Housing conditions and rural development in Kenya

Little is known about the rural housing conditions in Sub‐Saharan Africa; the scant information about the housing situation in this macro‐region refers to the urban areas. This article describes present housing conditions in three rather different districts of Kenya against the background of government policy. The observed housing conditions are interpreted in relation to the processes of socio‐economic change in the districts. Subsequently, the factors responsible for the present housing situation in the rural areas are identified with emphasis on the household level Major determinants appear to be the resource position of households in terms of land, labour and livestock, and the stability of monetary incomes over time. Finally, a number of conclusions are drawn regarding the changes in rural housing conditions during the post‐independence period and the forces that influenced this process.     

基于统筹城乡发展中农村发展的思考

对我国农村发展的现状进行了分析,对统筹城乡发展中农村发展的三个主要因素农民、企业和政府各自的优劣势进行了论述,提出了以上三者合作下农村发展的三条出路,即生态旅游产业之路、生态工业产业之路和生态农业产业之路,并通过对实例进行研究来解决农村发展的出路问题。     

Conceptualizing and quantifying factors influencing growth and development of rural economies

A paradigm of relationships influencing the growth and development of rural economies is developed. Causal relationships depicted in the paradigm are used as the basis for the delineation of a mathematical model. The mathematical model forms the foundation of an empirical analysis of forces influencing the growth and development of rural communities in Indiana. Parameters of the model are estimated via OLS regression. Alternative model estimation techniques are discussed. Empirical findings provide quantitative estimates of relative weights on forces influencing growth and development. Implications of the analysis for community decision makers are outlined.Data for this research were collected while Dr. Debertin was at Purdue University.     

农村发展与规划对策的探讨

在社会主义新农村建设的战略指导之下,以长治地区新农村规划建设为例,分析了村庄规划中存在的问题,对农村发展对策与空间建设模式进行了探讨,从发展经济、村庄整治等方面对新农村建设提出一些方法,从而为新农村的建设明确了方向。     

谈农村生活垃圾现状及转运技术

通过总结相关资料,指出农村生活垃圾数量的急剧上升已成为一个严峻的环境问题,探讨了目前我国农村生活垃圾的转运情况,并提出了适合农村垃圾转运系统的选择方法,以防止垃圾在转运过程中产生二次污染,提高清运效率。     

乡村旅游发展模式探析

结合当前乡村旅游的发展情况,针对目前乡村旅游发展中存在的各种问题进行了分析,在此基础上提出了搞好基础设施建设,加强对乡村景观的保护规划等对策,并阐述了未来乡村旅游的发展模式,以期指导实践。     

谈农村住宅建设的产业化发展

分析了农村住宅建设存在的问题，阐述了农村住宅建设的产业化发展的设想，提出了适合产业化发展的农村住宅设计方案，对促进我国村镇的全面小康建设具有十分重要的意义。     

重庆城市发展新区村镇住宅建筑用能模型

通过对重庆市城市发展新区村镇住宅建筑能耗的全年调研,得到了重庆城市发展新区村镇居民的用能习惯及村镇建筑的能耗水平。采用分类归纳法,对家用电器测试归纳,并对非用电设施调研估算归纳。基于实测数据和调研估算数据建立了重庆城市发展新区村镇住宅建筑用能模型,并进行验证。结果表明,重庆城市发展新区村镇住宅能源消费形式以电为主,为电＋燃气＋薪柴＋煤＋太阳能的混合型结构;村镇居民用能习惯在使用何种能源的选择上存在差异,但对同一种能源的使用差异性不大。实测数据表明,所建立的村镇住宅建筑用能模型能准确反映重庆城市发展新区新村镇住宅建筑用能的实际情况。     

基于城乡统筹发展的城乡结合部村庄转型研究

分析了城乡结合部村庄的特点以及转型中存在的问题,并对城乡结合部村庄转型问题的原因进行分析,针对城乡结合部村庄的成功转型和持续发展提出了创新的对策和建议。     

乡村旅游开发指引下的四川村镇聚落景观衍变

以四川省兴文县周家镇天星村在新农村建设背景下的乡村旅游开发途径为例,通过对天星村乡村资源分析、新农村建设指引下发展模式的探索,探讨了乡村旅游开发指引下的聚落景观衍变途径与打造方式,以供参考。     

对农村房地产发展的探讨

从规划、设计、施工、农民综合素质及政府部门等角度概述了我国农村住宅建设现状,分析了在我国农村发展房地产的意义,并对我国农村房地产的发展提出了一些建议,从而促进我国农村建设的发展.     

Fossil energy and rural reconstruction: Potential for sustainable development

Environmental problems such as smog, acid rain and the greenhouse effect have drawn increased attention to the role of fossil energy. To obtain sustainable development, a reduction in fossil energy consumption is necessary, in urban as well as in rural areas. In rural areas, land use and land exploitation as well as energy consumption depend on such factors as soil properties, water management systems and physical layout. These factors, and in this way the energy consumption, can be influenced by rural reconstructions. Modern rural reconstructions aim at improvement of land and water use conditions, accessibility, and conditions for outdoor recreation and for nature development. Energy productivity and consumption for various land uses as related to reconstruction of the countryside have been studied. This research paper focuses on the improvement of water management and parcellation, the rural road system, outdoor recreation and landscape-ecological systems. Results are applied to the Melderslo Land Reallocation Project in the southern Province of Limburg, in the Netherlands. Environmental problems require a reduction in fossil energy consumption, part of which has to be achieved in rural areas. This study shows that rural reconstruction can contribute to this goal.     

Community input-output models for rural area analysis with an example from central Idaho

In this paper we outline an I-O modeling approach tailored to the needs of rural area analysis. We cover four essential features. First, the rural area I-O model must convey an individual community focus. Second, the household sector must be defined in a manner that specifically captures the great openness of rural community economies. Third, the model should offer a degree of closure that provides an assessment of the community economic base. And finally, the rural community I-O model must be defined to include estimates of intercommunity trade, and intercommunity multiplier effects. Having laid the theoretical foundations, we identify subcounty data sources, and describe a collection of nonsurvey and hybrid approaches for estimating model components. The community I-O approach is illustrated next, with an empirical example from central Idaho. The paper closes with a discussion that considers the implications of community I-O in other contexts, including I-O analysis in less developed countries, and in addressing modeling issues in larger nonrural regions. Received: 7 March 1996 / Accepted in revised form: 26 February 1997     

The economic effects of facilitating the flow of rural workers to urban employment in China

Using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model of the Chinese economy we investigate the economic effects of relaxing China's household registration system over the period 2008 to 2020. The modelling results show that reducing the institutional restriction to rural labour movement will encourage rural workers to move from agricultural and rural non‐agricultural sectors into urban sectors. This enhanced labour movement will not only increase China's GDP and real consumption of households but it will also raise the real wages of agricultural and rural non‐agricultural workers. Although the real wage of rural migrant workers will increase at a slightly lower rate than in the baseline scenario, rural migrant workers remain considerably better paid than agricultural and rural non‐agricultural workers.     

Links between rural development and crime

Over the past few years, metropolitan crime has fallen in the United States while nonmetropolitan crime has continued to increase. This article examines nonmetropolitan crime during the period 1977–1995, and describes its characteristics and spatial dynamics. The article outlines eight categories of causal factors and investigates their role in nonmetropolitan county crime variation using regression analysis. This analysis shows that many variables commonly identified with “rural development” are associated with crime. The article concludes by recommending that planners anticipate the social effects of popular rural revitalization strategies, such as tourism, retirement communities, highways, and service sector development. Received: 3 March 1998 / Accepted: 23 November 1998     

The undermining of rural labor out-migration by household strategies in China's migrant-sending areas: The case of Nanyang,Henan Province

Although migrant labor shortages have affected migrant-receiving areas in Eastern China for many years, research shows that there is still an abundance of laborers in rural China. Therefore, the dynamics that undermine the out-migration of rural laborers in migrant-sending areas is a critical factor in the pace of China's urbanization process. Public policies promulgated by the central government focus on institutional reform, such as offering urban hukou³ to rural migrants. Still, the decision-making processes of rural villagers and potential migrants remain unclear. Based on a case study of 32 townships in Nanyang, and further investigation in nine migrant-sending provinces, this paper probes into the livelihood strategies of rural households, rather than accepting the current conclusions of many Western research models. Preliminary findings reveal that rural livelihood strategies are undermining further out-migration of rural laborers in migrant-sending areas in three ways: 1) income diversification strategies that reflect emerging local off-farm job opportunities; 2) peri-urbanization driven by rural hukou that rural residents find increasingly attractive compared to urban hukou; and 3) localized urbanization driven by rural industrialization, better public services and rural residents' desire to keep families intact. These findings differ from previous explanations of the coexistence of migrant labor shortages and an abundant rural labor supply. Most importantly, they suggest that opening urban hukou entitlement will not promote further rural-to-urban migration per se to the extent that is generally assumed, unless a more coordinated rural–urban development model can be achieved to change rural household livelihood diversification strategies.     

Systems analysis and model building techniques in rural development

Systems analysis and model building techniques have been extensively applied to both urban and industrial sectors. The possibility of applying these concepts to the area of rural development is considered and the practical use of these concepts in Malawi is discussed.     

统筹城乡规划建设 促进城乡和谐发展

针对目前我国城乡格局发生变化的现状,提出科学规划城乡空间布局、重点优化城乡基础设施建设、关键抓好城乡产业协调、着力统筹城乡公共服务一体化的城乡规划建设策略,以促进城乡和谐发展。     

新时期农村公路建养体制的问题与对策

在分析农村公路建养现状及存在问题的基础上,从健全农村公路养护管理体制、推进农村公路养护生产市场化、建立多元筹资模式等方面,探讨了农村公路建养体制改进措施,以使农村公路养护工作更加规范。     

国内乡村旅游发展的理论模式及实践经验

对国内乡村旅游发展的理论模式进行了总结,并结合成功的实践经验进行分析与对比,阐述了乡村旅游发展对于反贫困的意义,以期能够对我国未来乡村旅游发展提供思考及发展导向。