层的生物活性.     

大气等离子喷涂制备Fe基非晶涂层及微观结构表征

选用Fe-10W-4Cr-3Ni-2Mo-4B-4Si-1C(质量比)合金粉末作为喷涂原料,采用大气等离子喷涂工艺在1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢基底上制备了Fe基涂层。利用扫描电镜、透射电镜和X射线衍射仪表征了粉末和涂层的相组成和微观形貌;用Olycia m3分析软件对涂层的孔隙率进行测定;用热分析系统对喷涂粉末和涂层从室温到1 173K范围的DSC曲线进行记录;同时,测定了涂层的显微硬度和结合强度。结果表明:大气等离子喷涂制备的Fe基涂层与基底的结合良好,涂层较为致密并且存在灰色氧化带组织,表现出典型的层状组织结构;涂层不但具有低的表面粗糙度和孔隙率,而且具有高的显微硬度和结合强度;所制备涂层中的非晶含量约为89.2%(质量分数),涂层中形成的晶相组织为纳米晶结构。     

CaCO3和CaHPO4·2H2O粉末配比对激光熔覆原位合成羟基磷灰石涂层的影响

使用碳酸钙(CaCO3)和二水磷酸氢钙(DCPD,CaHPO4·2H2O)混合粉末在纯钛表面利用激光熔覆的法制备羟基磷灰石HA,Ca5(PO4)3(OH)涂层,研究CaCO3和DCPD的质量比对涂层相组成和微观组织的影响。研究发现,CaCO3和DCPD之间的反应不仅在涂层中生成结晶度较高的HA,同时还生成了一定量的磷酸四钙(TTCP,Ca4P2O9),α-磷酸钙(α-TCP,α-Ca3(PO4)2),β-磷酸钙(β-TCP,β-Ca3(PO4)2)和焦磷酸钙(Ca2P2O7),且各相的含量与混合粉末的钙磷原子比有较大关系。HA只有在混合粉末的钙磷原子比大于1.54的情况下才能生成,其含量随钙磷原子比的升高而缓慢增加;当混合粉末的钙磷原子比达到2.0时,涂层中的HA的含量达到25%(质量分数),同时涂层中还存在大量的TTCP,因此制备的涂层需要进行一定的后续热处理以增加其中HA的含量。由于制备过程中粉末之间的反应会生成大量的气体,因此制备的涂层均为多孔结构,其中用钙磷原子比为2.0的混合粉末制备的涂层中,孔隙的尺寸在100~300μm之间。粉末钙磷原子比还能影响涂层的结合强度、孔隙率和裂纹数量。随钙磷原子比的升...     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。