氨基化氧化石墨烯界面聚合制备超薄复合纳滤膜

采用氨基化氧化石墨烯(NGO)为界面聚合水相单体,制备了超薄复合纳滤膜。研究采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)表征了NGO以及复合纳滤膜的化学组成和形貌。系统考察了水相单体浓度、有机相单体浓度对于制备的超薄复合纳滤膜性能的影响。该超薄复合膜在低压(0.2 MPa)下纯水通量可达27.8 L·m-2·h-1,对小分子染料有较高的截留率(甲基橙截留率74.8%,橙黄钠截留率96.0%,刚果红截留率98.5%,甲基蓝截留率99%),对于无机盐的截留率较低(Na2SO4截留率21.4%,Mg SO4截留率10.7%,Na Cl截留率5.3%,Mg Cl2截留率1.5%),展现出优异的染料/盐分离性能。同时制备的复合纳滤膜展现了较好的长周期稳定性以及抗污染特性。     

基于胺基改性纳米SiO2的有机-无机杂化纳滤膜制备与性能

以聚醚砜纳滤膜为基膜，采用胺基改性纳米SiO₂掺杂树状聚酰胺-胺(PAMAM)作为水相改性剂制备了一类有机-无机复合纳滤膜。通过条件优化实验确定较佳界面聚合条件为有机相单体w(均苯三甲酰氯)=0.5%、w(PAMAM)=0.3%、w(SiO₂)=0.3%、处理时间90 s、处理温度80℃。在该条件下，纳滤膜对无机盐的截留率为67.3%、通量为31.3 L/(m²·h),对模拟污水的分离性能优于采用未改性纳米SiO₂制备的有机-无机复合纳滤膜。制备的纳滤膜对4种模拟矿化污水的截留顺序为Na₂SO₄>KCl>CaCl₂>MgCl₂。     

一种可用于高盐废水处理的纳滤膜研究

使用三乙烯四胺（TETA）和2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵（EPTAC）混合溶液为水相单体,均苯三甲酰氯（TMC）为油相单体,通过界面聚合制备纳滤膜。结果表明在水相溶液中TETA浓度为0.2 wt%,EPTAC浓度为0.4 wt%,油相溶液 TMC 为 0.2 wt%,反应时间 30 s,在 90 ℃下热处理为最佳条件。该复合膜在 25 ℃、0.5 MPa 条件下纯水通量为80 L/（m²·h）,是未添加 EPTAC 时水通量的 5.5 倍,对 NaCl 和 Na₂SO₄的截留率分别为 15% 和 98%;对于 15 000 mg/L NaCl 和 8 000 mg/L Na₂SO₄混盐溶液体系,Cl^-截留率低于 1%,SO₄^2-截留率高于 99.2%,显示了高分离选择性,满足高盐废水分盐要求。抗污染实验结果表明,该膜具有较好的抗污染性能,水通量恢复率可达99%。     

新型还原氧化石墨烯/氮化碳复合纳滤膜制备及其性能

高性能石墨烯基复合膜的制备是目前国际研究热点,但是石墨烯基纳滤膜在脱盐中水通量较低,限制其在脱盐中的应用。采用聚多巴胺(PDA)改性聚砜(PSF)膜为基膜,将还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)和超薄氮化碳(uCN)纳米片通过真空抽滤法在基膜表面自组装制备新型还原氧化石墨烯/氮化碳复合纳滤膜。通过场发射扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X 射线衍射仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和X射线光电子能谱仪等研究uCN添加对膜结构和形貌的影响,并考察不同uCN添加比例、rGO用量及压力复合纳滤膜性能变化规律。结果显示当在100 mg·L^-1的rGO中添加uCN为20 mg·L^-1时所制备的rGO/uCN复合纳滤膜不仅保持良好盐离子截留率(对Na₂SO₄截留率85.86%,对NaCl截留率30.17%),且水渗透系数是rGO膜的2.15倍(88.50 L·m^-2·h^-1·MPa^-1)。     

原位界面聚合制备PVDF复合纳滤膜的研究

为改善聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)复合纳滤膜性能，以掺入单体哌嗪(PIP)的铸膜液制备基膜，通过原位界面聚合快速制备复合纳滤膜，简化了制备程序。ATR-FTIR分析结果表明，基膜上成功生成聚酰胺(PA)层，SEM观察到PA层表面具有典型结节结构。得到的复合纳滤膜对Na₂SO₄截留率为95.59%,渗透通量为12.37 L/(m²·h·bar),远高于传统界面聚合制备的PVDF复合纳滤膜。72 h的持续测试结果表明该复合纳滤膜具有良好的长期稳定性。     

β-环糊精为水相单体的复合纳滤膜制备及染料截留性能

采用β-环糊精(β-CD)作为水相单体,均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)为油相单体,通过界面聚合法制备高通量的β-CD/TMC复合纳滤膜,利用细孔模型和静电排斥-立体位阻模型探究染料分离机理。采用红外光谱仪、场发射电子显微镜、接触角测量仪及Zeta电位分析仪进行分析表征。结果表明,红外光谱中出现了酯基官能团的特征峰;Zeta电位分析表明所制备的复合纳滤膜表面荷负电;SEM图像结构和接触角数值表明β-CD浓度为4.0%时,膜表面出现大量褶皱,膜的亲水性更好,0.2 MPa压力下,纯水通量可达207.81 L·m ^-2·h ^-1,对染料刚果红(CR)、孟加拉玫瑰红(RB)、活性艳红X-3B、亚甲基蓝(MB)的截留率分别为100%、99.05%、97.65%、32.92%;6 h连续运行实验,通量呈现先下降后稳定的趋势,对染料活性艳红X-3B的截留率始终高于97%。     

氯化聚氯乙烯复合纳滤膜的制备及其在模拟RB5染料废水处理中的应用

以氯化聚氯乙烯（CPVC）超滤膜为基膜,采用单宁酸（TA）和哌嗪（PIP）在CPVC膜表面共沉积后与交联剂均苯三甲酰氯（TMC）进行界面聚合得到PA/TA/CPVC复合纳滤膜,采用扫描电镜（SEM）、原子力显微镜（AFM）、红外光谱及接触角对PA/TA/CPVC复合纳滤膜进行了表征,并探讨了干燥时间、TA/PIP浓度比、TA+PIP总浓度、TMC浓度对PA/TA/CPVC复合纳滤膜微观结构与性能的影响。结果表明,TA/PIP浓度比最佳为7/3,TA/PIP层的最佳干燥时间为20min,PA/TA/CPVC复合纳滤膜的纯水通量随着TA+PIP总浓度的增加和TMC浓度的增加而减少,对PEG1000的截留率均在90%以上。PA/TA/CPVC复合纳滤膜纯水通量最大值为4.5L/(m² · h · bar),此时PEG1000的截留率达到95.8%。对模拟RB5染料废水的最大通量为4.3L/(m² · h · bar),此时RB5的截留率为95.4%,对模拟RB5染料废水的稳定性较好。     

一种新型荷电纳滤膜的制备及其在镁锂分离中的应用

以N,N-双(3-氨丙基)甲胺和均苯三甲酰氯为两相单体，通过调节水相添加剂及后处理PEI涂覆工艺制备了具有高性能的荷正电复合纳滤膜。在0.5 MPa,2 000 mg/L氯化镁进料液的条件下，该纳滤膜对氯化镁的截留率为98.6%，通量为63.5 L/(m²·h)。采用荷正电纳滤膜对模拟卤水进行测试，纳滤膜对Mg²⁺和Li⁺的截留率为93.8%和5.2%，渗透通量为52.3 L/(m²·h)，分离因子S_Mg,Li为0.065，表现出极佳的选择分离性。     

静电喷雾制备NH2-UIO-66(Zr)复合纳滤膜及其性能研究

利用静电喷雾方法成功制备了聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)/均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)荷正电纳滤膜,并在此基础上引入NH₂-UIO-66(Zr),进一步提升了复合纳滤膜的性能。通过FTIR、SEM、EDS、Zeta电位等表征手段研究了复合膜结构、形貌和表面电荷,并采用错流测试装置对不同重金属溶液进行分离性能测试。结果表明,当MOFs的添加量为0.01 wt%时,制备出的复合纳滤膜性能最优,通量为8.9 L·m^-2h^-1 bar^-1,对NiCl₂的截留率为90%,较空白纳滤膜的通量提高26%且未牺牲截留效果。此外,NH₂-UIO-66(Zr)复合纳滤膜对Cu Cl₂的截留效果大于90%,且稳定性较好,该工作为制备荷正电纳滤膜提供了参考。     

聚偏氟乙烯-聚酰胺管式复合膜的分离性能研究

以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)管式超滤膜为基膜,无水哌嗪(PIP)为水相单体,均苯三甲基酰氯(TMC)为有机相单体,采用界面聚合法制备了不同截留性能的PVDF/聚酰胺(PA)管式复合膜。研究了不同性能管式复合膜的截留分子量、膜表面荷电性测试、对无机盐的截留性能,以及染料废水脱盐的应用。实验结果表明,截留率R(Mg SO4)由97%~5%的复合膜相应的截留相对分子质量为300~45×10³。对于4种无机盐的截留率由高到低依次为Na₂SO₄、MgSO₄、Na Cl、Mg Cl₂;p H为4~11的环境下管式复合膜表面呈负电性;R(Mg SO₄)分别为90%与97%的管式复合膜对染料的截留率在99.4%以上,透盐率高于80%,有效的实现了染料废水脱盐及染料回用。     

Effect of adding a smart potassium ion-responsive copolymer into polysulfone support membrane on the performance of thin-film composite nanofiltration membrane

Thin-film composite (TFC) nanofiltration (NF) membranes were fabricated via the interfacial polymerization of piperazine (PIP) and 1,3,5-benzenetricart)oiiyl trichloride on polysulfone (PSf) support membranes blended with K^+-responsive poly(N-isopropylacryamideco- acryloylamidobenzo-15-crown-5)(P(NIPAM-co- AAB15C5)). Membranes were characterized by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscope, scanning electron microscope, contact angle, and filtration tests. The results showed that:(1) Under K^+-free conditions, the blended P(NIPAM-co-AAB15C5)/PSf supports had porous and hydrophilic surfaces, thereby producing NF membranes with smooth surfaces and low MgSO4 rejections;(2) With K^+ in the PIP solution, the surface roughness and water permeability of the resultant NF membrane were increased due to the K^+-induced transition of low-content P(NIPAM-co-AAB15C5) from hydrophilic to hydrophobic;(3) After a curing treatment at 95℃, the improved NF membrane achieved an even higher pure water permeability of 10.97 L·m^-2·h^-1 - bar1 under 200 psi. Overall, this study provides a novel method to improve the performance of NF membranes and helps understand the influence of supports on TFC membranes.     

Negatively charged organic–inorganic hybrid silica nanofiltration membranes for lithium extraction

Effective extraction of lithium from high Mg~(2+)/Li+ratio brine lakes is of great challenge. In this work, organic–inorganic hybrid silica nanofiltration(NF) membranes were prepared by dip-coating a 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane(BTESE)-derived separation layer on tubular TiO_2 support, for efficient separation of LiC l and MgCl_2 salt solutions. We found that the membrane calcinated at 400 °C(M1–400) could exhibit a narrow pore size distribution(0.63–1.66 nm) owing to the dehydroxylation and the thermal degradation of the organic bridge groups. All as-prepared membranes exhibited higher rejections to LiCl than to MgCl_2, which was attributed to the negative charge of the membrane surfaces. The rejection for LiCl and MgCl_2 followed the order: LiCl N MgCl_2, revealing that Donnan exclusion effect dominated the salt rejection mechanism. In addition, the triplecoated membrane calcined at 400 °C(M3–400) exhibited a permeability of about 9.5 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1)·bar~(-1) for LiCl or MgCl_2 solutions, with rejections of 74.7% and 20.3% to LiCl and MgCl_2,respectively, under the transmembrane pressure at 6 bar. Compared with the previously reported performance of NF membranes for Mg~(2+)/Li+separation, the overall performance of M3–400 is highly competitive. Therefore, this work may provide new insight into designing robust silica-based ceramic NF membranes with negative charge for efficient lithium extraction from salt lakes.     

Fabrication of anti-fouling polyamide nanofiltration membrane by incorporating streptomycin as a novel co-monomer

Polyamide (PA) thin-film composite (TFC) nanofiltration (NF) membrane has extremely broad application prospects in separation of monovalent/divalent inorganic salts mixed solution. However, membrane fouling is the main obstacle to the application of PA, TFC and NF membrane. Streptomycin (SM) is a hydrophilic antibiotic containing a large number of hydroxyl and amino groups. In this work, the NF membrane was prepared via interfacial polymerization (IP) between trimesoyl chloride (TMC) in the organicphaseand SM/piperazine (PIP) mixture in theaqueousphase. The NF membrane structure and performance were characterized in detail. The results showed that SM successfully participated in the IP. The negative charge and hydrophilicity of membrane surface were improved. The prepared membrane exhibited good anti-adhesion and anti-bacterial performance. Additionally, when the SM concentration was 2%, the prepared membrane exhibited the optimal permselectivity. The water permeance was 89.4 L·m^-2·h^-1·MPa^-1. The rejection of NaCl and Na₂SO₄ were 17.17% and 97.84%, respectively. The NaCl/Na₂SO₄ separation factor of the SM2-PIP/TMC membrane in 1000 mg·L^-1 NaCl and 1000 mg·L^-1 Na₂SO₄ mixed solution was 40, which was 3.3 times that of PIP/TMC membrane. It indicated that SM2-PIP/TMC demonstrated excellent monovalent/divalent salts separation performance. This work provided an easy and effective approach to preparing anti-fouling NF membrane while possessing superior monovalent/divalent salts separation performance.     

纳米聚苯胺改性聚哌嗪酰胺纳滤膜的制备

以导电态纳米聚苯胺(PANI)为添加剂, 哌嗪和均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)为反应单体, 通过界面聚合反应在聚砜超滤膜上形成复合层制备纳滤膜。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)等对复合膜的性能和结构分别进行了测试和表征。SEM照片证实PANI含量低时, 可以在复合膜上分布得比较均匀;AFM图像看出膜表面粗糙度的增加;膜性能的测试结果证实了添加PANI的复合膜水通量得到了提高, 同时脱盐率也有变化。最优实验条件下, 膜对Na₂SO₄、MgSO₄、MgCl₂和NaCl的截留率分别为99.4%、98.5%、85.4%和59.2%。试验结果表明, 加入PANI能够提高膜的水通量, 并提升了膜的脱盐性能。     

Preparation and properties of hollow fibre nanofiltration membrane with continuous coffee-ring structure

Polyamide(PA)hollow fibre composite nanofiltration(NF)membranes with a coffee-ring structure and beneficial properties were prepared by adding graphene oxide(GO)into the interfacial polymerization process.The presentation of the coffee-ring structure was attributed to the heterogeneous,finely dispersed multiphase reaction system and the“coffee-stain”effect of the GO solution.When the piperazine concentration was 0.4 wt-%,the trimesoyl chloride concentration was 0.3 wt-%,and the GO concentration was 0.025 wt-%,the prepared NF membranes showed the best separation properties.The permeate flux was 76 L·m^?2·h^?1,and the rejection rate for MgSO4 was 98.6%at 0.4 MPa.Scanning electron microscopy,atomic force microscopy,and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the chemical structure and morphology of the PA/GO NF membrane.The results showed that GO was successfully entrapped into the PA functional layer.Under neutral operating conditions,the PA/GO membrane showed typical negatively charged NF membrane separation characteristics,and the rejection rate decreased in the order of Na2SO₄>MgSO₄>MgCl₂>NaCl.The PA/GO NF membrane showed better antifouling performance than the PA membrane.     

Preparation,characterization, and application of thin film composite nanofiltration membranes

The active aromatic polyamide layers of thin film composite nanofiltration (NF‐TFC) membranes were prepared via interfacial polymerization (IP) from three different types of polyamine: p‐phenylenediamine (PPD), m‐phenylenediamine (MPD), or piperazine (PRP), and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) on polysulfone/sulfonated polysulfone (PSf/SPSf) alloy substrates. Chemical components, cross section structures, and thermal properties of the polyamide active layers and the bulk membranes, characterized by Fourier transfer IR spectroscopy and attenuated total reflection IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry, respectively, revealed an interpenetrating layer between the polyamide active layer and the substrate. A ridge–valley structural active layer was formed on the PSf/SPSf substrate for the NF‐TFC membrane with a thick polyacrylamide (PA) layer. Compared with the NF‐TFC membranes on PSf substrates, those on PSf/SPSf alloy substrates had a higher permeability without losing the selectivity by introducing the hydrophilic SPSf into the hydrophobic PSf substrates. The binding between the modified substrate and the active PA layer was also improved. Good separation performances using these NF‐TFC membranes were obtained in the polyvalent ion separation, the ground water softening, and the treatment of wastewater from adipic acid plants in a wide pH range. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1251–1261, 2005     

Covalent organic frameworks-incorporated thin film composite membranes prepared by interfacial polymerization for efficient CO2 separation

Thin film composite (TFC) membranes with nanofillers additives for CO₂ separation show promising applications in energy and environment-related fields. However, the poor compatibility between nanofillers and polymers in TFC membranes is the main problem. In this work, covalent organic frameworks (COFs, TpPa-1) with rich —NH— groups were incorporated into polyamide (PA) segment via in situ interfacial polymerization to prepare defect-free TFC membranes for CO₂/N₂ separation. The formed covalent bonds between TpPa-1 and PA strengthen the interaction between nanofillers and polymers, thereby enhancing compatibility. Besides, the incorporated COFs disturb the rigid structure of the PA layer, and provide fast CO₂ transfer channels. The incorporated COFs also increase the content of effective carriers, which enhances the CO₂ facilitated transport. Consequently, in CO₂/N₂ mixed gas separation test, the optimal TFC (TpPa_0.025-PIP-TMC/mPSf) membrane exhibits high CO₂ permeance of 854 GPU and high CO₂/N₂ selectivity of 148 at 0.15 MPa, CO₂ permeance of 456 GPU (gas permeation unit) and CO₂/N₂ selectivity of 92 at 0.5 MPa. In addition, the TpPa_0.025-PIP-TMC/mPSf membrane also achieves high permselectivty in CO₂/CH₄ mixed gas separation test. Finally, the optimal TFC membrane showes good stability in the simulated flue gas test, revealing the application potential for CO₂ capture from flue gas.     

无机杂化海藻酸钠渗透汽化膜的制备与分离性能对比

为提高海藻酸钠（SA）膜的渗透汽化分离性能,分别采用纳米氧化铝、纳米氧化锆和纳米氧化钛对SA膜进行改性,对比分析了3种不同杂化膜渗透汽化分离性能的差异,并将分离性能较好的杂化膜应用到乙酸与乙醇酯化反应脱水的体系中。系统考察了无机纳米粒子含量对SA膜渗透汽化分离性能的影响,对杂化膜进行了接触角、傅里叶红外（FTIR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、热重/差示扫描量热（TG/DSC）、X射线衍射（XRD）和拉伸强度等表征与分析。结果表明,无机纳米粒子能提高SA膜的热稳定性、机械强度和渗透通量,当无机纳米粒子与SA质量比为0.3时,掺杂TiO₂、ZrO₂和Al₂O₃的杂化膜二碘甲烷的接触角依次升高,同时渗透通量也依次升高。SA-0.3Al₂O₃杂化膜亲水性较好,然而SA-0.3ZrO₂杂化膜分离性能最优,50℃下分离水含量10%的乙醇-水溶液,膜渗透通量达到336 g·m^-2·h^-1,渗透侧水含量99.97%,分离因子29990。酯化反应脱水实验表明,在80℃时,酯化反应脱水实验乙酸转化率均高于无脱水实验乙酸转化率,平衡转化率不断被打破,反应12 h后,转化率由平衡时的79.3%提高到93.9%。     

纳米纤维素/Al2O3胶体/PE锂离子电池隔膜的制备及其成膜机理

当前商业上常用聚烯烃薄膜作为锂离子电池隔膜,但是其热收缩性差和力学性能弱的缺点限制了锂离子电池的应用,因此研究具备高热稳定性和对电解液具有良好润湿性的电池隔膜显得尤为重要。本文利用层层自组装技术制备纳米纤维素/Al₂O₃胶体/PE锂离子电池隔膜,探究出了制备NC/A-PE膜的适宜条件：Al₂O₃溶胶的固含量为2%（质量分数）,麦麸纳米纤维素悬浮液的固含量为0.2%（质量分数）,浸润时间为5min,组装层数为20层。结果表明,组装后的电池隔膜的热稳定性和电解液润湿性均得到了显著改善;其杨氏模量最高可提高至原来的235.2%,在电池隔膜组装的过程中能有效抵抗形变;经过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、原子力显微镜（AFM）、场发射扫描电镜（FEM）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）表征,证实氧化铝及纤维素成功地组装于PE基膜上,呈现出层次分明、厚度均一的多层膜结构,以此方法制备的电池隔膜安全无毒,热稳定性、力学性能和电解液润湿性得到了显著改善,有潜在的应用前景。     

Cu(Qc)2强化Pebax混合基质膜分离CO2

为了提高Pebax-1657的CO₂分离性能,本文制备了对CO₂有吸附作用的金属有机骨架Cu(Qc)₂,将其加入到Pebax-1657基质中,制备混合基质膜,用于CO₂的气体分离。通过扫描电子显微镜、热重分析、红外光谱和X射线衍射对溶液浇铸法制备的膜进行表征,通过膜的气体渗透性能测试考察填料含量、操作压力和混合气对膜气体渗透性能的影响。结果表明,Cu(Qc)₂在Pebax基质中随机有效地堆叠形成了高选择性的气体传输通道,极大地提高了CO₂/N₂的选择性。随着Cu(Qc)₂填充量的增加,CO₂渗透系数和CO₂/N₂选择性均呈现先上升后下降的趋势。当Cu(Qc)₂的质量分数为3%时,呈现最佳的CO₂/N₂分离性能,CO₂ 渗透系数和CO₂/N₂选择性分别为102Barrer和84,与Pebax-1657膜相比,分别提高了45.7%和40.0%,突破了Robeson分离上限,表明该混合基质膜在CO₂的分离应用上具有潜力。