未知环境下柔性二连杆机械臂的自适应阻抗控制

针对机器人与环境接触作业的需求,基于假设模态法建立了刚柔耦合动力学模型,并考虑环境参数不精确干扰,设计了自适应阻抗控制器,分析了其稳定条件。在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建了可对柔性机械臂进行自适应阻抗控制的仿真平台,计算了平面内二连杆柔性机械臂在含有三角形凹陷环境表面的接触运动和柔性变形模态。对比分析了刚性和柔性机械臂位控和力控效果及自适应项对控制响应的影响。基于Staubli机器人展开了实验。结果表明：柔性变形会使得机械臂的位控和力控效果变差;自适应阻抗控制会改善控制响应,对环境不确定具有鲁棒性。设计的自适应阻抗控制可实现柔性机械臂在不规则表面的稳定接触和运动。     

GPI based velocity/force observer design for robot manipulators

In many applications involving a robot in contact with a surface it is important to control the interaction between the manipulator and its environment, usually by employing force sensors. However, sometimes it is desirable to remove them due to a variety of reasons, e.g. high costs, noisy measurements and a narrow bandwidth. To overcome these drawbacks, in this work it is proposed as a velocity/force observer based on the Generalized Proportional Integral (GPI) technique. Joint velocities and contact forces are estimated with only position measurements and then used in a force/position control scheme. Ultimate boundedness of the observation errors is formally proven and an arbitrarily small ultimate bound is then achieved. Simulation results are used to validate the proposed approach.     

沿任意倾斜面的机器人力/位置控制方法研究

设计了沿任意倾斜面的机器人自适应阻抗控制方法,该方法解决了接触面法向方向、环境阻尼、刚度参数未知对机器人力/位置控制的影响问题。在机器人与倾斜面碰撞接触过程中采用递归最小二乘(RLS)算法估计环境的阻尼、刚度,根据接触力矩实际值与期望值的偏差实现机器人末端期望姿态的调整;在机器人末端沿倾斜面滑动阶段,设计规则自调整的模糊控制器,根据机器人末端位移、接触力误差实时调整机器人阻抗控制模型参数,以适应环境阻尼、刚度的变化。提出的控制方法具有编程实现简单且对环境参数变化鲁棒性较强的优点,实验验证了控制方法的有效性。     

Hybrid position/force control of Stewart Manipulator using Extended Adaptive Fuzzy Sliding Mode Controller (E-AFSMC)

A new and effective control method is proposed for the hybrid position/force control of a Stewart Manipulator (SM). The control approach can be divided into the two parts, the first is an estimation of contact parameters between the robot and environment and the second one is the force control of manipulator according to estimated parameters. Hunt–Crossley nonlinear model is considered to describe the normal force in the contact region and Modified Extended Kalman Filter (MEKF) is used for estimating contact parameters. Extended Adaptive Fuzzy Sliding Mode Controller (E-AFSMC) is designed to hybrid position/force control of SM in the presence of state-dependent uncertainties. The proposed method is verified numerically, showing the effectiveness of the proposed method in critical situations such as actuator saturation, unexpected large disturbances, and state-dependent uncertainties.     

On position/force tracking control problem of cooperative robot manipulators using adaptive fuzzy backstepping approach

In this paper, the position and force tracking control problem of cooperative robot manipulator system handling a common rigid object with unknown dynamical models and unknown external disturbances is investigated. The universal approximation properties of fuzzy logic systems are employed to estimate the unknown system dynamics. On the other hand, by defining new state variables based on the integral and differential of position and orientation errors of the grasped object, the error system of coordinated robot manipulators is constructed. Subsequently by defining the appropriate change of coordinates and using the backstepping design strategy, an adaptive fuzzy backstepping position tracking control scheme is proposed for multi-robot manipulator systems. By utilizing the properties of internal forces, extra terms are also added to the control signals to consider the force tracking problem. Moreover, it is shown that the proposed adaptive fuzzy backstepping position/force control approach ensures all the signals of the closed loop system uniformly ultimately bounded and tracking errors of both positions and forces can converge to small desired values by proper selection of the design parameters. Finally, the theoretic achievements are tested on the two three-link planar robot manipulators cooperatively handling a common object to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

变胞机器人重构及转向时足着地柔顺性控制

变胞机器人能够根据外界环境变化在轮式行驶和足式行走两种运动模式间自然切换,因此兼具在平整结构路面上快速行驶和在崎岖山地越障行走的能力。基于广义坐标法建立了变胞机器人转向重构过程的运动学模型,考虑到重构过程中摆动腿与环境接触时存在较大冲击,提出了利用阻抗控制方法实现摆动腿着地柔顺控制。在传统阻抗控制的基础上,基于李雅普诺夫渐进稳定性定理设计了自适应阻抗控制器,并利用粒子群优化算法对阻抗控制参数进行了优化。通过在不同环境刚度下仿真分析,证实了经过参数优化后的自适应阻抗控制器能够很好地实现对期望接触力的跟随,提高了变胞机器人对未知多变环境的适应性。最后针对变胞机器人转向重构过程中足着地进行了路面实验,进一步证实了优化后的自适应阻抗控制方法的优越性。     

面向打磨机械臂的模糊自适应阻抗控制算法

为解决打磨机械臂在加工过程中轨迹移动和末端接触力的控制问题,讨论了一种自适应阻抗算法,能够实现力和位置的柔顺控制,并保证系统的运动稳定。同时引入模糊控制理论,对阻抗参数进行实时调整。以简化模型二自由度机械臂为例进行仿真实验。仿真结果表明,模糊自适应阻抗算法能够较为准确地控制机械臂末端的接触力,降低系统的超调,改善实时性,可以提高打磨机械臂的工作效率,在一定程度上满足打磨的精度要求。     

面向快速拆装的模块化机器人柔顺控制方法

在进行快速拆装任务时,模块化机器人既要有较高的伺服刚度与结构强度,又要对接触物体表现出一定的顺从特性,为此,提出一种面向快速拆装的模块化机器人柔顺控制方法。分析机器人拆装时的正逆向运动学,获取末端执行器与基座间的总坐标转换形式,以及对应关节的旋转角度,调整模块力的反馈作用,令阻抗与导纳趋于动态均衡。基于机器人与外界环境间作用力,建立模块阻抗关系,推算柔顺控制规律,利用设计的自适应柔顺控制模型,取得期望控制力,令模块到达期望位置。实验测试中,使机器人模块随实验人员手部移动,跟随运动轨迹表明,其能够较好地适应手部给予的未知力,各方向上的跟随速度与作用力拟合情况以及零件实际装配结果较为优越,具备良好的控制稳定性,且满足快速拆装时的柔顺控制基本需求。     

阻抗控制框架下基于关节力矩反馈的机器人零力控制

针对当前示教器示教过程烦琐、效率低下以及对操作者技能水平要求高等缺点,提出了一种阻抗控制框架下基于关节力矩反馈的机器人零力控制方法,适用于机械臂的直接拖动示教。该方法采用阻抗控制框架,通过设置低刚度增益的方式,无需获取精确的动力学参数便可实现良好的零力控制效果。同时,区别于基于六维力传感器的零力控制方法,该方法不仅可对机械臂末端进行拖动,还可实现在关节空间下对机械臂任意关节的拖动。最后,在自行设计搭建的机器人平台上进行拖动实验。实验结果表明,该方法鲁棒性强、性能稳定,并可实现对机械臂任意关节的零力控制。     

Current based compliance control method for minimizing an impact force at collision of service robot arm

A motion of a robot manipulator under environment for human and robot to coexist should be able to quickly sense external force and react for minimizing a damage due to physical contacts. In the absence of sensing external force, relative motions between robot and human are not predictable and unexpected collisions may occur at some position during motion of the robot arm. This paper proposes a real-time collision detection method and a compliance control based on detecting abnormal current value to minimize an impact force at the moment of collision between service robot arm and unknown obstacle. In the introduced method, the extra sensors such as the Force/Toque sensor or the visual sensor to detect the collision are not necessary. Instead of these sensors, the collision detection and the safety motion are achieved by a simple method based on the current characteristics in according to operating of each joint motor of robot manipulator. In order to evaluate the performance for minimizing an impact force, the proposed method is applied to the developed light weight robot arm for a service robot.     

工业机械手视觉/力混合控制方案研究

对于未标定刚性环境,给出一种基于位置的视觉/力混合控制策略,实现对机械手的运动控制。在视觉引导下,机械手的末端寻找并稳定接触目标物体;当接触完全建立后,采用视觉和力同时控制机械手的运动。在任务空间内,基于边缘的刚体跟踪器把动态过程中的线性动态误差提供给局部稳定的观测器。实验和仿真结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

基于非线性微分方程的机械臂运动位置控制方法

针对当前机械臂运动位置控制方法存在机械臂关节节点位置的跟踪效果差和机械臂运动位置控制能力差的问题,提出基于非线性微分方程的机械臂运动位置控制方法。首先对机械臂动力学进行分析,获取内部三连杆结构作用原理和机械臂动力学目标函数,再利用坐标求权矩阵重构机械臂动力学目标函数,获取机械臂相关的非线性微分方程,将非线性微分方程的输出结果,即机械臂动力学参数代入 CPG 神经网络中,构建机械臂运动控制模型。实验结果表明,所提方法的械臂关节节点位置跟踪效果好、机械臂运动位置控制能力强。     

Trajectory planning and base attitude restoration of dual-arm free-floating space robot by enhanced bidirectional approach

When free-floating space robots perform space tasks, the satellite base attitude is disturbed by the dynamic coupling. The disturbance of the base orientation may affect the communication between the space robot and the control center on earth. In this paper, the enhanced bidirectional approach is proposed to plan the manipulator trajectory and eliminate the final base attitude variation. A novel acceleration level state equation for the nonholonomic problem is proposed, and a new intermediate variable-based Lyapunov function is derived and solved for smooth joint trajectory and restorable base trajectories. In the method, the state equation is first proposed for dual-arm robots with and without end constraints, and the system stability is analyzed to obtain the system input. The input modification further increases the system stability and simplifies the calculation complexity. Simulations are carried out in the end, and the proposed method is validated in minimizing final base attitude change and trajectory smoothness. Moreover, the minute internal force during the coordinated operation and the considerable computing efficiency increases the feasibility of the method during space tasks.     

基于Pro/E和ADAMS的欠驱动苹果采摘机械手运动学仿真分析

将欠驱动技术应用于农业采摘领域,欠驱动手指作为水果采摘机器人的末端执行器.对手爪的抓取力进行了分析,利用Pro/E完成对苹果采摘机械手的虚拟设计与装配;利用ADAMS对机械手进行运动学、动力学仿真,获得其速度、加速度和接触力的变化情况曲线,仿真结果表明,机械手的设计符合要求,并为实现机械手的控制提供了重要依据.     

电梯导轨校准机器人力位控制研究

针对电梯导轨校准机器人校准电梯导轨时,校准精度低和校准力不可控等问题,提出一种基于改进的粒子群-模糊PD(PsoFuzzyPD)的电梯导轨校准机器人力位控制方法。首先,根据力位控制需求设计了电梯导轨校准机器人的整体控制框架;其次,设计了基于改进的粒子群-模糊PD控制器作为机器人力位控制器的内环控制器;最后,根据机器人的力控制需求设计了阻抗控制器、sigmoid函数的阻抗控制判别模块和期望力控制模块。仿真结果表明,所提方法的力控响应超调更小,震荡更少,笛卡尔空间的轨迹跟踪偏差也更小,可以有效控制导轨校准力和导轨校准精度,在电梯导轨安装领域拥有很好的推广应用价值。     

A compliance control strategy for robot manipulators under unknown environment

In this paper, a compliance control strategy for robot manipulators that employs a self-adjusting stiffness function is proposed. Based on the contact force, each entry of the diagonal stiffness matrix corresponding to a task coordinate in the operational space is adaptively adjusted during contact along the corresponding axis. The proposed method can be used for both the unconstrained and constrained motions without any switching mechanism which often causes undesirable instability and/or vibrational motion of the end-effector. The experimental results involving a two-link direct drive manipulator interacting with an unknown environment demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Control of impulsive contact force between mobile manipulator and environment using effective mass and damping controls

Recently, mobile manipulators are being widely employed for various service robots in human environments. Safety is the most important requirement for the operation of mobile robot in a human-populated environment. Indeed, safe human-machine interaction is one of grand challenges in robotics research. This paper proposes a novel control method to reduce impulsive compact force between a mobile manipulator and its environment by using optimized manipulator inertia and damping-based motion control. To find the optimized configuration through null space motion, the combined potential function method is proposed considering both the minimum effective mass and joint limit constraints. The results of this study show that the inertia optimization along with a damping controller significantly reduces the impulsive force upon collision and the contact force after collision.     

机械手在完成粗糙表面磨削操作的力及位置混合控制

分析了机械手在粗糙表面上进行磨削操作的动力学特性，计算了保证机械手完成上述操作所需的控制力矩。通过引人运动学及动力学因子ｄｎ、Ｆｎ和Ｆｔ来识别这一变结构的动力学过程，即自由运动、碰撞和沿粗糙表面的滑动。针对这些不同的运动状态，提出了不同的控制策略，在自由运动状态，采用常用的计算力矩控制法，而在粗糙表面运动时，为了取得力及位置的混合控制，提出了一种动力学解耦的线性反馈控制法，它将原先的非线性机械手系统分解成一组解耦的线性子系统，这样就可以独立地控制机械抓手的运动位置和接触力。给出的一个机械手完成磨削过程的算例验证了本文算法的有效性。     

基于环境刚度模糊自适应估计的机器人力控制

在未知环境中为实现精确的接触力控制,需要力控制器能够适应环境的变化。该文将多模型模糊控制器引入到机器人力控制中来适应未知环境的变化,针对几种典型的接触环境刚度设计相应的模糊控制器。由于在环境变化时,很难得到精确的环境刚度值,该文对环境刚度进行模糊自适应估计,进而确定各个模糊力控制器的加权系数,模糊力控制器生成机器人位置控制系统的输入指令。仿真研究表明所设计的控制器是可行和有效的。     

Design and experimental evaluation of a robust force controller for a 6-link electro-hydraulic manipulator via h∞ control theory

Uninterrupted power supply has become indispensable during the maintenance task of active electric power lines as a result of today’s highly information-oriented society and increasing demand of electric utilities. This maintenance task has the risk of electric shock and the danger of falling from high place. Therefore it is necessary to realize an autonomous robot system using electro-hydraulic manipulators because hydraulic manipulators have the advantage of electric insulation and power/mass density. Meanwhile an electro-hydraulic manipulator using hydraulic actuators has many nonlinear elements, and its parameter fluctuations are greater than those of an electrically driven manipulator. So it is relatively difficult to realize not only stable contact work but also accurate force control for the autonomous assembly tasks using hydraulic manipulators. In this paper, the robust force control of a 6-link electro-hydraulic manipulator system used in the real maintenance task of active electric lines is examined in detail. A nominal model for the system is obtained from experimental frequency responses of the system, and the deviation of the manipulator system from the nominal model is derived by a multiplicative uncertainty. Robust disturbance observers for force control are designed using this information in an H∞ framework, and implemented on the two different setups. Experimental results show that highly robust force tracking by a 6-link electro-hydraulic manipulator could be achieved even if the stiffness of environment and the shape of wall change. This work was supported partly by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) through the Research Center for Machine Parts and Materials Processing (ReMM) at University of Ulsan.