高温气体与过冷液直接接触凝结制冷循环的性能分析

提出制冷压缩机排出的高温高压制冷剂气体与制冷剂过冷液体直接接触凝结换热的新型制冷循环,结合自然工质氨的热力特性,分析直接接触凝结制冷循环的热力性能,并与常规双级压缩和单级压缩制冷循环的性能进行对比,得出：随着主循环饱和液温度的升高,直接接触凝结制冷循环的性能系数先增大后减小存在最大值,冷凝器散热量先减小后增大存在最小值,流过蒸发器的制冷剂质量流量逐渐增大。在相同蒸发温度和冷凝温度下,当过冷液体的过冷度为20℃时,较常规双级压缩制冷循环,直接接触凝结制冷循环的性能系数提高4.92%,冷凝器散热量减少6.65%,蒸发器的制冷剂质量流量减少7.2%～7.9%;当过冷液体的过冷度为5℃时,较常规单级压缩制冷循环,直接接触凝结制冷循环的性能系数提高6.52%,冷凝器散热量减少3.32%,蒸发器的制冷剂质量流量减少8.58%～8.91%。结果表明氨直接接触凝结制冷循环较常规制冷循环具有明显的优势。     

R744直接接触冷凝制冷循环性能分析

对R717循环辅助过冷、R744主循环制冷压缩机排出的气体与R744过冷液直接接触冷凝的R717/R744-DCC制冷循环的热力性能进行分析,得出:R717/R744-DCC直接接触冷凝制冷循环存在最佳的R744主循环冷凝温度,并获得最优的性能系数和最低的R717冷凝器散热量。R744主循环过冷液体的过冷度增大,最优的性能系数降低,最低R717冷凝器散热量增大,对应的R744主循环冷凝温度升高,R744蒸发器的质量流量减少。与常规R717/R744复叠式制冷循环的热力性能比较,在相同的运行工况和最佳R744主循环冷凝温度下,R717/R744-DCC直接接触冷凝制冷循环最优性能系数提高了5.2%,最低R717冷凝器散热量减少了1.6%。R744主循环冷凝温度在-10~8℃范围内,R717/R744-DCC直接接触冷凝制冷循环R744蒸发器的制冷剂质量流量减少了1.75%~2.61%,R717冷凝器的制冷剂流量减少了0.51%~0.82%。     

倾斜通道内气液逆流直接接触冷凝传热的二维CFD模拟

对倾斜通道内乙醇饱和气体同其过冷液体逆流接触冷凝过程进行了数值模拟研究.应用商业CFD软件FLUENT和VOF多相流模型模拟倾斜通道内的两相流动,增加了相界面上基于温度梯度计算得到的冷凝传热源项,传质源项.在气液温差较小时模拟结果同的基于Nusslet等温壁面降膜理论的McAdams关系式接近,并进一步考察了绝热壁面条件下,通道进口气体流速,液体流速对平均传热系数H_m的影响.     

运行工况对双效空冷吸收式制冷循环性能的影响

采用空冷吸收器、空冷冷凝器实现循环空冷化,是缩小吸收式系统体积、扩大其应用领域的重要途径之一。针对4种空冷双效溴化锂循环,建立集中参数模型,分析比较了不同运行参数（热源温度、室外冷却空气温度、蒸发温度）对4种循环性能的影响情况。结果表明,要实现循环空冷化,必须提高热源温度,同时4种循环相比,溶液在低温溶液热交换器前分流的并联循环热力性能明显低于其他3种循环,不宜空冷化。     

以H_2O-[Dmim]DMP为工质的制冷循环分析

以水为制冷剂,离子液体1,3-二甲基咪唑磷酸二甲酯盐[Dmim]DMP为吸收剂组成新型吸收式制冷循环工质。在冷凝器温度为35℃时,性能系数高达0.9330,分析了冷凝温度对其他循环性能的影响。     

R23/R134a一级分凝和二级分凝自复叠喷射制冷循环性能理论分析

基于非共沸混合工质自复叠原理应用于喷射制冷循环的研究,对一级分凝和二级分凝自复叠喷射循环进行了理论分析,研究了使用R134a/R23非共沸混合工质时制冷剂的配比、冷凝温度和蒸发温度对两种循环性能的影响,结果表明：随着低沸点组分R23质量分数由0.10增至0.20,一级分凝循环喷射器压比在3.4附近变化,而二级分凝循环喷射器压比在1.8附近变化,两种循环COP均增大;随着冷凝温度由18℃升至23℃,一级分凝循环喷射器压比由3.242增至3.792,而二级分凝循环喷射器压比由1.860升至1.867,两种循环COP均降低;随着蒸发温度由-10℃降至-15℃,一级分凝循环喷射器压比由3.454降至2.832,而二级分凝循环喷射器压比由1.870降至1.840,两种循环COP均升高,并且在相同工况下,二级分凝循环COP远高于一级分凝循环;二级分凝循环在喷射器压比为1.8时,可获得-15℃温区的制冷温度。     

复合制冷循环在分布式能源利用中的热力学分析

为了更好地在分布式能源系统中有效利用低品位太阳能,基于PR状态方程对R134a-DMF体系的热物性描述,本文采用Aspen Plus过程模拟软件,对复合制冷循环进行了模拟计算,考察了压缩机出口压力的增加对低品位热利用性能的影响。结果表明,在一定的蒸发温度、冷凝温度、吸收温度和发生温度下,存在一个最佳压缩机出口压力区域,使得复合制冷的循环性能最优。同时,通过log p-T和log p-h热力学图,分析了复合制冷循环的节能机理。结果表明,在压缩循环中引入吸收循环,相当于降低冷凝压力,降低机械功消耗,复合制冷循环即可通过低品位热获得较好的制冷效果。这是在独立的吸收式制冷循环中不可实现的。热力学分析验证了模拟结果。     

增压双效氨水吸收制冷循环性能分析

在双效氨水吸收制冷循环的基础上,提出了一种增压双效氨水吸收制冷循环。结合Schulz氨水状态方程式,通过数学建模对该循环过程进行模拟计算。分析了增压比、制冷温度、热源温度、冷却水温度对循环性能的影响,并和双效氨水吸收制冷循环进行比较。结果表明,增压双效氨水吸收制冷循环中,增压比是非常重要的影响因素,它直接影响循环的性能系数;在其他工况参数不变的条件下,增压双效氨水吸收制冷循环有其最佳的增压比;在适当的增压比下,扩大了双效循环的应用范围,在制冷温度较低时,也可以具有较高的性能系数,而且在相同制冷温度下,降低驱动热源温度也能达到理想的循环效果,从而使本循环可利用的热源范围得以扩展。     

离子液体基工质对的吸收制冷循环性能实验研究

分别对以离子液体1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑磷酸二乙酯[Emim][DEP]为吸收剂的二元工质对[Emim][DEP]+H₂O和以[Emim][DEP]+LiBr为吸收剂的三元工质对LiBr+[Emim][DEP]+H₂O的吸收制冷循环性能进行了实验研究,用于评价这种新型的工质对的制冷性能。实验结果表明,二元工质对[Emim][DEP]+H₂O具有吸收制冷性能,但与LiBr+H₂O工质对相比,其制冷系数较低。当发生温度为90℃、循环水温度为30℃、蒸发温度在10～15℃时,制冷系数仅为0.16～0.28。主要原因是[Emim][DEP]+H₂O工质对具有较高的黏度和较低的热导率,导致吸收器降膜吸收传热系数较低,吸收器吸收水蒸气的能力不足。为了强化其制冷效果,在[Emim][DEP]+H₂O工质溶液中加入少量LiBr水溶液,构成三元工质对LiBr+[Emim][DEP]+H₂O。实验结果表明,三元工质对LiBr+[Emim][DEP]+H₂O的制冷性能优于二元工质对[Emim[DEP]+H₂O,在上述蒸发温度范围内,制冷系数能够达到0.17～ 0.34,并且制冷温度更低。     

直接空冷凝汽系统在干熄焦电站中的应用

凝汽系统是电站汽轮机系统的重要组成部分,目前电站汽轮机凝汽系统主要采用水冷凝汽系统和直接空冷凝汽系统(ACC). 水冷凝汽系统是汽轮机排汽进入汽轮机下部的冷凝器,同时利用闭式循环冷却水将热量带走,使汽轮机排汽冷凝成水,凝结水进入热井,再经泵加压回收. ACC是利用机械通风使空气与汽轮机排汽进行热交换,将热量带走,使排汽冷凝成水,凝结水自流回电站排汽热井或凝结水箱,再经泵加压回收.     

Transient analysis of the steam‐water direct contact condensation in the packed column

The transient heat transfer behaviour of direct contact condensation of steam in spray cooling water in a packed column was investigated experimentally and theoretically in this work for the first time. A new analysis method of the state equation was applied to analyze the molar quantity variation of steam in the course of the experiment. The results showed that increasing the cooling water flow rate properly could significantly accelerate the steam condensation rate and this was more obvious at the beginning of the operation. The higher the flow rate of the cooling water was, the shorter a time it took for the steam to be completely condensed. When the cooling water flow rate was 840 L/h, the steam was mainly condensed within 13 s, which indicated that it would rapidly handle steam by regulating cooling water flow rate. However, the effect of changing cooling water temperature on steam condensation rate is slight with the cooling water temperature inceasing from 23 °C to 42 °C. The volumetric heat transfer coefficient in this experiment is in the range of 1.47 kW · m^?3 · K^?1 to 10.93 kW · m^?3 · K^?1 with the cooling water flow rate inceasing from 120 L/h to 840 L/h, and the maximum uncertainty in the results is 2.2 %.

     

CFD analysis of flow pattern and heat transfer in direct contact steam condensation

Direct contact steam condensation used in steam jet injectors, and direct contact feed water heaters, has been studied using CFD simulations. Fairly good agreement has been obtained, with the available experimental data of plume length and the profiles of axial and radial temperature. Further, critical analyses have been carried out for all the published semi-empirical models and correlations. In addition, CFD analysis has been extended to examine the role of nozzle diameter and geometry, on heat transfer phenomenon which governs the direct contact steam condensation phenomenon. A new hydrodynamic model has been formulated which estimates the interfacial area available for condensation. A rational correlation has been developed for the estimation of interfacial area, expressed in terms of Nusselt number (Nu), Reynolds number (Re), Prandtl number (Pr) and ratio of viscosity of steam and water.     

不凝气体对蒸汽射流冷凝影响的数值研究

通过二维轴对称数值模型研究了空气等不凝性气体对蒸汽射流与过冷水直接接触冷凝行为和传热特性的影响。采用CFX中的欧拉-欧拉双流体模型,结合热相变模型计算蒸汽的冷凝量、组分传递模型计算混合气体中组分的变化量;喷嘴出口的气体质量流量为300 kg/(m²·s),不凝气体含量在15%以内。结果表明,不凝气体阻碍了蒸汽与过冷水直接接触,形成热阻,恶化了冷凝传热,且热阻随不凝气体含量增加而增加;冷凝速率随不凝气体含量增加而减小;射流区长度随不凝气体含量增加而增加;不凝气体的存在,使水蒸气不能被完全冷凝,而剩余水蒸气的含量与初始不凝气体含量无关。     

Numerical investigation of influence of non-condensable gas on steam jet condensation

The influence of non-condensable gas on the direct contact condensing behavior and heat transfer characteristics of steam jet in subcooled water is investigated by two-dimensional axisymmetric numerical model. Based on Euler-Euler two-fluid model in CFX, the steam condensation is calculated with thermal phase change model. The composition variation of steam-air mixture is realized using species transport equation for the gas phase. The gas mass flow at nozzle outlet is 300 kg/(m²·s), and non-condensable gas is within 15%. The results show that non-condensable gas obstructs the direct contact between steam and subcooled water, forming the thermal resistance and deteriorating the condensation heat transfer. The thermal resistance and the length of jet region increase with the increase of non-condensable gas. While the condensation rate decreases with the increase of non-condensable gas. The presence of non-condensable gas prevents vapor from being condensed completely, and the remaining vapor is independent of the original non-condensable gas.     

CO2跨临界双级压缩制冷循环的热力学分析

Two-stage vapor compression refrigeration cycle was accomplished with an intercooler.The state of the refrigerant vapor leaving the intercooler affects the system performance.The thermodynamic analysis of the trans-critical two-stage refrigeration cycle using CO₂ as the refrigerant was made with a condensing temperature of 35℃.When the intercooler operated at about the geometric mean of the evaporating and condensing pressures,compared with the single stage cycle,the coefficient of performance（COP）of the two-stage cycle was improved.As the degree of superheating of the CO₂ vapor leaving the intercooler increased,the COP of the two-stage system decreased.     

单螺杆膨胀机制冷系统的逆布雷顿循环分析

利用气体膨胀制冷可获得较大的温降,具有广泛应用于工业节能领域的潜力,研究和开发小型逆布雷顿循环制冷系统对我国的节能减排事业具有重要意义。提出了一种逆布雷顿循环制冷系统的典型流程,建立了热力学模型,分析了是否加回热器、膨胀机绝热效率对系统性能的影响。这些工作为研发这种小型系统提供了理论依据。