具有力/位感知的仿人假手拇指机构

为使假手运动速度更快、更稳定,体积更小,基于耦合原理设计了假手的拇指机构;为使假手更加智能化,集成了力矩和位置感知装置,使之能够感知手指的绝对位置和指尖出力.该拇指由1个电机驱动,由3个关节组成,电机、减速箱和伞齿轮减速装置全部嵌入在手掌内部,近指节和中指节之间采用了平面四杆和空间四杆驱动方式,使手指的外观和运动轨迹更加拟人化.实验表明,手指抓取速度快且在运动的起点和终点没有震动,抓取过程更加仿人化,能够完成正向捏取、三指捏取、柱状抓取等人手大部分抓取功能,能够满足残疾人基本生活需要.     

仿人假手柔性食指机构研究

针对仿人假手抓取物体欠柔性问题,从提高假手操作灵活性、手指柔性角度,设计欠驱动多自由度柔性食指机构,并进行手指运动学分析和工作空间分析.研究建立了食指机构的简化模型,假手的食指由一个独立的电机带动,采用钢丝绳合并连杆机构驱动,并基于运动学分析了食指机构.结果表明:在选取适当手指机构尺寸及各关节的转角范围后,获得了指端的工作空间及相对于手掌的位置;手指关节内加入扭簧,抓取物体时,假手表现出良好的柔性和形状自适应性.     

腱驱动假手手指运动及力分析

为优化多自由度假手的机械结构,降低其复杂性以及提高其可靠性,采用腱驱动方法实现假手单手 指的独立运动．腱驱动假手手指由驱动腱、钢丝轮、3个指节、3个关节及关节扭簧等构成,关节扭簧实现关节 的预紧和腱松弛后关节的回复运动．对弹簧刚度进行优化设计,实现腱驱动的手指各关节的顺序弯曲及手指 的大抓握．分析了手指抓取时各指节所受接触力与钢丝轮驱动力矩之间的关系．建立了手指的动力学模型, 得到手指的动力学方程．数值计算与仿真分析比较证明了理论计算的正确性,手指运动及抓握实验证明了该 种结构手指的可行性．腱驱动的假手手指具有零件少、结构简单、可靠性高等优点,为多自由度假手的研制提 供了有利条件     

欠驱动假手手指抓取力的研究

为了满足欠驱动手进行复杂作业的需要,基于欠驱动原理建立了手指对物体的抓取力模型和基于力的阻抗控制策略.对应于任一手指姿态,抓取力模型可以准确得到基关节抓握力矩和手指各指节抓取力的关系;采用基于力的阻抗控制策略,实现了基关节抓取力控制.实验证明,手指能够稳定地抓取鸡蛋这样比较滑、容易碎、形状复杂且有一定质量,需要稳定和平衡抓取力的物体,其成功率达80%以上.而这是单纯用手指的基关节力控制很难做到的(成功率只有不到20%).手指抓取力模型和阻抗控制策略的建立大大增强了假手进行复杂作业,抓取复杂物体的能力.     

三自由度仿人型假手及其肌电控制策略

为了弥补当前商用单自由度假手康复功能的局限性,基于欠驱动原理设计了一种新型的三自由度仿人型假手.采用3枚电机分别驱动假手的拇指、食指以及其余三指,完成了15个活动关节在抓取物体时的调控.基于假手自由度的配置,采用支撑向量机方法,讨论了人手共19种姿态肌电模式的识别,并将其应用于假手的实时控制.实验结果表明,基于肌电信号能以较高成功率识别人手部的多种姿态,并可以直接应用至假手的动作控制,体现了较高的灵活性.     

基于机电一体化的机器人灵巧手手指的研制

运用机电一体化设计思想,设计了新一代灵巧手手指,具有3个自由度,由3个体积小、出力大的无刷直流电机驱动,机械传动系统采用刚性的减速器、齿轮及连杆传动,使手指具有很好的刚度.该手指具有丰富的感觉功能,包括位置感觉、力/力矩感觉以及温度感觉等.该手指集机械本体、驱动、传感器及电路为一体,最大限度地实现了灵巧手手指的集成化、模块化.     

HIT/DLR仿人假手拇指机构的研究

为了使假手在外观和抓握方式上更加仿人化,基于欠驱动原理系统地设计了仿人假手的拇指．它由一个电机驱动,2个关节组成．其设计和以往假手的拇指有较大的不同：倾斜于手掌放置,其电机、带轮和谐波减速器全部嵌入在手掌内部;可以在抓握时沿空间上一锥面运动;将欠驱动原理在手指的运用上,从平面运动拓广到空间的运动．这使得假手拇指在外型和运动方式上和人的拇指极其相似．并对拇指的空间连杆机构进行了运动学分析,以确定其结构参数．实验表明,所设计的仿人拇指和人的拇指极其接近,并且在抓握时和其他手指配合,具有很强的自适应能力,能够实现对复杂物体的包络、精确抓握和力量抓握．使该假手更加美观、仿人、实用．     

欠驱动自适应式捕获装置设计

空间捕获作业是在轨服务的重要组成部分,采用全驱动关节式机械臂进行空间捕获存在结构复杂、质量大等问题。本文针对空间捕获作业的设计要求,提出一种具有折展和抓取功能的欠驱动自适应式空间捕获装置。该装置采用行星传动实现1个驱动源驱动2个关节的转动,该装置包括三个3自由度的欠驱动机械手指,采用4个电机驱动9个关节运动,且对被捕获对象具有自适应能力。介绍了捕获手抓的设计方案、工作原理,建立捕获装置单指的坐标系,对捕获装置进行了运动学分析。最后通过样机捕获实验,验证了该装置能够实现不同外形尺寸目标的自适应捕获。     

欠驱动四指灵巧手的设计与研究

传统的全驱动灵巧手独立驱动单元过多,控制复杂,体积和重量过大,造价高昂,限制了其实际应用.欠驱动多指手在保证一定运动灵活性条件下,极大地降低了系统成本,具有驱动单元少、控制器相对简单的特点,体现出更高的实际应用价值.本文提出一种通过腱、滑轮传动的欠驱动多指手的设计方案.给出了多指手的机械结构,以及拇指的独特设计.通过对手指静态构形的分析,讨论了影响多指手运动的关键部件关节弹簧的选取原则和方法.建立了手指的抓取静力学模型.在此基础上,分析了多指手抓取物体时弹射现象的形成.通过计算机仿真和实物实验,验证了能够利用4个电机实现4个手指的抓握、伸展和抓取不同形状的物体,且具有较强的抓取物体的能力.     

连杆侧无传感器下机器人柔性关节系统的零力控制

针对机器人直接示教应用场景,提出机器人柔性关节系统在连杆侧无传感器下的零力控制方法. 引入动态LuGre摩擦模型进行关节摩擦力矩估计,采用2段四次多项式建立柔性关节系统刚度模型,基于广义动量观测关节力矩. 该方法利用刚度逆模型以及关节力矩估算谐波减速器扭转位移,结合谐波减速器运动传递特性估计连杆侧角度并计算重力矩,利用连杆动力学方程估计接触力矩. 构建期望的电机驱动力矩（包含估计的重力矩、摩擦力矩与接触力矩）,通过对该期望电机驱动力矩的跟踪实现零力控制. 在搭建的机器人柔性关节系统实验平台上进行实验. 实验结果表明,完成相同的拖动示教过程时,该方法所需要的接触力矩约为1.8 N·m. 基于重力矩与摩擦力矩补偿的零力控制方法需要接触力矩约为3.4 N·m. 功率级脱离示教所需要的接触力矩约为14 N·m,验证了所提方法的实际效果.     

Design and modeling for a kind of humanoid dexterous hand with elastic palm

With dexterous hands, robots can improve the work scope and work ability significantly. As palms of the existing multi-hand robots are made of steel plates that have small contact area, the robots cannot grab firmly. In this study, a new five-fingered dexterous robot hand is developed. Having flexible palm with 17 degree of freedoms （ DOFs）, the hand can grasp more stably and firm- ly. First, the forward kinematics and inverse kinematics of the fingers and the hand are calculated. Then, the connection between the force exerting on the end effectors and the torque exerting on the joint is set up, laying the foundation for the following control. Finally, through the analysis and sim- ulation of the position, velocity and acceleration, the trajectory planning has a better performance.     

HIT anthropomorphic robotic hand and finger motion control

Researchonanthropomorphichandsisoneofthemostactiveareasinrobotics.Ingeneral,thesehandsaredividedintotwocategories:oneconsistsofmulti sensor,multi degreeoffreedomandmulti fingereddex teroushands,suchasNASAHandandDLRHand[1～3].Thesekindsofhands,withhighinte…     

A five-fingered underactuated prosthetic hand： hardware and its control scheme

A five-fingered underactuated prosthetic hand controlled by surface EMG (electromyographic) signals is presented in this paper. The prosthetic hand was designed with simplicity, lightweight and dexterity on the requirement of anthropomorphic hands. Underactuated self-adaptive theory was adopted to decrease the number of motors and weight. The control part of the prosthetic hand was based on a surface EMG motion pattern classifier which combines LM-based (Levenberg-Marquardt) neural network with the parametric AR (autoregressive) model. This motion pattern classifier can successfully identify the flexions of the thumb, the index finger and the middle finger by measuring the surface EMG signals through two electrodes mounted on the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus. Furthermore, via continuously controlling a single finger's motion, the five-fingered underactuated prosthetic hand can achieve more prehensile postures such as power grasp, centralized grip, fingertip grasp, cylindrical grasp, etc. The experimental results show that the classifier has a great potential application to the control of bionic man-machine systems because of its fast learning speed, high recognition capability and strong robustness.     

人手到灵巧手指尖运动映射的实现

在人手到灵巧手的运动映射方面，人手和灵巧手在运动学上的异构现象造成了二者之 间运动映射的困难。本文研究灵巧手的抓持规划，通过主从操作来实现。提出了一种基 于虚拟手指的直角空间指尖运动映射方法实现人手到灵巧手的运动映射，以数据手套为人机 接口，测量手指的关节角度，建立手的运动学模型，根据运动学模型计算出指尖运动轨迹， 完成指尖在抓取过程中的运动学分析，记录指尖在直角坐标空间的运动轨迹，实现了人手和 灵巧手的三维运动仿真，完成了三维工作空间的可视化。在虚拟环境下，运动仿真验证了映 射算法，证明了其有效性。     

Design and control of integrated pneumatic dexterous robot finger

Based on flexible pneumatic actuator (FPA), bending joint and side-sway joint, a new kind of pneumatic dexterous robot finger was developed. The finger is equipped with one five-component force sensor and four contactless magnetic rotary encoders. Mechanical parts and FPAs are integrated, which reduces the overall size of the finger. Driven by FPA directly, the joint output torque is more accurate and the friction and vibration can be effectively reduced. An improved adaptive genetic algorithm (IAGA) was adopted to solve the inverse kinematics problem of the redundant finger. The statics of the finger was analyzed and the relation between fingertip force and joint torque was built. Finally, the finger force/position control principle was introduced. Tracking experiments of fingertip force/position were carried out. The experimental results show that the fingertip position tracking error is within ±1 mm and the fingertip force tracking error is within ±0.4 N. It is also concluded from the theoretical and experimental results that the finger can be controlled and it has a good application prospect.     

一种水下灵巧手指端力测量方法的研究

为了实现水下灵巧手对物体安全的抓取和准确确定其在手指上的位置,需开发一种能同时测量出力的大小和位置的传感器,而且该传感器适应水下作业环境.文中采用水压力补偿技术,建立了基于圆筒式测力结构的水下灵巧手末端指节的结构模型.对该结构的测力原理进行理论分析,验证该结构的合理性并推导出测量原理方程.对末端指节进行标定实验,计算出标定矩阵.采用ATMEGA微控制器建立测量系统,在陆上和浅水环境中对该指节的力感知能力进行测试,结果显示在水下和陆上的测量结果一致,且测试精度满足目前水下灵巧手研究的要求.     

The design and implementation of virtual hand grasp behavior process in virtual assembly

Virtual hand is an important medium for implementation of human-computer interaction in the process of virtual assembly. And the comparability between the action of virtual hand and real man-hand has always been regarded as one of the important criteria to judge whether the virtual environment has the property of immersion. On the basis of analyzing the relative position,posture,and motion behavior relationship between virtual hand and the object to be operated during virtual assembly,this paper proposed an implementation method of combining grasp index with collision detecting technology for identifying grasp action of virtual hand. The method is to identify grasp/quit using grasp index and to implement joint angle adjustment through simulation cyclic iteration and joint angle interpolation calculation. Although some traditional method identifying the grasp action on the basis of the shape of the object is operated,the simulation result getting from virtual environment created by EON STUDIO shows that it has good features of serviceability and fidelity to realize operation control of virtual hand.