大凌河流域不同植被类型土壤粒径的多重分形特征分析

文章利用激光粒度分析法和分形理论研究了大凌河流域5种不同植被类型的土壤颗粒组成及其多重分布特征,对不同植被类型的土壤结构异质性和粒径分布非均匀性进行了详细的分析和探讨。研究表明:土壤黏粒梯级分数可与土壤多重分形参数和颗粒单分形参数呈明显的正相关性,土壤粒径分布的奇异性和非均匀性随土壤细颗粒物质体积分数的增大而增加;针阔混交林和杂木林的多重分形参数、颗粒分形维数大于果园并大于谷田和油松,防护林植被可有效提高土壤颗粒结构异质性性和质地的均匀性并增大土壤粉粒及黏粒等细粒的体积分数。     

陕西合阳黄河湿地土壤颗粒体积分形特征研究

本研究通过粒径分析,采用分形理论,研究了陕西合阳黄河湿地4种不同类型土壤的分形特征.结果表明:(1)体积分形维数反映出从荒地、耕地到湿地,直至退化到盐碱化荒地,土壤质地具有变粗的趋势,可以更精细地反映出土壤质地的变化.(2)体积分形维数与粘粒、粉粒和砂粒含量表现出不同的相关性.(3)分形维数在不同类型土壤剖面上随深度的变化复杂多变.     

宽级配泥沙分形特性及其输移规律试验研究

为了探寻宽级配泥沙粒度分形特性及其输移规律,通过水槽冲刷试验,分析了床沙和推移质的分形特征,并对不同床沙、不同流速条件下的泥沙粒度分维值进行了定量的计算和对比。结果表明:不论床沙还是推移质的级配都具有良好的统计自相似性,具有分形特征;级配是否连续对于粒度分维值的变化存在显著影响,床沙粗化后粒度分维值变小,且随着冲刷流速的增大,非连续级配时粒度分维值逐渐变小,而连续级配时粒度分维值逐渐变大。推移质粒度分维值与其所对应的中值粒径存在显著的负相关性。     

高分子絮凝剂下泥沙絮体结构的分形特性

在黄河泥沙高浓度悬浊液中投加高分子絮凝剂,架桥絮凝沉降实验与电镜实验研究表明,絮体结构的形成与生长具有分形特性。借助分形数学理论中特征参数“分维D”定量分析了高分子种类、高分子的分子量、不同投加剂量与浓度下絮体结构的分形特性及其构型特征,讨论了高分子絮凝剂的架桥絮凝机理以及高分子絮凝剂在含沙高浊水中的分形行为,为含沙高浊水中高分子絮凝剂的正确选择提供了一种新的思路。     

黄河内蒙古段乌兰布和沙漠入黄风积沙监测研究

黄河内蒙古段途经乌兰布和沙漠,局部河段发展为＂地上悬河＂,洪灾、凌灾频繁发生。对乌兰布和沙漠沿黄河段风沙入黄的初步监测结果进行了分析与探讨,揭示沿黄段入黄风沙运移规律并精确计算出风积沙入黄沙量。国家及有关部门应对乌兰布和沙漠对黄河的危害高度重视,形成多渠道、多学科联合攻关研究的平台,使研究结果更好地为科学治理黄河泥沙问题及完善黄河沿岸综合防护体系提供科学依据。     

黏性土粒径分布的多重分形特性及土-水特征曲线的预测研究

土壤粒径分布的分形特性常由单一分维数来描述,这一分形参数可作为土-水特征曲线模型中的常数。但实验证据显示,单一分维数不足以描述某些黏性土在整个粒径范围土粒的分形分布。为了评估粒径分布的多重分形参数预测土-水特征曲线的效能,对3个黏土样实测粒径分布和土-水特征曲线,研究粒径分布的多重分形特性,并利用分形模型预测土-水特征曲线。研究发现,在较为宽泛的粒径范围,土的粒径分布存在3个不同分维数的土粒区域,分维数的大小与土粒区域的粒径大小有关。粒径越大的区域,分维数越大;利用不同区域的分维数预测土-水特征曲线并与实测结果比较,显示模型预测对多重分形参数较为敏感,采用大粒径区域分维数的计算结果与实测数据甚为吻合。虽然多重分形参数精确描述了土粒的分形分布,但在预测土-水特征曲线时应考虑粒径分布分形标度性质的差异。     

向家坝水电站过机泥沙的多重分形特性

以向家坝水电站过机泥沙为研究对象,采用激光粒度仪分析过机泥沙粒径级配的体积百分比,运用多重分形理论对粒径分布的特征规律进行研究。结果表明:过机泥沙粒径具有良好的多重分形特性,结合多重分形理论,粒径分布整体平均上的不均匀大小为D_1(B_2)D_1(C_1)D_1(C_2)D_1(A_2)D1(B_1)D_1(A_1)D_1(D_2)D_1(D_1);存在某一阈值q,使得当q≥5时,最大子集粒径分布的不均匀大小为D≥5(B_2)D≥5(B_1)D≥5(D_2)D≥5(C_2)D≥5(A_2)D≥5(C_1)D≥5(A_1)D≥5(D_1),当q≤-7时,最小子集粒径分布的不均匀大小为D≤-7(C_1)D≤-7(B_2)D≤-7(A_1)D≤-7(D_1)D≤-7(C_2)D≤-7(A_2)D≤-7(D_2)D≤-7(B_1)(其中A_1、B_1、C_1、D_1为左岸机组过机泥沙样品编号,A_2、B_2、C_2、D_2为右岸机组过机泥沙样品编号);多重分形奇异谱谱宽Δα应分为最小子集和最大子集奇异谱谱宽Δα_1和Δα_2分别计算;结合广义维数谱和多重分形奇异谱,关于粒径分布在局部上的不均匀程度,两者的结论是相同的;结合相关性分析,泥沙细化和最大子集分布不均匀大小呈现良好的负相关性,而泥沙细化和最小子集分布不均匀大小无关。     

论天然沉积砂卵石粒度分布的分形结构

根据分形几何学理论，研究了我国黄河及陕西省的石头河、冯家山古河道河床天然沉积砂卵石的粒度成分特征，发现在双对数坐标下粒度含量与粒径之间呈直线关系，表明粒度分布具有分形结构，根据直线的斜率ｂ，由公式Ｄ＝３－ｂ可求得相应的分维。计算所得的分维在２．５５～２．８７之间，并讨论了分维与粗粒土级配的关系，提出了以分维Ｄ代替不均匀系数Ｃｕ和曲率系数Ｃｃ作为表征粗粒土级配的指标     

粗粒土颗粒破碎多重分形特性研究

粗粒土的颗粒破碎影响其强度、刚度和变形,故引入分形理论量化破碎程度。依据粒度分形曲线存在折线性,阐释界限粒组含义,提出以界限粒径为限,分段概化土体多重分形特征,计算其多重分形维数D(r),总结D(r)增量变化规律,建立增量计算模型,量化颗粒破碎程度。理论及试验分析表明:等效替代缩尺方法减小D(r),对界限粒径影响不显著,缩尺前后颗粒分形特性保持一致;不同尺寸颗粒破碎概率不同,粗粒段破碎概率高于细粒段破碎概率。细粒段D(r)增量随干密度的增加先缓慢增大后急剧增大,随围压增大而减小,其增量与干密度及围压为指数函数关系;粗粒段D(r)增量随干密度增加先增大后减小,其增量与干密度及围压呈高次非线性规律。据此建立考虑干密度及围压影响的D(r)增量模型,用MatLab作多元非线性回归分析求解系数,对比模型值与试验值分布规律,分析其残差置信度。研究结果表明模型结构合理,可为评价粗粒土多重分形特性及量化颗粒破碎效应提供一种简便有效的方法,可提高粗粒土工程应用科学性及可靠程度。     

论天然沉积砂卵石粒度分布的分形结构

根据分形几何学理论，研究了甸黄河及陕西省的石头河、河家山古河道河床天然沉积砂卵石的粒度成分特征，发现在双对数坐标下粒度含量与粒径之间呈直线关系，表明粒度分布具有分形结构，根据直线的斜率ｂ，由公式Ｄ＝３－ｂ可求得相应的分维，计算所得的分维在２．５５－２．８７之间，并讨论了分维与粗粒土级配的关系，提出了以分维Ｄ代替不均匀系数Ｃｕ和曲率系数Ｃｃ作为表征粗粒土级配的指标。     

黄河水滴灌系统灌水器结构-泥沙淤积-堵塞行为的相关关系研究

传统的黄河水沉淀-过滤系统存在沉沙池建设成本高、过滤器频繁反冲洗能耗高等问题,让更多的细颗粒泥沙随水流排出灌水器体外是解决黄河水滴灌系统灌水器堵塞的新思路,而摸清泥沙在黄河水滴灌系统内部的淤积特性以及灌水器结构-淤积泥沙特性-堵塞特性参数间的相关关系是探索其排沙能力的前提和基础。为此,本文在河套灌区开展了黄河水滴灌系统灌水器堵塞原位试验,系统分析了6种内镶贴片式灌水器内部细颗粒泥沙含量及粒径分布动态变化特征,探索了三者间的级联关系。结果表明：进入灌水器内部的泥沙99%以上可以排出体外,淤积在灌水器内部的泥沙以粉粒为主、砂粒次之、黏粒最少。随着灌水器堵塞加剧,内部淤积泥沙的黏粒、粉粒比例相对降低,而砂粒比例相对增加,泥沙进入灌水器后存在聚集等行为,使得灌水器内部淤积泥沙粒径明显高于毛管入口。泥沙比表面积淤积量、粉粒比例、砂粒比例、D₅₀、D₉₅对黄河水滴灌系统Dra、克里斯琴森均匀系数CU影响显著（p<0.05）,不同灌水器淤积泥沙粒径明显不同,D₅₀与灌水器结构无量纲参数（流道宽深比W/D、面积长度比A^1/2/L）及断面平均流速v显著（p<0.05）相关。本研究对引黄滴灌灌水器设计及灌溉系统过滤配置具有指导意义。     

颗粒级配对管涌发展的影响试验研究

自行设计模型槽进行垂直渗流下砂土管涌试验,通过精细化量测手段获取管涌发展中土体几何、水力学参数及颗粒运动特点,研究颗粒级配对管涌发生发展的影响,揭示管涌细观机理。管涌型砂土可动颗粒本身级配影响流失颗粒最大粒径及颗粒流失量在渗流方向上的分布情况,但对最终颗粒流失量影响不大;可动颗粒含量对砂土是否发生渗透破坏及潜蚀发展过程影响密切,临界细颗粒含量及存在的自滤过程是要考虑的。通过体视显微镜,从细观尺度揭示临界细颗粒含量的砂土在管涌过程中,可能产生自滤反滤现象而使系统自稳定,进一步揭示该机制是由于砂土在复杂的水土相互作用过程中形成层间系数D15/d85值符合自稳定的级配特点所致。研究表明,对级配分布较广,缺失中间粒径的管涌型砂土,要判别砂土是否会发生渗透破坏及其临界水力梯度大小,在采用经典公式或经验曲线判断的基础上,有必要针对实际工程土体的级配特性与实际水力学条件,开展复杂水土作用过程的试验论证。     

The Influence of Logjams on Largemouth Bass (Micropterus Salmoides) Concentrations on the Lower Roanoke River,a Large Sand‐Bed River

This study examines the relation between logjams and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) on the alluvial sand‐bed lower Roanoke River. Disparate data sets from previous bank erosion, fisheries, and large wood studies were used to compare the distribution of largemouth bass with logjam frequency. Logjams are related to the frequency of bank mass wasting increasing from near an upstream dam to the middle reach of the study segment and then decreasing as the river approaches sea level. The highest concentration of largemouth bass and logjams was in the middle reach (110 fish per hour and 21 jams per km). Another measure of largemouth bass distribution, fish biomass density (g h^?1), had a similar trend with logjams and was a better predictor of fish distribution versus logjams (R² = 0.6 and 0.8 and p = 0.08 and 0.02 for fish per hour and g h^?1 versus logjam, respectively). We theorize that the preference for adult bass to congregate near logjams indicates the use of the jams as feeding areas. The results of a principal component analysis indicate that fish biomass concentration is much more related to logjam frequency than channel geometry (width, depth, and bank height), bed grain size, bank erosion, or turbidity. The results of this research support recent studies on in‐channel wood and fisheries: Logjams appear to be important for maintaining, or increasing, both largemouth bass numbers and total biomass of fish in large eastern North American rivers. Persistent logjams, important as habitat, exist where relatively undisturbed river reaches allow for bank erosion inputs of wood and available anchoring locations. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

Process‐based assessment of success and failure in a constructed riffle‐pool river restoration project

Although there is increasing consensus that river restoration should focus on restoring processes rather than form, proven techniques to design and monitor projects for sediment transport processes are lacking. This study monitors bedload transport and channel morphology in a rural, an urban unrestored, and an urban restored reach. Objectives are to compare bedload transport regimes, assess the stability and self‐maintenance of constructed riffle‐pool sequences, and evaluate the impact of the project on coarse sediment continuity in the creek. Sediment tracking is done using radio frequency identification tracers and morphologic change is assessed from repeated cross‐section surveys. Mean annual velocity is used to quantify the average downstream velocity of tracers, defined as the mean overall tracer travel length divided by the total study duration. The channel reconstruction slows down the downstream velocity of particles in the D₇₅ and D₉₀ size classes, but does not significantly change the velocity of particles in the D₅₀ size class or smaller. Surveys show that riffle features remain stable and that pool depths are maintained or deepened, while tracer paths match with what has been observed in natural riffle‐pools. However, the slowdown of coarse sediment and increase in channel slope may lead to future failures related to over‐steepening of the banks and a disruption in the continuity of sediment transport in the creek. This study demonstrates how bedload tracking and morphological surveys can be used to assess river restoration projects, and highlights the importance of incorporating coarse sediment connectivity into restoration design and monitoring.     

1-7河流泥沙10组分界粒径述评

从分界理论和分界阈值等方面,对泥沙分类、球体泥沙沉速、单矿质泥沙、黏粒溶胶、泥沙絮凝、泥沙触变、淤积初始干密度、沙波初始形态、推移质悬移质、床沙质冲泻质等冲积河流泥沙10组分界粒径(分界阈值上界为2.0 mm、下界为0.001 mm)进行了概述,给出了10组分界粒径的特性表和“谱系表”。10组分界粒径的本质核心是粗沙与细沙的划分;基于属性分类方法,10组分界粒径可划分为主要基于泥沙特性(第Ⅰ类),依赖于泥沙与水流两者特性(第Ⅱ类),依赖于泥沙、水流和河床演变三者特性(第Ⅲ类)3种类型;基于确定性分类方法,又可划分为分界意义明确和分界阈值确定(A类)、分界意义明确性较差或者分界阈值确定性较弱(C类)、介于两者之间(B类)3种类型。归纳提出了粗沙与细沙分界粒径、分界粒径与临界流速、泥沙沉速与起动流速等有关河流泥沙分界粒径的讨论问题和研究课题。研究成果提升了河流泥沙分界粒径的系统性和重要性,建立了泥沙“微观”特性与河流“宏观”特性之间的联系。     

冲积河流推移质输沙最优河道形态影响因素理论分析

为从理论上确定水沙动力、阻力和边界条件对冲积河流推移质输沙最优河道形态和最小比降的影响,基于 水力半径分割方法将河床整体糙率划分为河岸糙率和河底糙率;采用河道形态自动调整变分方法,以等腰梯形为 河道过水断面,推导推移质输沙率与河道形态的关系,分析河岸与河底相对糙率、河岸坡角、流量、输沙率、中值 粒径和河底糙率对最优河道形态和最小比降的影响。结果表明：最优河道形态和最小比降随河岸与河底相对糙 率的增大而减小,随河岸坡角的增大而增大。流量或者河底糙率的增加将使最小比降减小,同时造成最优河道形 态趋向窄深。输沙率或者中值粒径的增加将使最小比降增大,但两者对最优河道形态演变的影响不同,输沙率增 大将使最优河道形态向宽浅发展,而中值粒径增加将使最优河道形态向窄深发展。     

长江口澄通河段床沙粒度特征分析

为了进一步研究长江口水土资源和岸线开发利用工作对该段河床演变和水动力变化的影响,根据2012年及2013年枯水期长江口澄通河段两次大范围床沙取样监测成果,分析了各主支汊床沙的物质组成,粒度分布及丰枯水年粒度特征。结果表明：澄通河段主槽砂粒粗,浅滩砂粒细;主汊砂粒粗,支汊砂粒细;总体上,从上游向下游床沙粒度逐渐变细;主槽及主汊区域床沙类型主要为细砂及粉砂质砂,支汊及浅滩区域床沙类型主要为砂质粉砂及黏土质粉砂;2012年,全河段床沙的粒度组成表现为,砂含量大于粉砂含量,粉砂含量大于黏土含量。     

A hydrogeomorphic dynamics approach to assess in‐stream ecological functionality using the functional flows model,part 1—model characteristics

The functional flows model integrates hydrogeomorphic processes and ecological functions for stream physical habitat evaluations. Functional flows are discharge values that serve ecological uses. Assessments of functional flows are based on evaluation of shear stress dynamics. The analysis is based on the occurrence of sediment transport regimes defined by threshold values of Shields stress estimated from discharge (Q), a parameter (f) governing depth response to incremental discharge changes, water surface slope (S) and media grain size (D₅₀). As an example, the model was tuned for fall‐run Chinook salmon spawning. Ecological functions studied were bed occupation (spawning, incubation and emergence) and bed preparation (river bed reworking periods)—both reliant on shear stress dynamics. A numerical experiment and sensitivity analysis using a wide range of realistic values of input variables indicated the effect of each variable on flow functionality. Combinations of S = 0.001, 0.005 and 0.01, D₅₀ = 0.02, 0.05, 0.1 m, f = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and four sediment transport stages produced 144 scenarios. Ranges of functional flows were greater for scenarios for low f (0.2) with low slope (0.001,0.05), for high f (0.5) with small grain size (0.02 m) and for intermediate low f (0.3) with coarse grain size (0.1 m). The functional flows model incorporates in‐stream habitat processes by including metrics of hydrologic, hydraulic, geomorphic and ecologic dynamics. Model uncertainties related to input data, calculation algorithms, and model structure are analysed. Functional flows analysis can be useful in studying water management alternatives to improve habitat conditions for target species and lifestages. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evidence for hydrochory and the deposition of viable seeds within winter flow‐deposited sediments: the River Dove,Derbyshire, UK

Previous studies of the influence of hydrochory on plant dispersal have focused on relationships with existing vegetation patterns or litter deposits. River sediment deposition studies have assessed sediment accretion rates, particle size and quality. The link between seed and sediment transport and deposition has been overlooked and never quantified. This paper presents observations of over‐winter viable seed and sediment deposition on three river margin sites along the River Dove, England. At these sites, 105 paired artificial turf mats were installed on the river bank top, face and toe from October 1999 to March 2000 to collect river‐deposited material. From each pair, one mat was used to determine the dry weight; median particle size; percentage sand, silt, clay and organic content of deposited sediment. The other was used in germination trials to determine the number and species of deposited viable seeds. Topographic surveys and water level measurements supported the estimation of the hydrological characteristics of each mat location. Few seeds and little sediment were found on mats not inundated by river water. For these inundated, sediment characteristics varied primarily with elevation (relative to local mean river water level during the study period), with less marked between‐site contrasts. The species composition of viable seeds also varied with elevation. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) revealed associations between river/wetland‐related seed species and the bank toe samples. Regression analysis revealed significant relationships between seed number, sediment properties and mat elevation. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed associations between the species and abundance of viable seeds and elevation, sediment weight and organic matter content. These analyses suggest that sediment and seed deposition by rivers are closely related processes. The implications of these results for seed remobilization and dispersal and hydrochory within riparian zones are discussed, as are the implications of changes in sediment/seed delivery mechanisms, river flow regimes, and the hydraulic properties of river margins for seeds, sediments and riparian vegetation patterns. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A GIS‐based approach to mapping probabilities of river bank erosion: regulated River Tummel,Scotland

This study explores the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques for mapping river channel planform change and bank erosion probability. The method used is primarily based on an approach developed by Graf (Graf, W.L. 1984. ‘A probabilistic approach to the spatial assessment of river channel instability’, Water Resour. Res., 20 (7), 953–962), which proposed that bank erosion probability could be determined for any given cell on a floodplain by taking into account (i) its distance laterally and in the upstream direction to the active river channel, and (ii) a value representing flood magnitudes for the given period. In this study, Graf's method is refined by using a GIS approach and by incorporating the influence of geomorphic variables, such as river bank morphology, sediment type and floodplain vegetation, on bank erosion rates. In addition, the technique is applied to a wandering gravel‐bed river of roughly 80 m width, representing a different type and size of river to that used in Graf's study. Thus, the wider applicability of the technique is tested. In addition, the analysis here covers only a short time scale (1988–1994) compared with that used by Graf. The high temporal resolution of this study is enabled by the use of aerial photography and also by the substantial channel changes that occurred within this time period as a result of several high magnitude flood events. The results of the study indicate the usefulness and validity of the approach, particularly with regard to floodplain erosion hazard mapping and the assessment of the effects of altered flood regimes and land use. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.