NiMo/HY催化剂上四氢萘加氢裂化反应网络与热力学平衡分析

采用固定床反应器对四氢萘在Ni Mo/HY工业催化剂上的加氢裂化反应过程进行了研究,考察了反应温度对产物分布的影响,提出了四氢萘加氢裂化反应网络。该网络包含加氢、异构、脱氢、开环、脱烷基等12个反应,通过热力学计算,得到了这些反应的平衡常数,并据此求得各类产物的平衡收率及其随温度、压力和氢气/四氢萘(摩尔比)的变化规律。由热力学平衡分析得到的产物收率随反应条件的变化规律与实验结果较为吻合,表明本文构建的反应网络可以较好地描述Ni Mo/HY催化剂上的四氢萘加氢裂化反应体系。     

高温下工业NiW/Al2O3催化剂上萘的加氢饱和反应

在中压固定床中,高温条件下研究了工业NiW/Al2O3催化剂上硫化氢气氛中反应温度、反应压力和空速对萘加氢饱和反应过程的影响。实验结果表明,在液时空速为10—30 h-1,氢油体积比为800,高反应温度区320—380℃的实验条件下,萘加氢主要生成四氢萘和十氢萘,而进一步加氢裂化产物较少;提高反应温度,萘转化率和四氢萘的收率下降,加氢裂化产物略有升高,表明高温不利于芳环的加氢饱和;提高加氢反应压力,萘的转化率和四氢萘的芳环加氢程度提高;综合反应结果,提出了高温条件下萘加氢的简化可逆连串反应途径。     

十氢萘在HY和Beta分子筛上加氢开环的研究

采用高温高压反应釜研究了十氢萘在低硅铝比HY分子筛[n(Si)/n(Al)=3.2]、Beta分子筛n(Si)/n(Al)=9.7]和双功能催化剂Pt-HY、Pt-Beta上的加氢开环反应,考察了分子筛孔道结构及酸性质、贵金属Pt及反应温度等因素对十氢萘转化率和产物选择性的影响。结果表明,十氢萘在Beta分子筛上的转化率较高,且有大量脱氢缩合产物（DHC）生成。Pt引入HY和Beta分子筛后,初始反应速率升高,十氢萘转化率增加,C₁₀产物中开环异构比增大,Beta分子筛上的脱氢缩合反应得到抑制。反应温度升高可以提高十氢萘在HY分子筛上的转化率,使得C₁₀产物选择性下降,而开环异构比（ROP/Iso）增大。     

四氢萘在含USY分子筛Mo－Ni加氢裂化催化剂上反应的研究

在国产３８２５型加氢裂化催化剂上，利用连续流动固定床微型反应装置，在４．５～８．５ＭＰａ和３２０～３８０℃条件下，测定了四氢萘加氢反应动力学数据，建立了四氢萘加氢裂化的反应网络和动力学模型。     

Pt/USY催化剂上四氢萘选择性开环反应

通过USY分子筛载体上负载Pt制备Pt/USY催化剂，考察Pt/USY催化剂对四氢萘选择性开环反应的影响。结果表明，USY分子筛载体负载Pt后，四氢萘转化率提高，且明显改善开环的选择性。通过工艺条件的研究，得知在空速为2 h^-1、氢油体积比为750∶1、反应压力为4 MPa和反应温度为280℃时，Pt_0.4/USY催化剂性能最好，四氢萘转化率大于99%,C₁₀产物收率大于94%,开环选择性高于38%。     

负载NiMo的氧化铝催化剂在加氢裂化中的应用

实验制备出了介孔与大孔氧化铝催化剂,并首次在减压渣油加氢裂化中测试了其催化性能。在该反应中,与介孔NiMo/氧化铝催化剂相比,使用大孔NiMo/氧化铝催化剂有更好的产品分布,高液相收率和低的气相收率。这表明了大孔结构的催化剂比介孔结构的催化剂更有利于加氢反应;而介孔结构的催化剂载体更有利于加氢裂化。由N_2的吸附脱附实验证明,NiMo的加入减小了介孔催化剂的孔径、孔容与表面积,这意味着NiMo逐步负载在介孔和大孔上。大孔结构在提高减压渣油进入NiMo活性中心上扮演着重要的角色,而这些活性中心对加氢很有效。由于促进加氢反应,故负载NiMo的介孔-大孔氧化铝增加了减压渣油的加氢裂化的液相收率。     

分子筛负载铂催化剂上四氢萘加氢裂解反应行为

四氢萘是多环芳烃加氢转化的产物或者中间体,其加氢裂解行为和规律的研究在重芳烃转化和脱除领域有着重要的意义。采用等体积浸渍法制备得到了氧化铝负载贵金属(Pt,Ir和Pd)催化剂和酸性分子筛(MOR和ZSM-5)负载铂双功能催化剂,考察了它们催化四氢萘加氢裂解的反应行为。氧化铝为载体时金属催化剂表面主要发生加氢及脱氢反应,其中金属Pt表现出最高的加氢和脱氢活性。双功能催化剂上四氢萘发生加氢裂化、异构化、氢转移及烷基化等复杂反应,金属Pt通过氢溢流作用提高了分子筛Br?nsted酸活性从而提高催化剂加氢裂解活性和选择性,但过量金属Pt会加剧苯环加氢而不利于单环芳烃的生成。分子筛孔道的限域作用对四氢萘的反应活性及产物分布有重要影响,相比Pt/ZSM-5催化剂,Pt/MOR表现出更高的裂解活性及异构化选择性。Pt/MOR催化剂上四氢萘加氢裂解主要通过异构-裂解路径进行,异构化活性及异构体构型决定了裂解活性及产物的分布。     

双组分金属类型对四氢萘加氢裂化反应性能的影响

以Beta分子筛为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备不同双组分金属类型(Ni-Mo、Ni-W和Co-Mo)加氢裂化催化剂,利用XRD、BET、NH3-TPD、Py-IR和H2-TPR等对催化剂进行表征。在固定床连续加氢反应器上考察催化剂对四氢萘加氢裂化性能的影响,结果表明,催化剂CAT-a(Ni-Mo/Beta)有较适宜的比表面积和孔体积,酸量和酸强度最大,四氢萘转化率和BTX选择性最高。以Ni-Mo/Beta催化剂为研究对象,考察不同金属负载量对催化剂物化性质及四氢萘反应性能的影响,结果表明,Beta分子筛载体上金属负载质量分数18%的催化剂最适宜四氢萘加氢裂化多产BTX类物质。     

制备条件对NiMo/γ-Al2O3催化剂上萘加氢生成四氢萘的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备加氢催化剂NiMo/γ-Al₂O₃,在悬浮床上考察不同的制备条件下NiMo/γ-Al₂O₃对萘加氢生成四氢萘的影响。结果表明,催化剂的制备条件对加氢活性有显著的影响,NiMo/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的最佳制备条件为共浸渍法负载金属组分Ni和Mo,在500 ℃的温度下焙烧4 h。此条件下制备的催化剂上四氢萘的选择性高达95.2%。     

ZSM-5/USY/Beta分子筛催化剂对四氢萘加氢裂化制备BTEX的性能研究

分别采用ZSM-5、USY、Beta 3种分子筛通过等体积浸渍法制备了Ni Mo/ZSM-5、Ni Mo/USY、Ni Mo/Beta 3种催化剂,分别标记为cat-1、cat-2、cat-3。利用XRD、NH3-TPD、SEM对催化剂进行表征分析,在固定床反应器上以四氢萘作为模型化合物,研究其加氢裂化制备BTEX的催化性能,考察了四氢萘加氢裂化的工艺条件,并探讨了加氢裂化机理。结果表明,Beta分子筛制备的催化剂cat-3金属组分颗粒大小均匀,呈现出高度分散的状态,并且酸量适中。在反应温度为400℃、氢油比为600、反应压力为4MPa、2h-1空速的最佳反应条件下,与cat-1、cat-2相比,cat-3具有最佳的四氢萘转化率和BTEX选择性,分别高达95%和70%左右。     

Catalytic coprocessing of LDPE with coal and petroleum resid using different catalysts

Catalytic coprocessing of low density polyethylene (LDPE) with coal and heavy petroleum resid was investigated using four different catalysts that included both hydrotreating and hydrocracking catalysts. Reaction systems that were evaluated included LDPE alone; LDPE with coal; and LDPE, coal, and resid. The catalysts used were NiMo/Al₂O₃, a hydrotreating catalyst with some hydrocracking activity, and the hydrocracking catalysts Zeolyst 753, NiMo/zeolite, and HZSM-5. These catalysts were reacted individually or in combinations of 10 wt.% of each hydrocracking catalyst in NiMo/Al₂O₃. The catalytic reactions were performed at two temperatures, 400 and 430°C, using 1 wt.% of each catalyst or a combination of catalysts on a total feed basis. The effects of the different catalysts on the reaction products were measured in terms of solvent fractionation and total boiling point distribution. Reactions at the higher reaction temperature of 430°C resulted in substantially higher conversion and production of lighter products than the reactions at 400°C. The LDPE reaction system was sensitive to the catalyst type, and yielded increased conversion and lighter products when Zeolyst 753 and NiMo/zeolite were used. By contrast, the conversion and product slate obtained from the LDPE and coal systems were low and showed no effect due to the different types of catalyst. Introduction of resid to the LDPE/coal system increased the reactivity of the system and allowed the catalysts to have a larger effect. The hydrocracking catalysts were the most active in producing more conversion and hexane soluble material. Comparison of the effect of increasing the reaction time up to 5 h with 1 wt.% catalyst loading to the effect of increasing the catalyst loading from 1 wt.% to 10 wt.% for a reaction time of 1 h showed that increased reaction time was much more effective than catalyst loading in converting the solid LDPE to liquid reaction products.     

Thermodynamics and kinetics insights into naphthalene hydrogenation over a Ni-Mo catalyst

Hydrocracking represents an important process in modern petroleum refining industry, whose performance mainly relies on the identity of catalyst. In this work, we perform a combined thermodynamics and kinetics study on the hydrogenation of naphthalene over a commercialized NiMo/HY catalyst. The reaction network is constructed for the respective production of decalin and methylindane via the intermediate product of tetralin, which could further undergo hydrogenation to butylbenzene, ethylbenzene, xylene, toluene, benzene, methylcyclohexane and cyclohexane. The thermodynamics analysis suggests the optimum operating conditions for the production of monoaromatics are 400℃, 8.0 MPa, and 4.0 hydrogen/naphthalene ratio. Based on these, the influences of reaction temperature, pressure, hydrogen/naphthalene ratio, and liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) are investigated to fit the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. It is found that the higher temperature and pressure while lower LHSV favors monoaromatics production, which is insensitive to the hydrogen/naphthalene ratio. Furthermore, the high consistence between the experimental and simulated data further validates the as-obtained kinetics model on the prediction of catalytic performance over this kind of catalyst.     

四氢萘加氢裂化集总模型的建立与考察

选用国产３８２５加氢裂化催化剂，利用ＷＦ８０００Ａ型连续流动固定床微型反应器，以四氢萘为模型化合物，研究了重质馏分加氢型裂化集总动力学，根据原料，生成物的性质和沸点差异，建立了四氢萘加氢裂化七集总反应网络。     

Hydro-thermal cracking of heavy oils and its model compound

Liquid-phase cracking of vacuum gas oil (VGO) was performed over NiMo supported nonacidic catalysts under 713 K and 8.0 MPa of hydrogen in a batch reactor, which is termed hydro-thermal cracking. Compared with VGO thermal cracking under the same reaction conditions the new process showed the suppressed naphtha yield (from 22.4 to 13.5 wt.%) and VGO conversion (from 65.7 to 64.0 wt.%) and increased the middle distillate yield (from 44.3 to 49.3 wt.%). At the same conversion level, the yield ratio of middle distillates to naphtha for this new process was two times higher than that for VGO hydrocracking. The VGO hydrocracking over USY-supported NiMo proceeded at much lower temperatures but gave higher naphtha yields. Both the thermal cracking and the hydro-thermal cracking of n-dodecyl benzene (C₆H₅(CH₂)₁₁CH₃) yielded toluene as the major aromatic product, whereas its hydrocracking over NiMo/USY yielded benzene as the major aromatic product. The reaction mechanism of this new process was assumed to consist of thermal cracking of hydrocarbon molecules via the free radical chain mechanism and the catalytic hydroquenching of free radicals.     

Metal-ion pillared clays as hydrocracking catalysts (II): effect of contact time on products from coal extracts and petroleum distillation residues

Novel catalysts have been prepared, based on montmorillonite (a natural clay) and laponite (a synthetic clay) pillared with tin, chromium and aluminium pillars as well as layered double hydroxides based on polyoxo-vanadate and -molybdate as previously described. These novel catalysts were compared initially with a standard Ni/Mo catalyst supported on alumina and a dispersed catalyst, Mo(CO)₆ in hydrocracking a coal extract for a short contact time of 10 min at 440 °C in a microbomb reactor with tetralin solvent and hydrogen at a pressure of 190 bar. In the present work, the best of the novel catalysts, chromium montmorillonite calcined at 500 °C and tin laponite, have been compared with the supported catalyst and a dispersed catalyst (Mo(CO)₆) in the repeated hydrocracking of fresh coal extract over three sequential periods of 1 h. Also, the chromium montmorillonite calcined at 500 °C has been used in the hydrocracking of primary coal extracts, prepared in the flowing solvent liquefaction rig from Pittsburgh #8 and Illinois #6 coals, for reaction times of 10 min and 2 h. Further, the chromium montmorillonite calcined at 500 °C and tin laponite, have been compared with the supported catalyst and in the absence of a catalyst, in the hydrocracking of a petroleum distillation residue with 10 min and 2 h reaction times. Results were compared by size exclusion chromatography in NMP solvent and by UV-fluorescence and evaluated by the extent of the shift of the SEC profile to small molecules and by the shift of the synchronous UV-fluorescence profiles to shorter wavelengths. The performances of both catalysts at short, long or repeated reaction times are seen to be better than that of the conventional NiMo catalyst for the hydrocracking of coal-derived materials and a petroleum residue. Trials on a longer time scale are necessary in the next level of evaluation.     

Effect of Temperature in Hydrocracking of Light Cycle Oil on a Noble Metal‐Supported Catalyst for Fuel Production

The effect of temperature has been studied in hydrocracking of light cycle oil (LCO), byproduct of fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) units on a bifunctional catalyst (Pt‐Pd/HY zeolite). The increase in both temperature and H₂ partial pressure have an important attenuating effect on catalyst deactivation, given that they decrease sulfur equilibrium adsorption and enhance hydrocracking of coke precursors. Therefore, the catalyst maintains significant hydrodesulfurization and hydrocracking activity. As the temperature is increased, hydrocracking conversion and naphtha selectivity increase, although there is no significant dearomatization of the medium distillate fraction in the range of the studied experimental conditions. 400 °C is the more suitable temperature for obtaining a high yield of naphtha with a high content of i‐paraffins.     

多级孔分子筛对四氢萘加氢生产轻质芳烃的影响

以多级孔Y分子筛为酸性组分,四硫代钼酸铵为金属前驱物,采用孔饱和浸渍法制备预硫化型催化剂,采用XRD、BET、TEM、NH3-TPD和Py-IR等分析方法表征分子筛结构性质。以四氢萘为模型化合物,在高压加氢微反装置上考察多级孔Y分子筛对四氢萘选择性加氢裂化性能的影响。结果表明,与参比分子筛相比,介孔比例高、介孔孔径尺寸适宜、介孔集中度高和酸性适中的多级孔Y型分子筛能够强化四氢萘转化及提高C_6~C_(10)和C_6~C_8单环芳烃收率;介孔孔径尺寸过大或介孔集中度低会提高重产物收率。实验条件下,C_6~C_(10)和C_6~C_8单环芳烃收率分别可达41.5%和24.0%。