选区激光熔化制备镍基高温合金的研究进展

综述了镍基高温合金选区激光熔化技术（Selective Laser Melting,SLM）的研究进展。通过阐述IN718沉积态典型凝固组织及性能的变化规律,发现IN718合金工艺参数不匹配引起的微观缺陷难以消除,并在增材制造过程中存在裂纹的问题;结合激光增材制造过程中工艺参数对沉积态组织的影响、热处理后组织的变化及其对力学性能的影响等方面的研究,对镍基高温合金选区激光熔化技术予以展望,为镍基高温合金选区激光熔化技术的发展提供参考。     

高速动车组EA4T车轴激光增材修复研究

为验证激光增材修复技术在高速动车组车轴损伤修复应用中的可行性,在车轴基材上开展了激光修复工艺试验,重点研究激光功率和扫描速度对熔覆质量的影响,通过分析研究不同激光功率、扫描速度下所得试样的宏观熔覆形貌、宏观金相分析、显微硬度、金相组织等,筛选出较优的工艺参数,并进一步对熔覆试样的拉伸性能、冲击性能、应力腐蚀及疲劳试验等多项力学性能检测。结果表明,采用优化后的工艺参数在EA4T上激光熔覆IN625镍基粉末,其熔覆试样拉伸性能优于母材标准要求,冲击性能优于基材的冲击性能,疲劳寿命与基材相当,达到了车轴服役性能的要求,可用于后续高速动车组EA4T车轴上的修复。     

热处理对选择性激光熔炼IN718显微组织和力学性能的影响

选择性激光熔炼(SLM)建立在激光熔覆/沉积基础上,能够由粉末直接制备或修复近成形高性能部件。选择性激光熔炼部件优异的力学性能是保证其用于航空发动机产品的先决条件。镍基高温合金IN718广泛用于制备航空发动机中的高性能部件。在过去的研究中,利用预合金化IN718合金粉末,通过选择性激光熔炼制备出增材制造部件。通过优化激光沉积过程试验参数,以最大限度地降低气孔率。对沉积态、直接时效态、固溶时效态、均匀化后固溶时效态四种状态激光沉积IN718合金的显微组织和力学性能进行了对比分析。拉伸试验结果显示,直接时效态合金强度最高,均匀化后固溶时效态合金塑性最好。综合考虑三种热处理状态的室温和高温拉伸试验结果,均匀化后固溶时效态试样不仅具有优于锻态AMS标准的强度,而且有很好的塑性。因此,选择均匀化后固溶时效处理作为选择性激光熔炼IN718合金的热处理方式。考察了该种热处理状态合金的650_oC/700MPa和725MPa持久性能和455_oC低周疲劳性能,并与锻态IN718进行了对比。     

铸造镍基高温合金增材修复技术的研究现状

铸造镍基高温合金广泛用于燃气轮机与航空发动机叶片等高温部件,长时间运行过程中经常发生叶片局部损伤失效,其维修或更换成本极高。通过增材修复来恢复局部损伤叶片的性能,将极大地降低制造成本、缩短制造周期、节约资源,具有极大的社会效益和市场价值。本文针对燃气轮机与航空发动机用铸造镍基高温合金部件的服役工况与失效形式,结合铸造镍基高温合金的成分、组织与性能特点,系统分析了增材修复时出现裂纹的类型、特点及形成机理,阐述了各类裂纹的主要影响因素,从增材工艺和材料两方面分类综述了减少或避免裂纹的增材修复工艺与技术现状,分析了不同增材修复方法的优缺点与未来可能的研究热点。     

不同时效温度下激光增材再制造IN718合金层的组织与性能研究

研究了不同时效处理对激光增材再制造IN718合金组织及性能的影响。结果表明,时效处理不能改变激光增材再制造IN718合金的外延生长组织特征,但在微观上能够影响Laves在枝晶间的含量和形态。在不同时效温度条件下,随着时效时间的增加,γ"相逐渐长大并在保温一定时间后发生γ"相到δ相的转变,且时效温度越高,所需时间越短。此外,不同时效温度下处理后的修复区显微硬度和抗拉强度随时间均表现出先增后减的趋势。720℃条件下,显微硬度(HV0.2)在时效16 h时出现峰值4100 MPa,而760和800℃条件下时效4 h时出现峰值,分别为3850和3610 MPa。720,760及800℃时效条件下不同时效时间对应的抗拉强度最大值分别为1153,1090和1026 MPa。     

单晶合金激光增材修复接头组织和性能研究

采用激光熔化沉积技术对DD6单晶高温合金进行修复,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和显微硬度仪对单晶母材和增材修复接头的组织特征和力学性能进行对比研究。结果表明：激光熔化沉积修复组织为外延生长的定向凝固柱状晶组织,由γ相基体和少量晶间MC型碳化物组成;DD6单晶合金基体热影响区微观形貌和物相组成与母材相似,但其γ′相的尺寸（≤0.2μm）更小,且γ′/γ的比例明显降低。经激光熔化沉积修复后,增材修复区的显微硬度可达450～470 HV,显著高于DD6单晶基体,具有更优异的耐磨损性能。     

预制坡口角度对激光增材再制造IN718合金组织与性能的影响

目的研究在激光增材再制造IN718合金过程中,不同预制坡口角度对其组织与性能的影响。方法利用激光增材再制造技术对不同预制凹槽进行逐层叠加修复,采用光学显微镜观察显微组织,采用扫描电镜观察断口形貌,采用维氏硬度计对再制造试样进行硬度测量,采用残余应力测试仪测量再制造后基体表面的残余应力,采用万能拉伸试验机进行拉伸力学性能测试。结果当预制坡口角度大于130°时,能得到无组织缺陷、成形质量良好的增材再制造试样;当预制坡口角度小于110°时,修复界面会出现熔合不良现象,且修复区内部会出现裂纹。预制大的坡口角度进行激光增材再制造试验能获得组织更加细密、硬度分布更为均匀的再制造层,且大的坡口角度能有效降低再制造试样基体的残余应力。增大坡口角度有助于提高再制造试样的塑性,随着坡口角度的减小,再制造试样的力学性能变差。结论在进行激光增材再制造试验时,不宜预制过小的坡口角度,应根据损伤情况预制坡口角度较大的凹槽,有助于增加再制造成形件的组织均匀性,提高其力学性能。     

激光增材修复Ti17钛合金的显微组织与力学性能（英文）

采用同步送粉激光增材制造技术修复带有小比例表面缺陷的锻造Ti17钛合金,系统研究其显微组织、显微硬度及室温拉伸性能。结果表明,和大比例体修复试样相比,小比例表面修复由于缺乏足够的后续热循环,激光沉积区没有?相析出,初始?晶内由典型凝固胞晶组织组成,从而使得激光沉积区显微硬度低于由双态组织构成的锻造基材区。拉伸测试结果表明,在拉伸过程中,激光修复试样存在显著的塑性变形不均匀性,最大应变始终偏聚于激光修复区,且最终以准解理方式断裂于修复区。激光修复试样的抗拉强度略高于锻件试样,而伸长率(11.7%)低于后者。     

热处理对激光熔覆IN939合金涂层组织与性能的影响

目的优化IN939镍基高温合金涂层的组织与性能。方法采用同轴送粉激光熔覆技术制备了IN939涂层,并将涂层分成四组,一组作为对照,其余三组分别采用单固溶处理、单时效处理、完全热处理(固溶+时效)。通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD),分析了显微组织结构和物相组成,并通过显微硬度测试、电化学腐蚀试验来研究热处理过程中涂层组织的变化对硬度和耐蚀性能的影响。结果激光熔覆IN939高温合金涂层的形貌良好,并且没有出现气孔、裂纹等缺陷。热处理前试样中很难观察到γ′相,而三组热处理后的试样中均出现了γ′相沉淀,其中单固溶处理后析出的γ′颗粒的平均粒径为60 nm,而单时效和完全热处理所析出的γ′颗粒的平均粒径为100 nm。热处理后涂层显微硬度有所提高,其中单时效后的涂层平均硬度为472.7HV0.2,比热处理前提高了10.2%;完全热处理后的涂层平均硬度为475.6HV0.2,比热处理前提高了10.9%。此外,电化学腐蚀试验结果显示,单时效处理和完全热处理后的IN939涂层的自腐蚀电流密度明显减小(分别为3.014×10~(–7)、3.441×10~(–7) A/cm~2),使得极化电阻分别提高了35.1%和39.3%,腐蚀速率大大降低。结论热处理能够使激光熔覆IN939涂层中的γ′相析出,单时效与完全热处理过程中γ′相的析出方式不同,但最终的尺寸和分布基本一致。热处理可以提高涂层的硬度和耐蚀性能,其中完全热处理对性能的提升最明显,单时效处理次之。     

双重退火对激光增材制造TC18钛合金组织和性能的影响

利用拉伸试验机、扫描电镜和金相显微镜等手段,研究了双重退火工艺(890℃×1 h/FC+750℃×2 h/AC,570℃×4 h/AC)对激光增材沉积和修复两种状态的TC18钛合金的组织和力学性能的影响,并与原始锻件TC18钛合金进行比较。结果表明,激光增材修复试样微观组织为典型的类铸态组织,主要由层状β晶粒组成。激光增材修复试样经双重退火后为魏氏组织,原始β晶界仍清晰可见,晶内分布着交错的(α+β)集束。经双重退火后,激光增材沉积试样强度低于锻件,塑性高于锻件,激光增材修复试样的性能介于两者之间,其冲击性能比锻件的冲击性能高约60%。激光增材沉积、激光增材修复两种状态经退火热处理后力学性能都能达到TC18锻件规定值。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。