电子器件冷却用散热器的结构形式与研究进展

散热器是电子器件散热或冷却的主要部件之一,散热器结构形式的设计与参数选取直接影响到散热效果。目前,电子器件常用的散热器有柱状翅片散热器、矩形通道散热器、锯齿形翅片散热器和液体冷却散热器等几种。散热器流动与换热的研究是进行结构参数优化及新型散热器研制的基础,而结构参数优化可减小散热器的体积,节省材料,提高散热效果。为解决一些发热量周期性变化或间隙性工作的电子器件散热问题,相变材料被应用到散热器中。此外,微通道可有效解决高热流密度电子器件或芯片的散热问题,但微通道流动压降较大,因此如何减小流动压降成为微通道散热器设计的一个关键。     

大容量电力电子装置中板式水冷散热器的优化设计

为提高水冷散热器的散热能力、控制其温度均匀性,在散热器外形尺寸及流量一定的条件下,从理论上对层流范围内平板式水冷散热器的三个通道参数(通道数、散热片高度、散热片占空比)与散热器量纲一散热热阻的变化关系进行了推导。提出可根据这些变化关系来对任意尺寸平板式水冷散热器的各通道参数进行优化选择,在工程设计上具有很好的指导意义,仿真和试验结果证明了方法的有效性并表明:小通道尺寸的平板式水冷散热器对于解决大热流密度器件的散热更为有效,散热效率更高;在同样的参数情况下,流量增大则散热器效率降低,应综合考虑散热器流阻和流体平均温升的控制要求来选择流量。     

3D打印三层微通道冷板的综合特性研究

3D打印技术在快速成型和制造复杂结构零件方面具有巨大的优势.文中采用3D打印工艺制备了3种微通道散热器,分别是2种开放型的单层微通道和1种封闭型的三层微通道.对三层微通道散热器(Three-Layered Microchannel Heat Sink,TLMHS)的力学性能进行了压力测试.通过实验和数值仿真研究了50～...     

基于6SigmaET 的固态功放模块的热设计

文中针对一种4通道Ku频段高功率功放模块进行了结构设计.通过理论分析确定了散热器的结构模型,重点提出了以均热板与散热器相结合的散热方式来提高功放模块内的温度均匀性和散热效率的方法,同时应用专业仿真软件6SigmaET进行了热仿真验证.结果表明,均热板的采用有效降低了功放芯片的温度,热设计过程合理,可为固态功放模块的散热设计提供参考.     

大功率隧道照明LED散热模拟及优化设计

翅片散热器是大功率隧道LED常用的散热形式,合理的设计翅片结构,对延长LED寿命、节约散热器成本、减小散热器重量至关重要。通过ANSYS WORKBENCH对影响翅片散热器的两个重要因素,翅片高度和厚度进行了分析,实验发现芯片最高温度随着翅片的厚度和高度增加而减小,14个芯片温度的均匀性随着翅片的厚度和高度增加而增强。通过多目标遗传优化算法对翅片进行优化设计,既降低了芯片温度,又减小了翅片散热器用材和重量,这对于解决LED翅片散热问题具有重要的工程意义。     

冷却水进出方式对芯片散热器换热性能影响

为了提高水冷散热器的散热能力、控制其温度均匀性,研究四种不同水冷散热器的进出水方式对芯片散热效果的影响。A型散热器采用传统的散热器形式,进出口位于散热器两端。B-D型散热器采用中间垂直射流,在散热器四角分别设置1个、2个、4个出水口。通过数值模拟分析不同冷却水流量下散热器的换热效果。数值模拟结果经过试验验证。通过Nu数、速度分布、压力损失、综合效应四个方面对散热器的换热性能进行分析。结果显示四出口散热器的Nu数低于单出口散热器,但流动阻力小,散热器综合系数较高,不会造成局部热点。中间射流四出口散热器具有较好的换热和流动效果。     

并联U型通道冷板冷却动力电池的换热特性

温度对锂离子动力电池性能有显著影响。本文提出的并联U型通道冷板,具有换热均匀性良好的特点,在动力电池等发热设备冷却方面具有优势。通过数值方法模拟了并联U型通道冷板的换热效果,结果表明,在不同流速下,并联U型通道冷板的温度标准差都小于1,证明其温度分布相当均匀;在较高和较宽的热流密度条件下,并联U型通道冷板保持了较好的换热特性一致性及换热均匀性。     

自相似结构微通道热沉内部流动特性及结构优化

电子设备高度集成化导致其发热功率同步大幅增加,需要更高效的冷却技术解决其散热问题。自相似微通道热沉(Self-similarity micro-channel heat sink,SSHS)是近几年提出的一种新型微通道换热结构,与一般的微通道热沉相比,具有更好的换热均匀性和更宽的适用性。利用数值方法对SSHS的一个完整工作单元内的流动过程进行了模拟计算,以进一步分析SSHS的综合性能,并在此基础上,改进和优化其结构参数。计算结果表明,SSHS内各溢流通道(微通道)间存在较严重的流量分配不均问题,改变溢流通道结构参数对其流量分配过程影响很小,流量分配不均是SSHS自身结构所决定的固有特性,通过将等截面分流通道结构设计改为渐縮式斜坡设计,可以减弱入口分流通道末端的滞止效应,从而可以大大缓解溢流通道间的流量分配不均匀性问题。优化计算结果表明,0.07～0.80 kg/h的流量范围内,当斜坡角度为5°时,可将溢流通道间的流量差由原来的数倍降至不超过35%,而平均流动阻力增加不超过10%。     

芯片冷却用微通道散热结构热流耦合场数值研究

对4种微通道散热结构(平行结构、网格结构、螺旋结构和树型结构)在相等传热面积、相同边界条件下的流场与温度场进行数值研究。通过热流耦合场数值分析,得出了不同微通道散热结构的电子芯片温度分布和微通道内的速度场,分析了微通道拓扑结构对电子芯片散热效果的影响。使用平行微通道散热的芯片温度均低于80℃,其中有81%的面积在60℃以下;使用网格和螺旋散热结构的芯片最高温度均在90℃以上,其中温度在20～60℃之间所占比例分别约为62%和61%;使用树型微通道散热的电子芯片温度均低于70℃,其中有94%的面积在60℃以下,且温度分布最均匀。此外,芯片微通道内的流体平均流速大的微通道系统能带走更多的热量。     

一种新型相变散热器设计

对于短时或间歇性工作的大功率电子设备,特别是工作在临近空间的电子设备,利用相变材料进行散热是一种比较有效的冷却方式。但常用的相变材料导热系数比较低,必须采取各种措施强化相变材料的导热性能。文中在分析相变散热器中强化传热措施的基础上,针对小型轻量相变散热器的设计要求,设计了一种易于加工的内嵌螺旋形翅片的相变散热器。通过对散热器进行简化,计算了翅片间距。加热实验证明,所设计的新型相变散热器能很好地满足设计要求,螺旋形翅片能明显增强相变材料的导热性能,改善相变散热器的内部温度均匀性。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.