CoCrFeNiNbx高熵合金的研究进展

近十几年来,作为一种研究热门的新型合金,高熵合金已获得了材料界广泛的关注.其中,以等原子比CoCrFeNiMn合金为原型,已报道大量力学性能优异的fcc结构的高熵合金.近几年,由于其优异的铸造成形性能与综合力学性能,共晶高熵合金也逐渐得到科研人员的重视.本工作选取CoCrFeNiNbx合金体系,以析出强化型高熵合金和共...     

难熔高熵合金的强韧化途径与调控机理

在众多高熵合金中,由5种或5种以上的难熔金属元素,按照等原子比或者近等原子比混合形成的难熔高熵合金,凭借稳定的相结构和优异的高温性能,在高温材料领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文从难熔高熵合金的研究现状出发,综述典型难熔高熵合金的微观组织和相组成、室温和高温力学性能、强韧化机理与力学性能调控,并对未来难熔高熵合金的研究开发进行展望。首先,将难熔高熵合金按照组成相进行分类,分析了难熔高熵合金的微观组织和相组成,然后总结了难熔高熵合金的室温和高温力学性能与强韧化机理,并讨论了3种不同的强韧化方案,即化学成分调控、工艺调控和相结构调控。最后对未来难熔高熵合金的发展进行了展望,并对其未来重点研究方向提出了如下建议：借助计算机等技术,模拟与计算材料的性能与形成相,构建难熔高熵合金的研究平台与数据库;借助组合实验方法,加快筛选新的难熔高熵合金;掌握自上而下和自下而上的实验方法,探究性能优异的新型难熔高熵合金体系。     

高熵合金薄膜研究现状与展望

高熵合金是一种由五种或者五种以上的元素以(近)等原子比组成的新型多主元合金材料,拥有众多优异的力学、物理和电学方面的性能,引起了科技工作者的极大关注.高熵合金薄膜是一种低维度形态(微米级)的高熵合金材料,不仅展现出与块体高熵合金相似的优异性能,而且在某些性能(如硬度)上甚至优于块体高熵合金,在诸多领域里展现出良好的应用...     

高熵合金的变形行为及强韧化

高熵合金是近年来涌现出的一种新型金属材料。不同于传统合金设计以1种或2种元素为主添加其它合金元素为辅的方案,高熵合金由多种元素以等原子比或近等原子比的成分组成,具有独特的原子结构特征,因而呈现出诸多不同于传统合金的独特性能。自高熵合金被首次报道以来,目前已经研发出了一系列的高熵合金体系,在物理、化学、热力学性能方面显示出独有的优势,尤其在力学行为方面显示出高强、高硬、耐磨、耐蚀、抗高温软化等优异的性能,在国际学术界引起了广泛的关注和研究兴趣,已经成为新的研究热点。本文从高熵合金变形机理研究存在的挑战出发,主要综述了高熵合金的力学性能和变形行为特点,已经提出的强韧化方案及相关机理,并对未来高熵合金变形行为的研究进行了简单展望。     

高熵合金L12纳米析出相的调控研究进展

高熵合金是一种由多种合金元素以等原子比或近等原子比组成的新型金属材料，其独特的原子结构和合金设计理念使高熵合金具有优异的性能。在高熵合金中通过引入韧性的L1₂纳米析出相阻碍位错运动，不仅可以提高强度还可以保证良好的拉伸塑性，这种L1₂析出相强化的高熵合金引起了广泛关注。对于L1₂相析出强化高熵合金而言，调控析出相的大小、形貌、分布及体积分数对改善析出强化高熵合金的力学性能至关重要。基于此，本文回顾了合金成分的选择和热机械处理工艺参数，如时效温度、时效时间、塑性变形等对L1₂相的影响规律，总结设计新型L1₂相强化高熵合金的方法，并对L1₂相析出强化高熵合金的研究进行了综述和展望。     

粉末冶金高熵合金研究进展

高熵合金是一类由4、5种或者更多金属元素,以近等原子比例构成的新型金属材料,也称为复杂组元合金。由于其主要组元的非单一性,该类合金具有比传统合金特殊的性能,例如高的强度和韧性、优异的耐腐蚀性能和抗辐照性能等,但在制备方面,材料的组织均匀性以及缺陷控制也存在较大难度。粉末冶金与铸锭冶金相比,在复杂成分合金的元素分布均匀性、组织细小程度以及近型成形等方面,具有明显优势。本文首先介绍了高熵合金的基本特性,综述了高熵合金的粉末冶金制备工艺,包括粉末制备、致密化工艺、近型成形技术等,随后阐述了材料在组织和性能研究方面的基础科学问题,最后对粉末冶金高熵合金及其复合材料的成分设计、性能优化和工程应用提出了建议和展望。     

轻质高熵合金的研究进展与展望

高熵合金是一种具有优异物理化学性能的新型合金,其中含有轻质元素的轻质高熵合金具有较高的比强度和比硬度及耐蚀性能等突出特点,其潜在的工程应用价值引起了人们的关注。因此,本文详细阐述了轻质高熵合金的研究现状,归纳了轻质高熵合金的组元设计规则与方法,分析了轻质高熵合金的微观相结构,总结了高熵合金的各种性能,探讨了轻质高熵合金目前存在的问题,并提出了轻质高熵合金的发展趋势。     

面心立方结构高熵合金研究进展

高熵合金是一种新型的多主元合金,因其独特的微观结构而显示出高强度、高硬度、耐磨性、热稳定性和耐腐蚀等优异的性能。近年研究发现大部分性能优异的过渡族元素高熵合金为FCC结构,而且对高熵合金的原子半径差、混合焓、配置熵和价电子浓度等参数进行计算可以预测其相结构,但此类合金的相结构及其演变与性能之间的关联尚不明确。本文综述了FCC高熵合金的结构、相结构演变及其性能,并对其未来的发展进行了展望。     

多主元高熵合金的研究进展

多主元高熵合金突破了以1种或2种金属元素为主的传统合金的设计理念,是一种有5种以上主元且每种主元原子百分数不超过35％的新型合金。高熵合金显现出许多不同于传统合金的组织和性能特点,是一个具有学术研究价值和工业应用潜力的材料领域。本文重点介绍了高熵合金的定义、组织和性能特点与研究状况。     

高熵形状记忆合金的研究进展

高熵形状记忆合金是在等原子比NiTi合金的基础上,结合高熵合金的概念,逐渐发展起来的一种新型高温形状记忆合金。近年来,已开发出了综合性能优异的(TiZrHf)50(NiCoCu)50系和(TiZrHf)50(NiCuPd)50系高熵形状记忆合金,引起了广泛的关注和研究兴趣。本文从物相组成、微观组织、马氏体相变行为、形状记忆效应和超弹性等角度出发,综述了高熵形状记忆合金的研究进展,并对高熵形状记忆合金未来的研究重点进行了展望。     

Correlation between lattice distortion and friction stress in Ni-based equiatomic alloys

Many recent efforts have been made to apply traditional theories for solid solution strengthening to explain the strength increase in concentrated equiatomic alloys (or high-entropy alloys), but always faced the challenge of differentiating solvent from solute atoms. In this report, we conducted a systematical analysis of Ni-based equiatomic alloys with a face-centered cubic structure and found that the lattice distortion in this alloy system could be simply described by the parameter of atomic size mismatch. It was found that lattice friction stresses of these alloys were well correlated with the lattice distortion. Dislocation core width in this Ni-based alloy system was also estimated and compared with that in the pure nickel. The intrinsically high strength in high-entropy alloys was probably resulted from a high lattice friction stress.     

轻质高熵合金的研究进展

目前以一种或两种金属元素为主元的传统轻质合金在工业应用上有诸多局限性,如铝合金室温强度低、镁合金室温塑性和耐腐蚀性差且不易加工等。2004年叶均蔚首次正式提出高熵合金概念。高熵合金概念的提出为轻质合金的发展提供了新方向。区别于传统轻质合金,轻质高熵合金具有多种主元元素且混合熵较高,往往倾向于生成简单固溶体相。且轻质高熵合金表现出四大显著效应,即热力学上的高熵效应、动力学上的缓慢扩散效应、结构上的晶格畸变效应及性能上的"鸡尾酒"效应。独特的晶体结构和特性,使得轻质高熵合金具有传统轻质合金无法比拟的优点,如高强度、高硬度、优良的高温抗氧化性和耐腐蚀性能等。综述了轻质高熵合金的研究现状,阐述了轻质高熵合金的组元设计、制备方法、微观结构及合金性能,分析了轻质高熵合金现存的问题,并对轻质高熵合金未来的发展趋势进行了展望。     

A Novel,Amorphous, Non-equiatomic FeCrAlCuNiSi High-Entropy Alloy with Exceptional Corrosion Resistance and Mechanical Properties

The exceptional corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of high-entropy metallic glasses(HE-MGs) are highly desirable for diverse critical applications.However,a long-standing problem of these alloys is that their alloy design approaches are based on limited equiatomic or near-equiatomic ratios.In this study,a novel senary alloy(non-equiatomic Fe_3 Cr_2 Al_2 CuNi_4 Si_5) with amorphous structure was prepared.This alloy exhibited exceptional corrosion resistance and Vickers hardness as high as～1 150 Hv at room temperature.The processing route involved amorphous powder molding via a mechanical alloying and ultrahigh pressure consolidation technique,resulting in an optimal microstructure of amorphous structure with nanoparticles uniformly distributed in the matrix alloy.This approach can effectively inhibit the crystallization of amorphous structure,thus providing a general pathway for manufacturing next-generation non-equiatomic HE-MGs with both exceptional corrosion resistance and strength.     

Development and Property Tuning of Refractory High-Entropy Alloys: A Review

In the past decade, multi-principal element high-entropy alloys (referred to as high-entropy alloys, HEAs) are an emerging alloy material, which has been developed rapidly and has become a research hotspot in the fi eld of metal materials. It breaks the alloy design concept of one or two principal elements in traditional alloys. It is composed of fi ve or more principal elements, and the atomic percentage (at.%) of each element is greater than 5%but not more than 35%. The high-entropy eff ect ca...     

轻质高熵合金的研究进展

高熵合金是由多种元素以等摩尔或近等摩尔的比例混合形成的一种新型合金,较大的密度极大地限制了其应用。为了降低高熵合金的密度,出现了由Al、Li、Mg、Ti等轻质合金元素组成的轻质高熵合金,其在交通运输、航空航天领域潜在的应用前景引起了广泛关注。本文阐述了轻质高熵合金的研究现状,分析了轻质高熵合金的组元设计方法、相组成以及制备工艺,进而归纳总结了目前不同种类的轻质高熵合金的性能,包括高强度、高硬度、高温抗氧化性、耐蚀性能等。最后总结了轻质高熵合金目前存在的一些问题以及对轻质高熵合金未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

高熵金属材料在氢环境中的脆性行为研究进展

氢脆广泛发生于各种金属及合金材料中,氢脆存在隐蔽性和时间滞后性,一旦发生往往带来灾难性事故,制约了金属材料在极端工况环境下的应用。研究发现,一些高熵合金(HEA)或多主元合金在力学性能、耐蚀性、抗氢脆性能等方面表现出超越传统合金材料(如钢、镍基合金、铝合金等)的性能特点,有望成为极端恶劣工况环境下装备用材料。在此基础上,对氢脆的机理和抗氢脆多主元合金领域的研究进展进行了综述。首先介绍了氢脆的概念,并梳理了几种金属氢脆机理,包括氢压理论、氢致局部塑性变形、氢增强解离、氢增强应变诱导空位、纳米空位聚合、氢促进位错发射等。随后,结合慢应变速率拉伸实验结果,梳理了影响多主元合金(尤其是高熵合金)抗氢脆性能的因素,包括氢含量、合金元素、微观结构、制备工艺、热处理工艺和实验条件等。最后,结合影响多主元合金抗氢脆性能的因素,提出通过优化制备工艺、改善热处理工艺和调整元素含量来提高CoCrFeMnNi高熵合金的抗氢脆性能,以及采用机器学习辅助开发新的抗氢脆多主元合金的观点,可为抗氢脆材料的研发提供参考。     

Recovery,recrystallization, grain growth and phase stability of a family of FCC-structured multi-component equiatomic solid solution alloys

The equiatomic high-entropy alloy FeNiCoCrMn is known to crystallize as a single phase with the face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure. To better understand this quinary solid solution alloy, we investigate various binary, ternary and quaternary alloys made from its constituent elements. Our goals are twofold: (i) to investigate which of these lower order systems also form solid solution alloys consisting of a single FCC phase, and (ii) to characterize their phase stability and recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth behaviors. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with backscattered electron images showed that three of the five possible quaternaries (FeNiCoCr, FeNiCoMn and NiCoCrMn), five of the ten possible ternaries (FeNiCo, FeNiCr, FeNiMn, NiCoCr, and NiCoMn), and two of the ten possible binaries (FeNi and NiCo) were single-phase FCC solid solutions in the cast and homogenized condition, whereas the others either had different crystal structures or were multi-phase. The single-phase FCC quaternary, FeNiCoCr, along with its equiatomic ternary and binary subsidiaries, were selected for further investigations of phase stability and the thermomechanical processing needed to obtain equiaxed grain structures. Only four of these subsidiary alloys—two binaries (FeNi and NiCo) and two ternaries (FeNiCo and NiCoCr)—were found to be single-phase FCC after rolling at room temperature followed by annealing for 1 h at temperatures of 300–1100 °C. Pure Ni, which is FCC and one of the constituents of the quinary high-entropy alloy (FeNiCoCrMn), was also investigated for comparison with the higher order alloys. Among the materials investigated after thermomechanical processing (FeNiCoCr, FeNiCo, NiCoCr, FeNi, NiCo, and Ni), FeNiCo and Ni showed abnormal grain growth at relatively low annealing temperatures, while the other four showed normal grain growth behavior. The grain growth exponents for all five of the equiatomic alloys were found to be ∼0.25 (compared to ∼0.5 for unalloyed Ni), suggesting that solute drag may control grain growth in the alloys. For all five alloys, as well as for pure Ni, microhardness increases as the grain size decreases in a Hall-Petch type way. The ternary alloy NiCoCr was the hardest of the alloys investigated in this study, even when compared to the quaternary FeNiCoCr alloy. This suggests that solute hardening in equiatomic alloys depends not just on the number of alloying elements but also their type.     

Relative effects of enthalpy and entropy on the phase stability of equiatomic high-entropy alloys

High configurational entropies have been hypothesized to stabilize solid solutions in equiatomic, multi-element alloys which have attracted much attention recently as “high-entropy” alloys with potentially interesting properties. To evaluate the usefulness of configurational entropy as a predictor of single-phase (solid solution) stability, we prepared five new equiatomic, quinary alloys by replacing individual elements one at a time in a CoCrFeMnNi alloy that was previously shown to be single-phase [1]. An implicit assumption here is that, if any one element is replaced by another, while keeping the total number of elements constant, the configurational entropy of the alloy is unchanged; therefore, the new alloys should also be single-phase. Additionally, the substitute elements that we chose, Ti for Co, Mo or V for Cr, V for Fe, and Cu for Ni, had the same room temperature crystal structure and comparable size/electronegativity as the elements being replaced to maximize solid solubility consistent with the Hume–Rothery rules. For comparison, the base CoCrFeMnNi alloy was also prepared. After three-day anneals at elevated temperatures, multiple phases were observed in all but the base CoCrFeMnNi alloy, suggesting that, by itself, configurational entropy is generally not able to override the competing driving forces that also govern phase stability. Thermodynamic analyses were carried out for each of the constituent binaries in the investigated alloys (Co–Cr, Fe–Ni, Mo–Mn, etc.). Our experimental results combined with the thermodynamic analyses suggest that, in general, enthalpy and non-configurational entropy have greater influences on phase stability in equiatomic, multi-component alloys. Only when the alloy microstructure is a single-phase, approximately ideal solid solution does the contribution of configurational entropy to the total Gibbs free energy become dominant. Thus, high configurational entropy provides a way to rationalize, after the fact, why a solid solution forms (if it forms), but it is not a useful a priori predictor of which of the so-called high-entropy alloys will form thermodynamically stable single-phase solid solutions.     

难熔金属高熵合金研究进展

高熵合金以全新的设计理念及优异的性能引起广泛关注。难熔高熵合金（RHEAs）作为高熵合金的一类,主要由BCC晶体结构构成,具有高强高硬的特点,同时具有抗高温软化能力。本文针对难熔高熵合金制备方法、相结构、组织形貌、力学性能、应用领域等方面进行阐述,并对难熔高熵合金的发展方向进行了展望。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low-Activation Fe-Cr-V Multicomponent Single-Phase Alloys

A ternary equiatomic and nearly equiatomic alloy composed of the low-activation elements Fe, Cr, and V was designed for potential application as low-activation structural materials for the first wall of fusion reactors. The optimal composition of the multicomponent alloy was determined by minimizing the Gibbs free energy for solid-solution formation. The microstructure, phase stability, and mechanical properties of the equiatomic and optimized Fe-Cr-V alloys were studied. The equiatomic alloy consisted of a body-centered-cubic (BCC) solid-solution phase with a small amount of a face-centered-cubic (FCC) solid-solution phase, whereas the optimized alloy consisted of a single BCC solid-solution phase in the as-cast state. The crystal grains of both alloys were equiaxial. No phase transition was observed in the optimized alloy after homogenization; however, for the equiatomic alloy, the FCC solid-solution phase disappeared and surface relief was observed. The Vickers microhardness and yield strength of the Fe-Cr-V alloys increased after homogenization compared with those of the as-cast alloys.