陶瓷-金属连接工艺研究现状及进展

由于特种结构陶瓷材料具有良好的综合性能,近年来在动力工程和先进发动机上的应用正日益增加,也使陶瓷与金属的连接工艺成为材料工程领域的热点研究课题.综述了陶瓷与金属连接的几种方法:陶瓷与金属活性钎焊连接、扩散焊连接、过渡液相扩散连接及等离子喷涂连接,对其主要连接材料、设计原则以及相应连接工艺进行了介绍,指出了目前存在的主要问题和获得耐高温陶瓷-金属接头的新工艺及发展方向.     

陶瓷-金属焊接的方法与技术

概述了陶瓷-金属焊接的特点,综述了常见的6种焊接方法,包括钎焊、扩散连接、过渡液相连接、自蔓延高温合成连接、热压反应烧结连接和摩擦焊等,重点介绍了它们的工艺特点和研究现状.在此基础上,比较了各种方法的优缺点和适用范围,并对陶瓷-金属焊接的研究前景进行了展望.     

块体金属玻璃制备技术的研究进展

主要介绍了块体金属玻璃的连接技术、放电等离子烧结法和电磁振动法等制备块体金属玻璃的新技术手段。块体金属玻璃的连接技术包括激光焊、爆炸焊、电子束焊、熔融液相连接法和摩擦焊等。采用焊接的方法可将块体金属玻璃连接在一起,以形成大尺寸甚至超大尺寸的块体金属玻璃;放电等离子烧结可在很短时间内制备多孔、大尺寸和具有一定塑性的块体金属玻璃,在制备具有优异软磁性能的块体金属玻璃上也具有显著优势;电磁振动法可以有效抑制晶体形核,显著提高块体金属玻璃体系的玻璃形成能力,从而制备更大尺寸的块体金属玻璃。     

SiC陶瓷的高温连接研究现状

SiC陶瓷由于具有优异的性能,在高温结构材料领域有着广泛的应用,高温连接技术是该材料推广应用的关键技术之一.综述了近年来SiC陶瓷钎焊、扩散焊、瞬间液相高温连接技术的研究进展,并针对存在的问题讨论了今后的发展方向.     

氮化硅陶瓷的连接工艺以及钎料研究进展

氮化硅陶瓷由于其耐磨、耐高温、硬度高、热稳定性和抗腐蚀性好等优良性能,在宇航、能源等领域均有重要的应用。但是其存在脆性大、韧性差等缺点,需要采用连接技术制备陶瓷/金属复合构件来解决。目前常用的陶瓷连接方式包括钎焊、固相扩散连接、玻璃连接、部分瞬间液相连接,选择合适的钎焊方式以及钎料是提高接头强度的关键。制备陶瓷/金属复合构件既可以利用氮化硅陶瓷材料本身的优异性能,又可使构件具备金属材料良好的塑性和韧性,满足现代工程应用的需要。本文介绍了常用的陶瓷连接方法以及目前氮化硅陶瓷钎料的研究进展。     

新材料焊接的现状和展望

新材料主要指结构陶瓷、高分子及复合材料等。由于其优异的性能,近二十年来工程应用逐年扩大,尤其在能源、宇航、微电子及军事工业等方面更令人瞩目。由于材料的焊接性对新材料的扩大使用是十分关键的,这包括材料本身的连接以及和其它材料的连接问题。优良的焊接性要求材料易于实现焊接连接,又不因焊接过程恶化新材料的优异性能。以下重点就陶瓷、复合材料及金属合金等新材料焊接技术的现状和发展做一概述.     

陶瓷涂层与金属基体结合质量的超声检测方法研究

陶瓷材料在耐高温、耐腐蚀、耐磨损等方面具有金属不能比拟的优势,通过在金属基体上涂覆或者粘接陶瓷材料可实现优异的综合性能。陶瓷涂层与金属基体的结合质量影响着其使用性能和安全性,检测陶瓷涂层与金属基体的结合质量具有重要意义。利用超声直入射检测方法研究陶瓷涂层与金属基体的粘接质量,并对获得的信号进行分析,定义了评价粘接质量的结合质量系数,利用该系数可对粘接质量作出合理评估。     

塑性变形连接的微观组织性能与缺陷表征及机制研究进展

金属在塑性变形作用下的冶金连接是高性能轻量化构件精密成形制造的关键技术。在介绍轧制连接、挤压连接、扩散连接、压力连接、摩擦焊接等连接特点及应用的基础上,阐述了国内外在金属塑性变形连接接头的微观组织演化、缺陷表征、力学性能等方面的研究进展,分析了塑性变形作用下冶金接头的形成机制,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

高分子、复合材料技术：TiC／金属复合涂层反应热喷涂粉末及其制备技术

陶瓷-金属复合涂层，尤其是碳化物-金属复合涂层具有优异的耐磨性能，在冶金、能源、石油化工、汽车、造纸、航空航天等民用和国防工业领域耐磨构件的制造、加工和修复中具有广泛的用途。与传统的陶瓷／金属复合涂层增强相wc相比，Tic更稳定（1100℃也不分解）、硬度更高，而且密度低、摩擦系数小，是陶瓷／金属复合涂层的理想增强体，与适当的粘结金属复合可制备耐高温、耐腐蚀、耐磨损涂层，具有更高的应用价值和更广泛的应用前景。在传统陶瓷／金属复合涂层热喷涂技术中，陶瓷相通常以外加复合的方式预置在喷涂原材料（粉末、丝等）中，陶瓷相颗粒较粗、陶瓷／金属界面易受污染，涂层性能较差（空隙率高、结合强度低），且原材料成本高、喷涂条件苛刻（一般需要等离子喷涂），极大地限制了热喷技术的应用和推广。     

Si_3N_4陶瓷与Si_3N_4陶瓷及金属连接的研究进展

对Si3N4陶瓷与Si3N4陶瓷、Si3N4陶瓷与金属的连接工艺进展进行了系统的介绍 ,重点评述了Si3N4直接钎焊法、Si3N4间接钎焊法、Si3N4陶瓷玻璃焊法的研究进展 ,并提出了今后研究的重点     

STRONG METAL-CERAMIC JOINTS

In this paper the technology for joining metals to ceramics is reviewed. The technologies of metal powder sintering, liquid phase joining with activated brazing alloys and with ceramic frit, solid-state joining, friction welding and mechanical fixation are described. In order to put some perspective on the mechanical data given in the literature, some evaluating remarks on mechanical testing are made.     

面向电子制造的功率超声微纳连接技术进展

为满足电子制造与封装对新材料与工艺的迫切需求,尤其是高功率、高温服役、高集成度以及高可靠性等新型器件的连接难题,开发了面向电子制造的功率超声微纳连接技术。从固相键合、超声复合钎焊和超声纳米连接3个方面,综述了面向电子制造的功率超声微纳连接技术的原理方法、优势与应用场合。功率超声由于其表面清洁、声流和空化作用,将大幅提升冶金反应速率,有效解决了传统TLP反应温度高时间长,以及Cu和Al等金属的易氧化等问题,甚至攻克了Al2O3,AlN,SiC等陶瓷基板的难润湿以及低温纳米颗粒烧结驱动力不足的难题。综述了该领域多年来的研究成果,聚焦电子制造中的功率超声微纳连接技术,从固相连接领域的引线键合、室温超声金属连接和超声增材制造,到钎焊领域的超声低温软钎焊、超声中高温连接以及超声瞬态液相连接,最后针对第三代半导体高功率器件简述了超声纳米连接,探讨了功率超声微纳连接技术的研究进展及趋势。     

Recent developments in explosive welding

Explosion welding (EXW) is one of the joining methods consisting of a solid state welding process in which controlled explosive detonation on the surface of a metal. During the collision, a high velocity jet is produced to remove away the impurities on the metal surfaces. Flyer plate collides with base plate resulting in a bonding at the interface of metals. The metal plates are joined at an internal point under the influence of a very high pressure and causes considerable local plastic deformation at the interface in which metallurgical bonding occurs in nature and even stronger than the parent metals. Similar and dissimilar materials can be joined by explosive welding. In this paper, after detection the theories of welding and wave formation, experimental research and numerical studies on explosive welding are reviewed for the last four decades. Also, future developments in explosive welding are predicted and criticized in an outlook.     

Methodology for analysing the degradation of Mg-PSZ

For expanded applications and ease of manufacture, joining ceramics to other ceramic and metal components is a subject of intense interest, especially for heat engine applications. Magnesia partially stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ) is one possible material for various desired applications, due to its toughness and thermal and mechanical shock resistance. During processing of the join and during the lifetime of the ceramic component, thermal and chemical potential gradients are expected to cause complex reactions at the zirconia-metal interface. Particularly important reactions are the oxidation of the metal-joining agents and their diffusion/migration into the ceramic. Because of the small spatial scales of both the complex reactions and the interface, identifying mechanisms of degradation due to particular metals or metal oxides would be difficult. This research focuses on a methodology to identify whether the reaction of the metal oxides with Mg-PSZ would cause degradation. The methodology for investigating these reactions of Mg-PSZ to oxidized metals was developed by adapting a conventional metallurgical technique known as the temperature-time-transformation diagram. The metals selected for investigation were copper, tin and zinc (typical brazing agents), titanium and aluminium (reactive metals), and cobalt and nickel (super alloys and typical interlayer metals). To model the reaction at the interface layer, oxides of the metals were mixed with Mg-PSZ powder and its effect on precipitation analysed. All metal oxides accelerated the precipitation rate of the tetragonal phase, thereby shifting the nose of the temperature-time-transformation diagram to shorter times as compared to undoped Mg-PSZ. Additionally, these oxides enhanced growth of the monoclinic phase with increasing time at temperature.     

Interface Interactions of Dissimilar Materials at Elevated Temperatures

This paper reviews some of the chemical interactions that occurred at the interface of ceramic/molten metal liquids. Control of interfacial reactions between dissimilar materials is an important issue in numerous technological applications, such as brazing of ceramics to metals, design of ceramic–metal composites, coatings of ceramics on metal substrates, and development of crucibles for melting of refractory metals. In ceramic/metal systems, wetting of the ceramic surface by the liquid metal is typically accompanied to some extent by interfacial reactions. The chemical incompatibility between the metal and non‐metallic materials can result in the formation of undesirable phases, due to the chemical and metallurgical reactions that take place during processing or in service. There is a need, therefore, to characterize the governing factors and reaction pathways at these interfaces. So, when the reaction products obtained during interdiffusion processing are not favorable, the diffusion pathway can be modified to control their formation.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of magnesium alloy and stainless steel weld-joint made by friction stir lap welding

Friction stir lap welding was conducted on soft/hard metals. A welding tool was designed with a cutting pin of rotary burr made of tungsten carbide, which makes the stirring pin possible to penetrate and cut the surface layer of the hard metal. Magnesium alloy AZ31 and stainless steel SUS302 were chosen as soft/hard base metals. The structures of the joining interface were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The joining strength was evaluated by tensile shear test. The results showed that flower-like interfacial morphologies were presented with steel flashes and scraps, which formed bonding mechanisms of nail effect by long steel flashes, zipper effect by saw-tooth structure and metallurgical bonding. The shear strength of the lap joint falls around the shear strength of butt joint of friction stir welded magnesium alloy.     

异种有色金属电磁脉冲焊接研究现状及发展趋势

电磁脉冲焊接技术由电磁脉冲成形技术演化而来,通过电磁力驱动被焊接金属发生高速碰撞,实现碰撞界面的冶金结合进而获得焊接接头,作为一种固相连接技术,尤其适用于性能差异显著的异种材料焊接。随着国内外研究者对电磁脉冲焊接技术的深入研究,发现该技术在铝与镁、铝与铜、铝与钛、铝与镍钛等异种有色金属焊接领域的应用前景日益广阔。然而,目前缺乏对异种有色金属电磁脉冲焊接研究现状及发展趋势的综述研究,未能明确该技术在异种有色金属焊接中存在的问题和发展方向。因此,本文详细探讨了异种有色金属电磁脉冲焊接接头的微观结构特征、元素分布规律及显微组织特性,并阐述了接头形成机理,主要包括碰撞界面结合模型和缺陷形成机制。研究发现,不同异种有色金属组合的焊接界面结构明显不同,电磁脉冲焊接接头的力学性能优化需要通过进一步揭示焊接界面结构的形成机制来实现,电磁脉冲焊接技术难以对电学性能差、厚度大以及强度高的材料进行高质量焊接,需要加强相关辅助焊接技术、辅助装备的研究开发。最后对电磁脉冲焊接技术在异种有色金属的焊接过程中存在的问题及未来发展方向进行了展望,提出了未来该技术的研究发展方向,为电磁脉冲焊接技术的相关研究奠定了基础。     

氧化物陶瓷闪烧机理及其应用研究进展

闪烧是近些年广受关注的一种电场辅助烧结技术。本文介绍了闪烧的起源与发展, 并对闪烧的基本特征进行了分析。在闪烧孕育与引发过程的研究方面, 发现了孕育阶段的非线性电导特征和电化学黑化现象, 提出了氧空位主导的缺陷机制; 在闪烧阶段的快速致密化研究方面, 提出了电场作用导致的缺陷产生和运动会在粉体颗粒间产生库仑力, 有利于烧结前期的致密化过程, 同时发现闪烧致密化过程中还伴随着金属阳离子的快速运动; 在闪烧阶段的晶粒生长和微结构演变方面, 发现了试样温度沿电流方向呈非对称分布, 试样中间位置的晶界迁移率明显提高, 提出电化学缺陷对微观结构有重大影响。基于上述研究成果, 本团队利用电场作用下出现的低温快速传质现象, 发展了陶瓷闪焊技术, 实现了同种陶瓷/陶瓷、陶瓷/金属, 甚至异种陶瓷/陶瓷之间的快速连接; 发展了陶瓷闪烧合成技术, 不仅实现了典型氧化物陶瓷的快速合成, 而且实现了高熵陶瓷和具有共晶形貌的氧化物陶瓷的快速合成; 发展了氧化物陶瓷的电塑性成形技术, 初步实现了氧化锆陶瓷低温低应力下的快速拉伸和弯曲变形。本文最后总结了闪烧机理研究面临的挑战, 并从焦耳热效应和非焦耳热效应两方面展望了闪烧的发展方向, 期望对闪烧技术在国内的发展有所裨益。     

Ultrasonic Torsion Welding of Sheet Metals to Cellular Metallic Materials

One of the most important requirements for finding new applications for cellular metals is to integrate them in complex technical structures. The metal foams have to be joined to each other, or to sheet materials, by suitable joining techniques. The main topics of this paper are the ultrasonic torsion welding of cellular metallic materials to sheet metals and the investigation of the mechanical properties of the joints. The basic materials of foams and sheet metals were different aluminum and iron alloys. Depending on the materials used, weldings with tensile shear strengths of up to 25 MPa were realized. Using aluminum foam sandwich (AFS) and sheet metals, successful weldings were performed before and after the foaming process. Furthermore, it was possible to perform a successful foaming process with the unfoamed AFS/sheet metal joints. Microscopic investigations showed that the ultrasonic welding technique allows the joining of the metal foams with sheet metals without significant deformation of the joining partners. The temperatures during the welding process in the interface were below the melting point of the foams and the sheet metals.