Signal integrity and propagation delay analysis using FDTD technique for VLSI interconnects

In UDSM technology, on-chip interconnect wires form a complex geometry and introduces wire and coupling parasitics. The coupling parasitics (M,C _C ) introduce crosstalk noise which may lead to critical delays/logic malfunctions. This paper analyzes the dependency of crosstalk noise and delay on coupling parasitics for simultaneously switching inputs using FDTD technique. The FDTD method is used because it is a strong mathematical platform for the analysis of time domain behavior of coupled lines. For implementation of FDTD algorithm, discretizations are carried out in time and space both. To ensure stability in FDTD solution, the discrete voltage points are interlaced by current points in both space and time. To validate the proposed method, FDTD computations are carried out and results are compared with those of conventional SPICE results. A good agreement of FDTD results has been observed with respect to SPICE results. An average error of less than 2 % is observed for the proposed FDTD algorithm with respect to SPICE.     

Thermally aware performance analysis of single-walled carbon nanotube bundle as VLSI interconnects

A comparative performance analysis in terms of delay, power dissipation, power delay product (PDP), and crosstalk noise between SWCNT bundle interconnects with resistance estimated using conventionally (temperature independent model), and thermally aware model is investigated. The results are also compared with those of currently used copper interconnects at 22 nm technology node. It is observed that, with rise in temperature from 300 to 500 K, SWCNT bundles have a lower delay than that of copper interconnect at different lengths from 100 to \(1000\,\upmu \hbox {m}\) whereas reverse is true for power dissipation. The SPICE simulation results further reveal that for temperature variations ranging from 300 to 500 K, compared to conventional metal (copper) conductors, crosstalk noise voltage levels (positive peaks) in capacitively coupled SWCNT bundle, at the far end of victim line, are significantly low. Moreover, a relative average improvement in delay, power, and PDP using a thermally aware model in comparison with a temperature independent model is about 22.44, 7.59 and 31.96 %, respectively, with length variations from 100 to \(1000\,\upmu \hbox {m}\), whereas for varied tube diameter is about 16.6, 5.6 and 19.72 %, respectively. The average relative improvement in the time duration reduction of victim output, for varied tube diameters, is about 21.7 % by using a thermally-aware model instead of a temperature-independent model of an SWCNT bundle resistance.     

Temperature dependant crosstalk analysis in coupled single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) bundle interconnects

The temperature‐dependent, crosstalk‐induced, noise voltage waveform and its frequency spectrum, in capacitive coupled single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) bundle interconnects, at the far end of victim line, have been analyzed at 22‐nm technology node. A similar analysis is performed for copper interconnects and a comparison is made between the results of these two analyses. The SPICE simulation results reveal that at temperature variations ranging from 300 to 500 K, compared with conventional metal (copper) conductors, crosstalk noise voltage levels in CNT, at the far end of victim line, are significantly low. Simulated results further reveal that, with rise in interconnect temperatures, compared with copper interconnects, coupled interconnects of SWCNT bundle filter more noise frequency components. Based on these comparative results, an improved model for extracting inter‐bundle, real life, coupling capacitances between SWCNT bundles has been proposed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Radial force calculation and acoustic noise prediction in switched reluctance machines

This paper presents an analytical method for calculating the radial force and predicting the acoustic noise in switched reluctance machines (SRMs). The main source of acoustic noise in an SRM is the radial magnetic force inducing resonant vibration with circumferential mode shapes of the stator. An analytical relationship between radial force and radial vibration is determined, which can be used to predict the noise power level at the frequency of operation. The vibration and sound are functions of machine dimensions, material properties, and rotational speed. The knowledge of the circumferential mode shapes of vibration, the natural mode frequencies of the stator, and the frequency spectrum of the radial magnetic force can be effectively utilized to design SRMs with minimal noise through geometrical design variations. The effect of the number of stator and rotor poles on acoustic noise can also be analyzed with the model presented in this paper. Magnetodynamic simulation by finite-element analysis software has also been carried out to verify the calculation of radial force using the proposed analytical model.     

散热片数对湿式潜水感应电机噪声影响分析

针对感应电机运行中的噪声问题,通过对一台160 kW潜水感应电机进行多物理场耦合有限元计算,结合解析法对径向电磁力的阶次和频率进行探究,分析了电机气隙中径向电磁力波的时空特性,并通过声学仿真进行了噪声的相关计算。考虑径向电磁力的二维傅里叶分解得到的结果和机壳模型模态的阶次与频率,分析说明了噪声的来源,提出可通过如调整电机机壳散热片数等方式改变电机模态在阶次与频率上的分布或降低机壳振动系数实现噪声控制的目的。     

Quadrature VCOs based on direct second harmonic locking: Theoretical analysis and experimental validation

We propose a theoretical analysis of the class of quadrature VCOs (QVCOs) based on two LC‐oscillators directly coupled by means of the second harmonic. The analysis provides the conditions for the existence and stability of steady‐state quadrature oscillations and a simplified model for the phase noise (PN) transfer function with respect to a noise source in parallel to the tank. We show that the figure of merit defined as the product between PN and current equals that of the single VCO, confirming that quadrature generation is achieved by this class of QVCO without degrading that figure of merit. An analytical model for the phase quadrature error due to tank mismatches is also proposed. The validity of all analytical models is discussed against numerical simulations. A practical implementation at 3.26 GHz with ±20% tuning range in a 0.13µm CMOS technology is also presented, confirming the main theoretical findings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A tabular source approach to modelling and simulating device and circuit noise in the time domain

Simulation of device and circuit noise at low frequencies is often carried out as part of a small‐signal ac analysis. Moreover, circuit simulators with rf analysis capabilities usually specify circuit performance in terms of S parameters and model high‐frequency noise in terms of noise waves and correlation matrices. It is also unusual to find circuit simulators that extend noise simulation to the time domain. This is particularly true for software packages developed from SPICE 2g6 or 3f5. This paper introduces a simple tabular noise source technique, which adds time‐domain noise to semiconductor device models and integrated circuit macromodels. The proposed technique is suitable for use with any general purpose circuit simulator. To demonstrate the power of the suggested approach the text describes time‐domain noise extensions to the SPICE diode, BJT, JFET, MOSFET and MESFET models. These noise extensions have been implemented and tested with the ‘Quite universal circuit simulator’ (Qucs). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reduced thickness interconnect model using GNR to avoid crosstalk effects

In this research article, we propose a reduced thickness multilayer graphene nanoribbon (MLGNR) interconnect model to reduce crosstalk effects. The \(10\times \) higher current capability of MLGNR than copper (Cu) makes it an attractive choice to alleviate electromigration problem. The lower resistance of MLGNR is also an important factor to reduce interconnect delay. We have shown that a reduced thickness interconnect structure using MLGNR can reduce the crosstalk effects significantly without compromising the other benefits. The analysis is performed for side-contact GNR (SC-GNR) and top-contact GNR (TC-GNR) structure. Our analysis shows that the reduced thickness side-contact GNR interconnects can achieve \(\sim \)1.02 to \(2.36\times \) reduction in crosstalk induced delay as compared with Cu. Our analysis also shows that the top-contact GNR structure with few layers can also achieve \(\sim \)1.58 to \(1.95\times \) reduction in crosstalk induced delay as compared with Cu. We have performed crosstalk noise and overshoot/undershoot analysis using our proposed model. It is shown that the near-end and far-end crosstalk noise and overshoot/undershoot for SC-GNR and TC-GNR structures are significantly smaller than that of Cu.     

Crosstalk analysis in CNT bundle interconnects for VLSI application

Crosstalk noise voltage levels have been estimated at the far end of a victim line in capacitive coupled single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) bundle interconnects under the influence of interconnect dimensions. The reported work on crosstalk analysis in SWCNT bundle interconnects to date have assumed the value of coupling capacitance as equivalent to the coupling effect between metal interconnects of same dimensions. In this paper, we propose an improved model to extract inter‐bundle real‐life coupling capacitances to fill that gap. A similar analysis is performed for a copper‐based interconnect, and comparison is made with result obtained for CNT‐based interconnect at 22‐nm technology. SPICE simulation results reveal that the crosstalk noise voltage level at the far end of the victim line in CNT bundles is significantly lower than that in conventional metal (copper) conductors in three different cases, keeping the pitch fixed but varying the value of interconnect spacing and width. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

FDTD algorithm to achieve absolute stability in performance analysis of SWCNT interconnects

Crosstalk analysis in very-large-scale (VLSI) interconnects is usually carried out using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) methods. However, the stability of FDTD is limited by the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) stability criteria. In this work, we propose an innovative FDTD algorithm to overcome the stability limitations due to the CFL criteria and make the analysis absolutely stable for all times. Using the proposed FDTD method, we analyze the response of coupled interconnects for symmetric and asymmetric inputs with both in-phase and out-of-phase switching. We further analyzed the functional switching and determined how to reduce noise peaks due to crosstalk. For all responses, we compared our new algorithm with HSPICE results, revealing greatly enhanced accuracy and central processing unit (CPU) runtime compared with conventional FDTD. Finally, relative and absolute stability analyses of the proposed FDTD method were carried out using Nyquist and Routh–Hurwitz (R–H) criteria.     

Crosstalk noise analysis in ternary logic multilayer graphene nanoribbon interconnects using shielding techniques

This paper presents an accurate structure for multilayer graphene nanoribbon (MLGNR) bundled interconnects to reduce the effects of crosstalk in ternary logic circuits. In the proposed structures, the signal line is surrounded by the shielding lines to reduce the crosstalk effects. The crosstalk effects such as noise peak, noise area, delay, and power consumptions are compared to effects produced by conventional methods. The impacts of process variation in the proposed structures are also presented. Additionally, the proposed MLGNR interconnect results are compared with the carbon nanotube interconnections. All the proposed circuits are implemented and simulated using HSPICE tool. The simulation results indicated that the passively shielded MLGNR interconnects provide lower crosstalk effects up to 47.7% and 69.4%, respectively, over the active and without shielded interconnects.     

Transformer‐coupled π‐network differential CMOS oscillator circuit topology

This paper reports a novel oscillator circuit topology based on a transformer‐coupled π‐network. As a case study, the proposed oscillator topology has been designed and studied for 60 GHz applications in the frame of the emerging fifth generation wireless communications. The analytical expression of the oscillation frequency is derived and validated through circuit simulations. The root‐locus analysis shows that oscillations occur only at that resonant frequency of the LC tank. Moreover, a closed‐form expression for the quality factor (Q) of the LC tank is derived which shows the enhancement of the equivalent quality factor of the LC tank due to the transformer‐coupling. Last, a phase noise analysis is reported and the analytical expressions of phase noise due to flicker and thermal noise sources are derived and validated by the results obtained through SpectreRF simulations in the Cadence design environment with a 28 nm CMOS process design kit commercially available. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Construction and power generation characteristics of H2O turbine power generation system utilizing waste heat from factories

A new gas turbine power generation system has been proposed, in which the steam (H₂O) produced by utilizing waste heat from factories is used as the working fluid of gas turbine. A simulation model has been constructed to estimate power generation characteristics of the proposed system by adopting C++ language. It has been shown from simulation results that the proposed system has high exergetic efficiency, that is, the total exergetic efficiency is 46.3% and fuel‐based efficiency is 56.3% for a case where steam with a temperature of 275 °C produced from a garbage incineration plant is used. Sensitivity analysis has also been carried out when usable steam temperature and pressure is changed, together with the case when condenser outlet pressure is changed. Characteristics of a dual fluid gas turbine cycle power generation system (DFGT) have also been estimated in this study. It has been shown that the proposed system has 16.9% higher exergetic efficiency and 41.8% higher fuel‐base exergetic efficiency compared with DFGT. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 130(1): 38–47, 2000     

Performance modeling and analysis of carbon nanotube bundles for future VLSI circuit applications

In this work, we have presented a comprehensive analysis of the performance of copper (Cu) and existing carbon nano tube (CNT) bundle structures (i.e. SWCNT, DWCNT and MWCNT) across nanometer technology nodes like 45, 32, 22 and 16 nm at local, intermediate and global level interconnects. Double walled carbon nano tubes (DWCNTs) and multi walled carbon nano tubes (MWCNTs) are modeled like simple single walled carbon nano tube (SWCNT) equivalent model with high accuracy. The analytical closed form delay expressions for SWCNT, DWCNT and MWCNT bundles have been found out. It has been observed that sparse SWCNT bundle interconnects show about 50 % performance improvement for 20 \(\upmu \) m long local level interconnects over Cu in 16 nm technology node, whereas the performance advantage numbers for MWCNT and sparse DWCNT bundles are 50 and 35 % respectively. For 200 \(\upmu \) m long intermediate level interconnects, the performance advantage numbers are 85, 80 and 75 % for dense SWCNT, MWCNT and dense DWCNT bundles respectively in 16 nm node. For 10 mm long global level interconnects, the performance advantage numbers are 85, 85 and 75 % for dense SWCNT, MWCNT and dense DWCNT bundles respectively in 16 nm node. It is also observed that the performance numbers improve with scaling for all levels of interconnects. It is also shown that the ratio of delay of CNT bundles and Cu for various levels of interconnects agree well with the existing work.     

Crosstalk‐noise‐aware bus coding with low‐power ground‐gated repeaters

Crosstalk noise is one of the serious reliability concerns in nanoscale integrated circuits. Repeater insertion together with shielding wires is a typical method to suppress crosstalk noise associated with global data bus. A new crosstalk‐noise‐aware bus coding scheme with ground‐gated repeaters is proposed in this paper to minimize the routing overhead as well as power consumption of data bus systems. A subset of 4‐to‐6 crosstalk‐noise‐aware codes is selected to minimize the number of simultaneous data transitions. The routing overhead is reduced by 12.31% with the new bus coding scheme compared with the conventional data bus with shielding wires. Furthermore, the leakage power and worst‐case active power consumptions are reduced by 12.5% and 18.26%, respectively, with the new crosstalk‐noise‐aware data bus system as compared with the previously published bus coding system in an industrial 40‐nm CMOS technology.     

雷电流在线监测系统中噪声干扰的处理方法

针对雷电流在线监测系统中的噪声干扰,提出一种基于模糊神经系统的雷电流波形处理方法.利用所提方法对噪声频率在0.001～10 MHz间变化的雷电流波形进行仿真测试,消噪后雷电流波形的峰值误差小于0.06％,说明所提方法具有很强的抑噪能力.分别用曲线拟合法、小波分析法和所提方法对设备实测波形消噪,分析结果表明,所提方法具有更好的非线性快速逼近性能,得到的波形匹配度高,参数误差最小.     

Modeling and simulation of a graphene-based three-terminal junction rectifier

In this paper, we demonstrate the simulation of a graphene-based three-terminal junction using semi-classical drift–diffusion modeling. The DC and AC simulations are carried out separately and characterized at different temperatures and frequencies. The simulated structure is compared with previous results, and the noise spectrum is simulated to explore its behavior using graphene as an active region. At room temperature, the three-terminal junction demonstrates responsivity of up to 594.56 mV/mW, with mobility of 4000 \(\hbox {cm}^{2}/\hbox {Vs}\) and a push–pull input signal of 100 mV at 1 KHz. The corresponding noise-equivalent power is as low as 19.4 \(\hbox {pW}/\hbox {Hz}^{1/2}\). The simulated structure is able to obtain much higher responsivity and lower noise equivalent power by taking advantage of the higher mobility of the graphene. The voltage noise spectrum of the device is analyzed using equivalent two-dimensional geometry. At lower frequencies, flicker noise is found to dominate, due to the variation in charge carrier density.     

基于CEEMD与排列熵相结合的谐波检测方法研究

为消除基于互补集合经验模态分解（Complementary Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition,CEEMD）的谐波检测法易受到迭代次数与辅助白噪声的干扰而产生虚假分量与模态混叠等问题,以及CEEMD方法在检测噪声背景下的谐波信号精度不高的缺陷,提出一种基于排列熵（Permutation Entropy,PE）算法与CEEMD相结合的PE-CEEMD谐波检测方法。首先对谐波信号进行互补集合经验模态分解,得到若干频率由高到低排列的固有模态函数（Intrinsic Mode-Function,IMF）,利用排列熵算法快速选定随机性较大的噪声分量进行剔除,对剩余信号再进行CEEMD分解。仿真实验数据表明,相较于CEEMD方法,PE-CEEMD方法能够较好地克服模态混叠与虚假分量等问题,并且针对复杂谐波信号的各次谐波频率成分与幅值的检测精度分别提高了4.424%与9.3%。     

Slot loaded rectangular patch antenna for dual-band operations on glass-reinforced epoxy laminated inexpensive substrate

This paper presents a straightforward design and analysis of rectangular radiating patch with narrow slots and microstrip line fed patch antenna for dual band operations. A parametric analysis has been carried on during the design process for finding the desired resonant frequencies. The final design concept of the antenna has been validated through fabricating the antenna prototype and then measuring its characteristics. The proposed antenna is implemented by using cost effective FR4 substrate, which comprises of vertical narrow slots on the radiating element and partial ground plane. The experimental results of the antenna prototype show the impedance bandwidth ( \(<-10\) dB reflection coefficient, S11) 396.4 MHz (286.9–683.3 MHz) and 310 MHz (4.28–4.59 GHz) with center resonant frequency 460 MHz and 4.5 GHz respectively. The proposed antenna has achieved 6.6 dBi average gain with 85 % average radiation efficiency for lower band and 9.7 dBi average gain with 88 % radiation efficiency for upper band. The bandwidths of the antenna are broader enough to cover medical telemetry communications, UHF wireless communications and terrestrial communications services.     

A noise‐constrained algorithm for estimation over distributed networks

Much research has been devoted recently to the development of algorithms to utilize the distributed structure of an ad hoc wireless sensor network for the estimation of a certain parameter of interest. A successful solution is the algorithm called the diffusion least mean squares algorithm. The algorithm estimates the parameter of interest by employing cooperation between neighboring sensor nodes within the network. The present work derives a new algorithm by using the noise constraint that is based on and improves the diffusion least mean squares algorithm. In this work, first the derivation of the noise constraint‐based algorithm is given. Second, detailed convergence and steady‐state analyses are carried out, including analyses for the case where there is mismatch in the noise variance estimate. Finally, extensive simulations are carried out to test the robustness of the proposed algorithm under different scenarios, especially the mismatch scenario. Moreover, the simulation results are found to corroborate the theoretical results very well. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.