活化气氛对正丁烷选择性氧化制顺酐催化剂性能的影响

研究了正丁烷选择性氧化制顺酐钒磷氧催化剂的前驱体分别在空气、水蒸汽-空气、正丁烷-空气以及氮气4种活化气氛活化对催化剂性能的影响,采用BET、XRD和XPS等对活化后的催化剂进行表征。结果表明,采用水蒸汽-空气活化的VPO-2催化剂晶相组成较好,钒平均价态为4.19。丁烷氧化评价试验结果表明,VPO-2催化剂的催化性能较好,正丁烷转化率达92.47%,顺酐选择性达60.48%。     

超声浸渍制备钒催化剂催化氧化SO_2性能的研究

以硅藻土为载体,分别采用浸渍法、混碾法和超声浸渍法制备钒催化剂V/SiO_2-Imp、V/SiO_2-Mix和V/SiO_2-Uimp,利用SEM、MIP、EDS、XRD和TG/DSC对钒催化剂进行表征分析,并用固定床反应器测定了钒催化剂催化氧化SO2的活性。结果表明,超声浸渍法制备钒催化剂V/SiO_2-Uimp结构完整、表面孔道清晰、孔容较大、活性组分分散均匀且晶体尺寸较小、熔融相变温度较低,使得该催化剂催化氧化SO2的转化率较高。     

超声浸渍制备钒催化剂催化氧化SO_2性能的研究

以硅藻土为载体,分别采用浸渍法、混碾法和超声浸渍法制备钒催化剂V/SiO_2-Imp、V/SiO_2-Mix和V/SiO_2-Uimp,利用SEM、MIP、EDS、XRD和TG/DSC对钒催化剂进行表征分析,并用固定床反应器测定了钒催化剂催化氧化SO2的活性。结果表明,超声浸渍法制备钒催化剂V/SiO_2-Uimp结构完整、表面孔道清晰、孔容较大、活性组分分散均匀且晶体尺寸较小、熔融相变温度较低,使得该催化剂催化氧化SO2的转化率较高。     

钼/钒-白云石双功能催化剂催化甘油脱水-氢转移制烯丙醇

采用浸渍法制备同时具有碱性位点和氧化还原位点的MoO/VO-CD-T(CD为煅烧白云石，T为煅烧温度)双功能催化剂。结果表明，催化剂表面钼/钒氧化物主要由MoO₃和V₂O₅组成；煅烧白云石与钼、钒氧化物之间形成不同的物相，可进一步调节催化剂稳定性和氧化还原性能。在空气气氛下CD-500负载的V₂O₅催化剂更有利于烯丙醇形成，主要是因为空气中氧气的存在会抑制高价态钒的还原；而CD-500负载钼的氧化物对烯丙醇的活性较低，因为Mo⁶⁺的还原能力弱。以质量分数为20%的甘油溶液为原料，在反应温度为320℃的条件下，2%VO-CD-500催化剂(2%为VO的质量分数)催化性能相对最佳，甘油转化率为52.4%，烯丙醇选择性为37.4%。     

镧铈比对FCC催化剂性能的影响

用不同镧铈比改性由原位晶化合成的Y型分子筛,探索了其在离子交换和焙烧过程中的影响.利用XRD、微反活性评价、固定流化床反应性能评价等测试手段对催化剂样品进行了表征,研究了其对FCC催化剂反应活性、产品分布、选择性和抗镍钒污染性能的影响.结果表明:镧铈改性有利于提高Y型分子筛结构的稳定性,其中低稀土时,镧铈比为0∶1的作用更明显;而高温或水蒸气氛围焙烧时,镧铈比为1∶1和1∶0的作用更明显;经镧铈比为1∶1和1∶0改性的FCC催化剂转化率和液体产品收率较高,而经镧铈比为0∶1改性的FCC催化剂汽油和重油收率较高.不同镧铈比改性的FCC催化剂在抗镍钒重金属污染实验中都能保留较高的微反活性,其中镧铈比为1∶0的FCC催化剂抗镍钒重金属污染性能最好.     

硒掺杂对钒催化剂低温活性的影响

利用超声浸渍法制备硒掺杂前后的钒催化剂V/SiO_2和Se-V/SiO_2,采用Raman、XRD和TG/DSC对催化剂进行分析表征,并测定了两组催化剂对SO_2氧化制SO3性能的影响。结果表明,与V/SiO_2相比,硒掺杂后钒催化剂Se-V/SiO_2的活性组分颗粒尺寸减小,分散度增大,提供的活性位点增多,且降低了催化剂组分的熔融相变温度,这些作用有利于该催化剂在较低温度下反应物分子的吸附与活化,提高其催化活性。使得在480℃以下,催化剂Se-V/SiO_2催化SO_2氧化的转化率明显高于V/SiO_2。     

硒掺杂对钒催化剂低温活性的影响

利用超声浸渍法制备硒掺杂前后的钒催化剂V/SiO_2和Se-V/SiO_2,采用Raman、XRD和TG/DSC对催化剂进行分析表征,并测定了两组催化剂对SO_2氧化制SO3性能的影响。结果表明,与V/SiO_2相比,硒掺杂后钒催化剂Se-V/SiO_2的活性组分颗粒尺寸减小,分散度增大,提供的活性位点增多,且降低了催化剂组分的熔融相变温度,这些作用有利于该催化剂在较低温度下反应物分子的吸附与活化,提高其催化活性。使得在480℃以下,催化剂Se-V/SiO_2催化SO_2氧化的转化率明显高于V/SiO_2。     

不同钒污染源对捕钒催化剂破坏的差异

以草酸钒、偏钒酸盐、V2O5的水溶液作为捕钒催化剂的钒源,以分子筛结晶度的破坏程度做考察基准,对不同钒源,在同样水热老化条件下,取老化前后样品,做钒含量分析和相对结晶度测定.结果表明,钒危害和捕钒剂研究中,不同钒源的实验数据间不具有可比性,以计算钒含量做对比更要在相同的钒源基础上进行.     

钠和钒对Y分子筛的影响

催化裂化催化剂的活性组分主要为Y分子筛,在反应过程中,钠和沉积在催化剂表面的钒给分子筛带来不利影响。利用X射线衍射、氮气吸附-脱附技术和微反活性评价等手段研究了钠含量对原位晶化催化裂化催化剂、酸脱铝超稳Y分子筛（DASY）活性和结构的影响,结果表明,随着催化剂单位分子筛钠含量的增加,比表面积保留率下降,微反活性呈线性降低,钠质量分数增加0.1%,微反活性降低约2%。探讨了钠和钒对酸脱铝超稳Y分子筛的协同破坏作用。高温环境下,钠和钒对酸脱铝超稳Y分子筛的破坏导致分子筛结构破坏,钒对分子筛结构起主要破坏作用;高温水热环境下,钠对超稳分子筛结构起主要破坏作用。     

几种沸石分子筛的催化裂化性能研究:2活性稳定性和反应性能

分别制备了含有REHY、HZSM-5和Hβ分子筛的模型催化剂,用固定床微反装置研究模型催化剂的活性保留率,用ACE装置研究模型催化剂的重油裂化性能。结果表明:①含有REHY分子筛的模型催化剂的活性保留率最高,100%水蒸气减活处理17 h后的活性保留率为47%,而含有HZSM-5分子筛的模型催化剂的活性保留率仅为25%;②含有REHY分子筛的模型催化剂的重油和焦炭产率分别为15.90%和5.05%,具有重油转化能力强,焦炭产率低等特点;HZSM-5分子筛的重油转化能力和汽油产率最低(34.52%,23.86%),但有较高的丙烯产率和丙烯选择性。     

SO2对稀土精矿催化剂NH3-SCR脱硝催化性能的影响

抗硫性能是评价脱硝过程中催化剂性能的关键指标,研究SO₂对催化剂理化特性的影响对催化剂脱硝应用具有重要意义。通过焙烧处理白云鄂博稀土精矿得到稀土精矿催化剂,利用催化剂抗硫性能实验台,结合SEM、BET、XRD和FT-IR,分析了O₂、NH₃、NO气氛下SO₂在催化剂表面的吸附及不同SO₂浓度对催化剂催化脱硝性能的影响。结果表明, SO₂对稀土精矿催化剂脱硝性能有显著的促进作用,300℃时,NO转化率从28%提高至50%,350℃时,NO转化率从42%提高至75%; SEM、BET和XRD结果表明催化剂抗硫性能测试前后的物理结构和化学组成基本保持不变,稀土精矿催化剂具有较好的抗硫性能;FT-IR结果证实SO₂的吸附使稀土精矿催化剂表面B酸性位点增多,催化剂对NH₃的吸附能力增强,因此有利于提高催化剂活性。研究结果可为白云鄂博稀土精矿催化剂NH₃-SCR脱硝应用过程中抗硫性能提供有价值的基础数据参考。     

Activation of monolithic catalysts based on diatomaceous earth for sulfur dioxide oxidation

The formation of the active phases during the activation process of monolithic catalysts based on V₂O₅–K₂SO₄ supported on diatomaceous earth for SO₂ to SO₃ oxidation in flue gases, has been shown to be a crucial factor to achieve satisfactory catalytic performance. As the temperature is increased from room temperature to 470°C, SO₂ and SO₃ are taken up by the green catalyst and the precursors are transformed into the active species. The role of each component of the catalyst during the activation was analyzed by studying the behavior towards SO₂ adsorption of four materials, which contained: diatomaceous earth, diatomaceous earth + V, diatomaceous earth + K, and diatomaceous earth + V + K. The influence of the potassium sulfate accessibility in the green catalyst was studied by using two different preparation methods, which gave rise to differences in the catalysts SO₂ adsorption properties and catalytic performance. Furthermore, the influence of the activation atmosphere was studied using nitrogen, oxygen or a flue gas composition. It was shown that pyrosulfate species should be formed at temperatures below 400°C, to keep the vanadium in the active 5+ oxidation state.     

SO2 promoted oxidation of ethyl acetate, ethanol and propane

The effect of SO₂ addition on the oxidation of ethyl acetate, ethanol, propane and propene, over Pt/γ-Al₂O₃ and Pt/SiO₂ has been investigated. The reactants (300–800 vol. ppm) were mixed with air and led through the catalyst bed. The conversions below and above light-off were recorded both in the absence and in the presence of 1–100 vol. ppm SO₂. For the alumina-supported catalyst, the conversion of ethyl acetate, ethanol and propane was promoted by the addition of SO₂, while the conversion of propene was inhibited. The effect of SO₂ was reversible, i.e. the conversion of the reactants returned towards the initial values when SO₂ was turned off. However, this recovery was quite slow. The oxidation of propane was inhibited by water, both in absence and presence of SO₂. For the silica-supported catalyst no significant effect of SO₂ could be observed on the conversion of ethyl acetate, ethanol or propane, whereas the conversion of propene was inhibited by the presence of SO₂. In situ FTIR measurements revealed the presence of surface sulphates on the Pt/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst with and after SO₂ addition. It is proposed that these sulphate groups enhance the oxidation of propane, ethyl acetate and ethanol by creating additional reaction pathways to Pt on the surface of the Pt/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst.     

载体结构对锡铁负载型催化剂脱硝性能的影响

利用凹凸棒土（ATP）、活性炭（AC）、介孔硅（MCM-41）、二氧化钛（TiO₂）这4种孔结构不同的载体,通过水热法制备了以Fe₂O₃为催化剂主活性组分、SnO₂为辅活性组分的锡铁负载型催化剂。催化剂的微观结构通过BET和SEM测试,并在催化剂评价装置中模拟烟气组成,考察锡铁负载型催化剂在反应温度为80～280℃、脱硝空速为32000～48000h^-1范围内的选择性催化还原（SCR）性能。同时考察了SO₂与H₂O对1/2SnFe/ATP催化剂的影响。实验表明,载体可能为催化剂提供大量Brønsted酸性位点,有利于反应气体吸附。1/2SnFe/ATP催化剂表现出最佳的SCR脱硝性能,在200℃时实现最高96.4%的NO转化率,而且由其抗硫性及其抗水性实验表明：SO₂单独作用于催化剂时,脱硝效率降低迟缓,切断二氧化硫后仍能恢复到85%以上。同时加入水和二氧化硫后,将会导致脱硝效率急剧下降。停止加入后,催化剂效率又开始慢慢恢复,效率可以恢复达到70%以上。     

一种典型钒钛系SCR催化剂SO3生成特性研究

选择性催化还原（SCR）技术由于脱硝效率高、选择性好而被广泛应用于烟气氮氧化物排放控制;然而,目前广泛采用的钒钛系SCR脱硝催化剂会使烟气中SO₂氧化成SO₃,烟气中过高的SO₃对电厂安全运行会造成严重影响,也会对环境造成污染。以典型V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂为研究对象,系统研究了SCR脱硝过程中烟气流量、温度、O₂浓度、SO₂浓度等对催化剂表面SO₃生成特性的影响,并进一步对SO₃生成的反应动力学特性进行了分析。研究表明：催化剂表面SO₃生成反应中SO₂的反应级数为0.59,当O₂浓度大于3%时,O₂的反应级数为0,该反应的表观活化能为70.39 kJ/mol;实验条件下,烟气中SO₂浓度增加会使SO₃生成的反应速率提高;O₂浓度对催化剂表面SO₃生成影响并不显著;烟气温度对催化剂表面SO₃生成具有显著影响,高温会促进SO₃的生成。     

Mn基脱硝催化剂抗水抗硫改性的模拟与实验研究

为考察ZSM-5分子筛作载体和Ce掺杂对催化剂低温脱硝活性及抗水抗硫性的影响,通过分子动力学模拟和实验研究的手段研究了载体类型、掺杂Ce对催化剂性能的影响。分子动力学模拟发现,ZSM-5分子筛作载体较γ-Al₂O₃明显抑制H₂O在其表面的吸附,在活性组分中添加Ce既抑制H₂O在其表面的吸附,又减轻SO₂对催化剂的毒化作用。实验研究发现,Mn-Fe-Ce/ZSM-5催化剂性能更优,Ce的添加对提高催化剂的低温脱硝活性和抗水抗硫性能具有明显的积极作用,ZSM-5分子筛作为载体也对提高催化剂抗水性能起到重要作用。通过SEM、XRD、BET、TG-DTG等表征手段和BaCl₂鼓泡实验对Mn-Fe-Ce/ZSM-5催化剂抗硫性提高的原因分析发现,添加Ce使催化剂储氧释氧能力提高,将烟气中的SO₂氧化为SO₃并被烟气携带,避免了SO₂与催化剂活性组分的反应,则催化剂表面的活性组分不被破坏,保证了催化剂的催化反应性能。     

The activity and characterization of sol–gel Sn/Al2O3 catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NOx in the presence of oxygen

Catalytic performance of Sn/Al₂O₃ catalysts prepared by impregnation (IM) and sol–gel (SG) method for selective catalytic reduction of NO_x by propene under lean burn condition were investigated. The physical properties of catalyst were characterized by BET, XRD, XPS and TPD. The results showed that NO₂ had higher reactivity than NO to nitrogen, the maximum NO conversion was 82% on the 5% Sn/Al₂O₃ (SG) catalyst, and the maximum NO₂ conversion reached nearly 100% around 425 °C. Such a temperature of maximum NO conversion was in accordance with those of NO_x desorption accompanied with O₂ around 450 °C. The activity of NO reduction was enhanced remarkably by the presence of H₂O and SO₂ at low temperature, and the temperature window was also broadened in the presence of H₂O and SO₂, however the NO_x desorption and NO conversion decreased sharply on the 300 ppm SO₂ treated catalyst, the catalytic activity was inhibited by the presence of SO₂ due to formation of sulfate species (SO₄²⁻) on the catalysts. The presence of oxygen played an essential role in NO reduction, and the activity of the 5% Sn/Al₂O₃ (SG) was not decreased in the presence of large oxygen.     

城市污泥流化床燃烧过程中气态污染物排放特性

在6kW_th鼓泡流化床实验台上进行了城市污泥的燃烧实验,研究了烟气再循环气氛和空气气氛下燃烧温度、过量氧气系数、二次风比率对气态污染物排放特性的影响。研究结果表明：燃烧温度升高,NO排放浓度明显升高,SO₂排放浓度亦呈上升趋势;过量氧气系数提高,NO排放浓度呈显著上升趋势,SO₂排放浓度则呈下降趋势;增大二次风比率,NO排放浓度呈现先降低后升高的趋势,但总体减排效果并不明显,SO₂排放浓度出现少量增长;烟气再循环工况下,NO排放浓度随燃烧温度和过量氧气系数变化的趋势与空气气氛燃烧时一致;烟气再循环率从0增加至1,NO排放浓度明显下降;烟气再循环率达到较高值后,NO排放浓度随之提高而降低的趋势减弱;烟气再循环率逐渐升高过程的前期,烟气中CO浓度出现显著升高;再循环率超过0.3后,CO浓度在一定范围内波动,不再升高。     

Studies on the deactivation of NOx storage-reduction catalysts by sulfur dioxide

The interaction of sulfur dioxide with a commercial NO_x storage-reduction catalyst (NSR) has been investigated using in situ IR and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Two pathways of catalyst deactivation by SO₂ were identified. Under lean conditions (exposure to SO₂ and O₂) at 350 °C the storage component forms barium sulfates, which transform from surface to hardly reducible bulk sulfate species. The irreversible blocking of the Ba sites led to a decrease in NO_x storage capacity. Under fuel rich conditions (SO₂/C₃H₆) at 350–500 °C evidence for the formation of sulfides on the oxidation/reduction component (Pt) of the catalyst was found, which blocks the metal surface and thus hinders the further reduction of the sulfides.     

Insight into SO2 poisoning and regeneration of one-pot synthesized Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst for selective reduction of NOx by NH3

The effects of SO₂ on an one-pot synthesized Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst for selective reduction of NO_x by NH₃ were examined. The addition of SO₂ inhibited NO_x conversion significantly below 300 ℃, while no effect on NO_x conversion was observed above 300 ℃. TGA, TPD, and XPS results showed that the deactivation was caused by the formation of (NH₄)₂SO₄, SO₂ chemisorption on the isolated Cu²⁺ ion sites, as well as the formation of CuSO₄-like species. Among them, the site-blocking effect of (NH₄)₂SO₄ on Cu²⁺ was the primary reason for deactivation. Fortunately, 89% of deNO_x activity of the poisoned catalyst was recovered after thermal treatment at 500 ℃ in air, where (NH₄)₂SO₄ was completely decomposed. The activity was further recovered with regeneration temperature increasing to 600 ℃, removing the adsorbed SO₂ on the Cu²⁺ sites. The regeneration at 600 ℃ could not recover the activity completely, because of the high stability of CuSO₄-like species.